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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Maximum longevity: 15.7 years (captivity)
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Distribution

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Continent: North-America
Distribution: USA (Alabama, [Yellow river], SE Louisiana, Mississippi [Pearl River system], Florida Panhandle)
Type locality: œMontgomery, Ala. [Montgomery Co., Alabama].
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Comprehensive Description

provided by Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology
Graptemys pulchra Baur, 1893

[= Graptemys pulchra Baur, 1893; fide, Cagle, 1952:223, Lovich, 1985:360.1]

Baur, 1893b, Am. Nat. 27(319):675.

Lectotype: USNM 8808 (alcoholic subadult female, CL “176 mm”), lake near Montgomery, Montgomery County, Alabama, collected by Dr. Tarleton H. Bean and A. L. Kumlien, Jul 1876. Lectotype designation by Lovich and McCoy (1992:304).

Type Locality: “Montgomery, Ala.” [Montgomery Co., Alabama].

Paralectotype: USNM 318254 (formerly USNM 8808) (alcoholic subadult female with separate skull, CL 180 mm), same locality and collection data as lectotype. The original second specimen cataloged under USNM 8808 was recataloged as USNM 318254 on 20 May 1992 (see “Remarks”).

Etymology: The name pulchra is from the Latin pulcher, beautiful, referring to the head pattern.

Remarks: Baur (1893b:675) designated two specimens as syntypes for Graptemys pulchra, both bearing the number USNM 8808. One had its skull removed, and the skull was assigned to the former Division of Comparative Anatomy as USNM Osteo 29526. This specimen was recataloged as USNM 318254 on 20 May 1992. A second, smaller unnumbered skull was mistakenly placed in association with the skull of G. pulchra numbered USNM Osteo 29526. Cagle (1952) examined the two skulls and determined that the smaller unnumbered skull probably belonged to a female G. oculifera. The skull of G. oculifera was removed from association with USNM Osteo 29526 and cataloged as USNM 252600 on 17 Sept 1985. See “Remarks” under Malacoclemmys oculifera Baur, 1890. Cochran (1961) listed the two syntypes as USNM 8808 and USNM Osteo 29526.
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Reynolds, Robert P., Gotte, Steve W., and Ernst, Carl H. 2007. "Catalogue of Type Specimens of Recent Crocodilia and Testudines in the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution." Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. 1-49. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.626

Alabama map turtle

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The Alabama map turtle (Graptemys pulchra) is a species of emydid turtle endemic to the southern United States. Differentiation from other turtle species includes a black stripe running down the center of its back with knobs extruding from it, but these projections wear down with age. T.H. Bean and L. Kumlen first collected the Alabama map turtle in July 1876 from a lake near Montgomery, Alabama. Type locality for this species is Montgomery County, Alabama. Baur described and named the Alabama map turtle in 1893. The genus Graptemys includes nine species of mostly aquatic turtles.[5]

Geographic distribution

The Alabama map turtle has a unique location to its habitat in the Southeast. It is endemic to the Mobile Bay drainage basin and inhabits the lotic (flowing water) areas of Alabama, Georgia, Florida, Mississippi, and possibly Louisiana. It ranges from the Pearl River in Mississippi and Louisiana eastward to the Yellow River in Florida and Alabama.[6]

Status

The IUCN lists the Alabama map turtle as near threatened. Alabama lists it as protected species, Georgia lists it as rare species, and Mississippi lists it as a species with special concern. The Alabama map turtle is at high risk of extirpation due to being secluded to specific river systems[1] and human disturbances such as habitat destruction and fragmentation.[7]

Description

Nine species of Graptemys turtle could allow confusion in distinguishing it from other species in the same genus. A few key diagnostic features set the Alabama map turtle apart. The black stripe down the center of its back with knobs extruding from it is a diagnostic characteristic for this species that separates it from other turtle species. Adult males range from 9.0–12.7 cm (3.5–5.0 in) and retain most coloration and pattern from its juvenile stage. Females range from 18.0–29.2 cm (7.1–11.5 in), have extremely large heads for crushing snails and mollusks, and lose a majority of their markings and patterns, becoming drabber than juveniles and males. Carapace (upper half of shell) color can be olive to dull green with a slightly visible black stripe in adults. Juveniles exhibit a dark stripe running down a more olive carapace. The outermost edge on the upper half of the shell usually contains light reticulate markings and the scutes (scale-like structure) contain a yellowish bar or semicircle. Dark rings are usually present on the lower surface of each outer scute. It contains a hingeless yellow plastron (bottom half of shell) notched in the back. A narrow black margin borders the edge of each scute. It has a brown to olive head with a large mark that ranges from light green to yellow located between and behind the eyes. The lateral and dorsal head stripes can be continuous or separated. Chin stripes are found transversally and/or longitudinally. The feet are webbed with a striped tail and limbs. Growth rate is rapid in juveniles, but slows promptly at maturity. Females reach full size around 23 years old and can live 50 years or more in natural conditions. Females have significantly larger jaws, while males have long and thick tails with vents past the edge of the carapaces.[8][9][10][11]

Ecology and behavior

Water temperature, certain river characteristics such as prey items, variations of the species in different drainages, along with any known disease or parasite problems, is vital information to provide ideal habitat for the Alabama map turtle. Seasonal activity is determined mainly by water temperature. In one location, temperatures below 19 °C resulted in severe decline in feeding and activity, complete hibernation of the population did not occur, and no significant interspecific competition with other turtle species occurred.[11] They are mainly in large coastal plains streams with large mollusks populations. Four geographical variants include one in the Pearl River drainage, a second in the Pascagoula drainage, a third in the Mobile Bay drainage, and a fourth in the Escambia and Yellow River drainages. No deleterious parasitism was found, but a single ectoparasite (Placobdella sp.) (leech) was on turtles during spring.[11] The most common intestinal parasite was an acanthocephalan (Neoechinorhynchu), but was found in less than 25% of adult population. One adult female possessed a fluke (Telorchis sp.) in its small intestine. A sporozoan (Myxidium chelonarum) was noted in the bile duct and gall bladder of the Alabama map turtle.[12]

Habitat

Alabama map turtles are endemic to the major drainage systems entering the Gulf of Mexico and have some other interesting habitat qualities. They range from the Pearl River in Mississippi and Louisiana eastward to the Yellow River in Florida and Alabama. Juveniles and males like shallow water with basking logs, while females prefer deeper water.[6] Females also prefer a unique coarseness to their sandbar.[11] Tinkle[13] noticed the relationship of the abundance and distribution of this species to the fall line. Managers can provide optimal habitat for juveniles, adult males, and adult females by providing the necessary structure within the river system.

Reproduction

Males reach sexual maturity in three to four years. Females do not reach maturity until about 14 years old. Sperm may be stored in females due to sperm being present in males throughout the year and mating only occurring in autumn. Courtship sequence is similar to other species of aquatic emydines, except males use their snouts as the "titillation tools" rather than extended fore claws. Mature adult males lack fore claws altogether. Females lay an average of 29 eggs per season depending on size of female, with an average of four clutches laid per season per female. Nests are located 1–20 m from water’s edge, primarily on exposed sandbars[11] Other Graptemys species nest up to 200 m from water’s edge.[14] Coarseness of sand seems to play a vital role in nest selection. Incubation averages 74 to 79 days at 29 °C with infertility of entire clutches common. Observed nest predators are fish crows during the day and raccoons at night. Major enemies of adult Alabama map turtles include humans and the alligator snapping turtle (Macroclemys temmincki).[11]

Diet

Alabama map turtles feed on an array of food items, but prefer one in particular; the primary food item was the imported oriental mussel (Corbicula maniliensis), which was the most abundant macroinvertebrate in the study area.[11] Smaller adults and juveniles feed primarily on insects, while larger adult females feed primarily on the imported oriental mussel. Feeding is between May and October, and food consumed in September and October likely was stored for winter since growth ceases in early September.[11] They feed mainly on mollusks, insects, carrion, and vegetation.

References

  1. ^ a b van Dijk, P.P. (2016) [errata version of 2011 assessment]. "Graptemys pulchra". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2011: e.T170494A97424569. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T170494A6782009.en. Retrieved 27 October 2022.
  2. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
  3. ^ Rhodin 2010, p. 000.101
  4. ^ Fritz, Uwe; Peter Havaš (2007). "Checklist of Chelonians of the World" (PDF). Vertebrate Zoology. 57 (2): 189–190. doi:10.3897/vz.57.e30895. S2CID 87809001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 29 May 2012.
  5. ^ Lovich, J.E. 1985. Graptemys pulchra Baur. Alabama map turtle. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 360.1–360.2.
  6. ^ a b Ernst, C.H., J.E. Lovich and R.W. Barbour. 1994. Turtles of the United States and Canada. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C. 578 pages.
  7. ^ Shealy, R.M. 1976. The natural history of the Alabama map turtle, Graptemys pulchra Baur, in Alabama. Bull. Florida St. Mus., Bi-01. Sci. 21:47–111.
  8. ^ Baur, G. 1893. Two New Species of North American Testudinata. American Naturalist 27: 675–677. ("Graptemys pulchra spec. nov.", pp. 675–676.)
  9. ^ Cagle, F.R. 1952. The status of the turtles Graptemys pulchra Baur and Graptemys barbouri Carr and Marchand, with notes on their natural history. Copeia 1952:223–234.
  10. ^ Mount, R.H. 1975. The reptiles and amphibians of Alabama. Auburn Univ. Agriculture Experiment Station. Auburn, AL, USA.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h Shealy, R.M. 1976. The natural history of the Alabama map turtle, Graptemys pulchra Baur, in Alabama. Bull. Florida St. Mus., Bi-01. Sci. 21:47–111.
  12. ^ Ernst, C.H. and R.W. Barbour. 1972. Turtles of the United States. The Univ. Press of Kentucky, Lexington.
  13. ^ Tinkle, D.W. 1959. The relation of the fall line to the distribution and abundance of turtles. Copeia 1959:167–170.
  14. ^ D.A. Steen, J.P. Gibbs, K.A. Buhlmann, J.L. Carr, B.W. Compton, J.D. Congdon, J.S. Doody, J.C. Godwin, K.L. Holcomb, D.R.
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Alabama map turtle: Brief Summary

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The Alabama map turtle (Graptemys pulchra) is a species of emydid turtle endemic to the southern United States. Differentiation from other turtle species includes a black stripe running down the center of its back with knobs extruding from it, but these projections wear down with age. T.H. Bean and L. Kumlen first collected the Alabama map turtle in July 1876 from a lake near Montgomery, Alabama. Type locality for this species is Montgomery County, Alabama. Baur described and named the Alabama map turtle in 1893. The genus Graptemys includes nine species of mostly aquatic turtles.

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Graptemys pulchra ( Spanish; Castilian )

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La tortuga mapa de Alabama (Graptemys pulchra) es una tortuga de la familia Emydidae, es un endemismo de Estados Unidos que se encuentra en la Bahía Mobile de Alabama, en Georgia y rara vez en Misisipi. Es la especie más grande de tortuga mapa, las hembras alcanzan una longitud de 11 pulgadas. La quilla de esta tortuga mapa no es de color negro y no tiene una cabeza variada, es amarilla. Se alimentan principalmente de moluscos, insectos, carroña y vegetales.

Referencias

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Graptemys pulchra: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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La tortuga mapa de Alabama (Graptemys pulchra) es una tortuga de la familia Emydidae, es un endemismo de Estados Unidos que se encuentra en la Bahía Mobile de Alabama, en Georgia y rara vez en Misisipi. Es la especie más grande de tortuga mapa, las hembras alcanzan una longitud de 11 pulgadas. La quilla de esta tortuga mapa no es de color negro y no tiene una cabeza variada, es amarilla. Se alimentan principalmente de moluscos, insectos, carroña y vegetales.

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Graptemys pulchra ( Basque )

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(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Graptemys pulchra: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Graptemys pulchra Graptemys generoko animalia da. Narrastien barruko Emydidae familian sailkatuta dago.

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Graptemys pulchra ( French )

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Graptemys pulchra est une espèce de tortue de la famille des Emydidae[1].

Répartition

Cette espèce est endémique des États-Unis[1]. Elle se rencontre en Alabama, au Mississippi et en Géorgie.

Alimentation

Les mâles et les juvéniles se nourrissent principalement d'insectes. Les femelles se nourrissent de moules d'eau douce et d'autres mollusques[2].

Publication originale

  • Baur, 1893 : Two New Species of North American Testudinata. American Naturalist, vol. 27, p. 675-677 (texte intégral).

Notes et références

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Graptemys pulchra: Brief Summary ( French )

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Graptemys pulchra est une espèce de tortue de la famille des Emydidae.

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Graptemys pulchra ( Malay )

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Graptemys pulchra juga dikenali sebagai Kura-kura Peta Alabama ialah spesies kura-kura dari keluarga Emydidae yang berasal dari selatan Amerika Syarikat. Haiwan ini memiliki bonggol tajam hitam dibelakangnya, dan bonggol ini semakin susut apabila ia dewasa. T.H. Bean dan L. Kumlen antara pengkaji terawal mengumpul dan merekodkan mengenai kura-kura ini pada bulan Julai 1876 di Montgomery, Alabama. Lokasi spesimen bagi spesies ini ialah di wilayah Montgomery, Alabama. Baur menamakan spesies ini sebagai Kura-kura Peta Alabama pada tahun 1893. Genus Graptemys terdiri daripada tiga belas spesies yang kebanyakannya ialah kura-kura akuatik.[4]

Taburan habitat

Habitat asal kura-kura ini ialah di bahagian tenggara Amerika Syarikat, merangkumi Teluk Mobile dan perairan Alabama, Georgia, Florida, Mississippi, serta Louisiana. Termasuklah Sungai Pearl (Mississippi–Louisiana) di Mississippi dan timur Louisiana hingga ke Sungai Yellow di Florida dan Alabama.[5]

Status

IUCN meletakkan haiwan ini sebagai spesies yang hampir terancam. Di Alabama, kerajaan tempatannya menyenaraikan ia sebagai spesies yang dilindungi, Georgia pula meletakkan ia sebagai spesies yang jarang ditemui, manakala Mississippi meletakkan haiwan ini kedalam senarai haiwan yang dilindungi. Kura-kura ini hampir pupus kerana pemusnahan habitatnya[6] akibat daripada aktiviti manusia.[7]

Rujukan

  1. ^ van Dijk, P.P. (2011). "Graptemys pulchra". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 2011: e.T170494A97424569. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T170494A6782009.en. Dicapai 24 December 2017.
  2. ^ Templat:Harnvb
  3. ^ Fritz, Uwe; Peter Havaš (2007). "Checklist of Chelonians of the World" (PDF). Vertebrate Zoology. 57 (2): 189–190. Diarkibkan daripada asal (PDF) pada 17 December 2010. Dicapai 29 May 2012.
  4. ^ Lovich, J.E. 1985. Graptemys pulchra Baur. Alabama map turtle. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 360.1–360.2.
  5. ^
  6. ^ van Dijk, P.P. 2011. Graptemys pulchra. In: IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.1. . Downloaded on 11 November 2013.
  7. ^ Shealy, R.M. 1976. The natural history of the Alabama map turtle, Graptemys pulchra Baur, in Alabama. Bull. Florida St. Mus., Bi-01. Sci. 21:47-111.

Bacaan lanjut

D.S. Wilson. 2012. Terrestrial habitat requirements of nesting freshwater turtles. Biological Conservation 150: 121-128.org. Downloaded on 11 November 2013.

Pautan luar



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Graptemys pulchra: Brief Summary ( Malay )

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Graptemys pulchra juga dikenali sebagai Kura-kura Peta Alabama ialah spesies kura-kura dari keluarga Emydidae yang berasal dari selatan Amerika Syarikat. Haiwan ini memiliki bonggol tajam hitam dibelakangnya, dan bonggol ini semakin susut apabila ia dewasa. T.H. Bean dan L. Kumlen antara pengkaji terawal mengumpul dan merekodkan mengenai kura-kura ini pada bulan Julai 1876 di Montgomery, Alabama. Lokasi spesimen bagi spesies ini ialah di wilayah Montgomery, Alabama. Baur menamakan spesies ini sebagai Kura-kura Peta Alabama pada tahun 1893. Genus Graptemys terdiri daripada tiga belas spesies yang kebanyakannya ialah kura-kura akuatik.

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Graptemys pulchra ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Herpetologie

Graptemys pulchra is een schildpad uit de familie moerasschildpadden (Emydidae).[1] De soort werd voor het eerst wetenschappelijk beschreven door Georg Baur in 1893.

Uiterlijke kenmerken

De schildpad bereikt een maximale schildlengte tot ongeveer 27 centimeter. De kleur van het schild is bruin. De kop en poten zijn eveneens bruin van kleur maar hebben een tekening van heldere gele strepen.[2]

Verspreiding en habitat

Graptemys pulchra komt endemisch voor in de Verenigde Staten. De habitat bestaat uit grotere wateren zoals rivieren, de schildpad heeft behoefte aan plaatsen om te zonnen.[2]

Bronvermelding

Referenties
  1. Peter Uetz & Jakob Hallermann, The Reptile Database – Graptemys pulchra.
  2. a b C.H. Ernst, R.G.M. Altenburg & R.W. Barbour, Turtles of the World.
Bronnen
  • (en) Peter Uetz & Jakob Hallermann - The Reptile Database – Graptemys pulchra - Website Geconsulteerd 21 mei 2015
  • (en) - Peter Paul van Dijk, John B. Iverson, Anders G. J. Rhodin, H. Bradley Shaffer & Roger Bour - Turtles of the World, 7th Edition: Annotated Checklist of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution with Maps, and Conservation Status - ISSN 10887105 (2014) - Website
  • (en) C.H. Ernst, R.G.M. Altenburg & R.W. Barbour - Turtles of the World - Website
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Graptemys pulchra: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Graptemys pulchra is een schildpad uit de familie moerasschildpadden (Emydidae). De soort werd voor het eerst wetenschappelijk beschreven door Georg Baur in 1893.

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Graptemys pulchra ( Swedish )

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Graptemys pulchra[2] är en sköldpaddsart som beskrevs av Georg Baur 1893. Graptemys pulchra ingår i släktet Graptemys och familjen kärrsköldpaddor.[3][4] IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som nära hotad.[1] Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.[3]

Honor är med en upp till 27,3 cm lång sköld större än hannar. Hannarnas sköld blir maximal 13 cm lång.[1]

Arten förekommer i sydöstra USA vid Alabamafloden och dess bifloder. Den hittas i delstaterna Alabama, Georgia och Mississippi. Sköldpaddan föredrar vattendrag där vattenflödet är varierande. Den uppsöker ofta platser med träd eller andra växtdelar som ligger i vattnet.[1]

Olika insekter utgör den främsta födan för hannar och ungdjur. Honor äter däremot musslor och andra blötdjur. En eller två gånger per år lägger honan 1 till 5 ägg. De nykläckta ungarna är 25 till 29 mm långa. Hannar blir könsmogna efter 8 till 10 år. För honor infaller könsmognaden först efter cirka 14 år. Enskilda exemplar kan troligen leva 20 år.[1]

Källor

  1. ^ [a b c d e] 2011 Graptemys pulchra Från: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2 <www.iucnredlist.org>. Läst 2012-10-24.
  2. ^ Baur,G. (1893) Notes on the classification of the Cryptodira., American Nat., Zool. 27: 672-675
  3. ^ [a b] Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (red.) (10 april 2011). ”Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.”. Species 2000: Reading, UK. http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/graptemys+pulchra/match/1. Läst 24 september 2012.
  4. ^ TIGR Reptile Database . Uetz P. , 2016 Graptemys pulchra

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Graptemys pulchra: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

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Graptemys pulchra är en sköldpaddsart som beskrevs av Georg Baur 1893. Graptemys pulchra ingår i släktet Graptemys och familjen kärrsköldpaddor. IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som nära hotad. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Honor är med en upp till 27,3 cm lång sköld större än hannar. Hannarnas sköld blir maximal 13 cm lång.

Arten förekommer i sydöstra USA vid Alabamafloden och dess bifloder. Den hittas i delstaterna Alabama, Georgia och Mississippi. Sköldpaddan föredrar vattendrag där vattenflödet är varierande. Den uppsöker ofta platser med träd eller andra växtdelar som ligger i vattnet.

Olika insekter utgör den främsta födan för hannar och ungdjur. Honor äter däremot musslor och andra blötdjur. En eller två gånger per år lägger honan 1 till 5 ägg. De nykläckta ungarna är 25 till 29 mm långa. Hannar blir könsmogna efter 8 till 10 år. För honor infaller könsmognaden först efter cirka 14 år. Enskilda exemplar kan troligen leva 20 år.

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Горбата черепаха гарна ( Ukrainian )

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Опис

Загальна довжина карапаксу досягає 21—27 см. Спостерігається статевий диморфізм: самиці більші за самців. Голова великого розміру. Хребет піднято догори. Боки карапаксу досить плаский.

Голова та кінцівки мають темно—зелений та коричневий колір. На голові між очима є масивна оливкова пляма. «Горб» виразно темніше решти панцира. Черепашата народжуються світло—зеленими, але з віком часто темніють.

Спосіб життя

Полюбляє глибокі водойми з повільною течією та кам'янистим або піщаним дном. Харчується здебільшого рибою й ракоподібними, вживає також дрібних прісноводних молюсків, комах, рослини.

Самиця відкладає від 5 до 16 яєць у вологий пісок на березі. За температури 27—28 °C інкубаційний період триває 55—75 днів.

Розповсюдження

Мешкає від нижньої течії р. Міссісіпі в Луїзіані на схід уздовж узбережжя Мексиканської затоки у системі річок Перт і Паскагула в штаті Міссісіпі, річок Мобіл-Алабама-Тобмігбі та Коніка в Алабамі й на південно—заході Флориди (США).

Джерела

  • Lamb, T., Lydeard, C., Walker, R. B., and Gibbons, J. W. 1994. Molecular systematics of map turtles (Graptemys): A comparison of mitochondrial restriction site versus sequence data. Syst. Biol. 43: 543–559.
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Graptemys pulchra ( Vietnamese )

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Graptemys pulchra là một loài rùa trong họ Emydidae. Loài này được Baur mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1893.[3]

Chú thích

  1. ^ van Dijk, P.P. (2010). Graptemys pulchra. Sách Đỏ IUCN các loài bị đe dọa. Phiên bản 2011.1. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế. Truy cập ngày 8 tháng 10 năm 2011.
  2. ^ Fritz, Uwe; Peter Havaš (2007). “Checklist of Chelonians of the World”. Vertebrate Zoology 57 (2): 189–190. Bản gốc (PDF) lưu trữ ngày 17 tháng 12 năm 2010. Truy cập ngày 29 tháng 5 năm 2012.
  3. ^ Graptemys pulchra”. Truy cập ngày 1 tháng 6 năm 2013.

Tham khảo

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Graptemys pulchra: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Graptemys pulchra là một loài rùa trong họ Emydidae. Loài này được Baur mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1893.

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亞拉巴馬地圖龜 ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科

亞拉巴馬地圖龜英語Alabama map turtle學名Graptemys pulchra)是地圖龜屬下的一種,只生活在美國莫比爾灣部份地區。它与其它同属的龟的区别在于它的盔甲轴上有一道黑色的长条,长条上有些地方有黑色的斑点延伸出去,但是随着龟的生长这些伸展的斑点会越来越淡漠。1876年7月有人首次在蒙哥马利附近的一座湖里发现了这种龟。1893年它首次被描写和授名。地圖龜屬有九个种。

地理分布

亞拉巴馬地圖龜生活在亚拉巴马州的莫比爾灣以及亚拉巴马州、乔治亚州佛罗里达州密西西比州的流水中,也许有些也生活在路易斯安那州的流水里。其范围从密西西比州和路易斯安那州的珠河向东到佛罗里达州和亚拉巴马州的黄河

保护状况

國際自然保護聯盟把亞拉巴馬地圖龜列为近危。亚拉巴马把它列为受保护的物种,乔治亚把它列为珍稀物种,密西西比把它列入需要特殊照顾的物种。亞拉巴馬地圖龜受到的最大的威胁在于它们生活在安静的水域,人入侵这样的生态环境打扰它们的生活以及生态环境被破坏或者被分割。

描述

地图龟的九个种很容易混淆。尤其其盔甲背部中轴上的那道黑色线条是亞拉巴馬地圖龜的一个区分特征。这条黑色线条不断有横向的肿起。雄性个体长9到12.7厘米,从少年开始一般保持它们的颜色和斑纹。雌性個體背殼可長達18至29.2厘米(11.5英寸),頭部有黃色條紋,她们的头特别大,能够咬破蜗牛和贝壳,她们长大后会逐渐丧失她们的斑纹。亞拉巴馬地圖龜的背甲从橄榄绿到深绿色,成年龟的黑色条纹勉强可见。幼年龟的背甲颜色比较浅,更加是橄榄绿色的。背甲的边缘一般有不明显的网纹和带有黄色条纹或者环的鳞甲。腹甲是黄色的,和背甲相连。每片鳞有黑色的边缘。头上下部横向的条纹可以是相连的,也可以是分开的。下巴上的条纹有横向的也有纵向的。脚和带条纹的尾之间有膜相连。幼年时生长很快,但是成年后立刻变得很慢。雌龟一般在23岁左右成年,可以在自然条件下达到50岁以上。雌龟的喙明显地大,雄龟则有一条长而粗的尾。

生态和行为

水温下降到摄氏19度以下亞拉巴馬地圖龜的活动和食欲会骤减,但是似乎不完全进入冬眠。此外至今为止没有观察到它们和其它龟种之间有竞争。它们一般生活在滨海河流的沉积平原上,那里一般有许多贝类。至今为止仅发现一种蛭在春天的时候能够寄生在亞拉巴馬地圖龜上有可能对它们有害。体内的寄生虫有一种棘头动物,但是只有不到四分之一以下的成年龟有这种寄生虫。在一只雌性龟的小肠里发现有一条吸虫

生活环境

亞拉巴馬地圖龜仅生活在美国墨西哥湾的大河入口处,从密西西比州和路易斯安那州的珠河到佛罗里达州和亚拉巴马州的黄河。幼龟和雄龟喜欢有浮木的浅水,雌龟喜欢深一些的水。雌龟也喜欢沙粒比较粗的沙滩。

繁殖

雄龟三至四年性成熟,雌龟一直要到约14岁才性成熟。交配期是秋季。雄龟使用它们的嘴来刺激雌龟,而不是像其它龟那样使用它们的前爪,因为它们没有前爪。雌龟平均每季度生29个蛋,平均每季度分四批生。生蛋数量一般根据龟的大小不同。巢一般离水面1至20米的开阔沙滩上。似乎雌龟只选择一定粗度的沙滩。在摄氏29度的情况下孵化期一般为74至79天,但是往往整批蛋均不产。观察到的盗巢物种有白天的乌鸦和夜里的狐狸。成龟最大的天敌是人和鳄鱼。

食物

亞拉巴馬地圖龜有多种食物,但是特别喜欢一种。研究显示它最主要的食物是当地数量最多的无脊椎动物:贝壳。体格比较小的雄龟、雌龟和幼龟主要吃昆虫,而成年雌龟则主要吃贝壳。纳食主要在5月到9月间。9月和10月的进食估计主要用作越冬的储存,因为9月初它们停止生长。除了上述食物外它们还吃尸体和植物。

參考文獻

  1. ^ Graptemys pulchra. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. 2010 [8 October 2011].
  2. ^ Rhodin 2010,第000.101页
  3. ^ Fritz, Uwe; Peter Havaš. Checklist of Chelonians of the World (PDF). Vertebrate Zoology. 2007, 57 (2): 189–190 [29 May 2012]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2010-12-17). 引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助)
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维基百科作者和编辑

亞拉巴馬地圖龜: Brief Summary ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科

亞拉巴馬地圖龜(英語:Alabama map turtle,學名:Graptemys pulchra)是地圖龜屬下的一種,只生活在美國莫比爾灣部份地區。它与其它同属的龟的区别在于它的盔甲轴上有一道黑色的长条,长条上有些地方有黑色的斑点延伸出去,但是随着龟的生长这些伸展的斑点会越来越淡漠。1876年7月有人首次在蒙哥马利附近的一座湖里发现了这种龟。1893年它首次被描写和授名。地圖龜屬有九个种。

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维基百科作者和编辑

アラバマチズガメ ( Japanese )

provided by wikipedia 日本語
アラバマチズガメ Graptemys pulchra.jpg
アラバマチズガメ Graptemys pulchra
保全状況評価 ワシントン条約附属書III
アメリカ合衆国分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata : 爬虫綱 Reptilia : カメ目 Testudines 亜目 : 潜頸亜目 Cryptodira 上科 : リクガメ上科 Testudinoidea : ヌマガメ科 Emydidae 亜科 : アミメガメ亜科 Deirochlyinae : チズガメ属 Graptemys : アラバマチズガメ G. pulchra 学名 Graptemys pulchra
Baur, 1893 和名 アラマバチズガメ 英名 Alabama map turtle

アラバマチズガメGraptemys pulchra)は、爬虫綱カメ目ヌマガメ科チズガメ属に分類されるカメ。

分布[編集]

アメリカ合衆国(アラバマ州ジョージア州アラバマ川水系)固有種

形態[編集]

最大甲長27cm。オスよりもメスの方が大型。種小名pulchraは「美しい」の意。背甲は扁平で、第2、3椎間板の棘状の突起(キール)もあまり発達しない。また縁甲板には黄色い細い筋状の模様が円や渦巻き状に入る。

頭部や四肢は褐色や暗緑色で、眼の間にある斑紋と眼の後部にある黄色い斑紋は繋がる。頭部は大型で、特に自然下では貝類を主食とするメスは貝類を噛み砕くために頭部が巨大化する。

生態[編集]

近年本種から別種が分割されたため、本種の詳細な生態は不明な点が多い。

食性は動物食の強い雑食で、魚類昆虫類甲殻類、貝類を食べる。近縁の頭部が巨大化する種と同じく成体のメスでは貝類が主食になると思われる。

繁殖形態は卵生。

人間との関係[編集]

開発による生息地の破壊や、ペット用の乱獲等により生息数が減少している。

ペットとして飼育されることもあり、日本にも輸入されていた。以前は日本に輸入されていた個体は、ほとんどは近年本種から分割されたギボンズチズガメだったようで本種の流通そのものは非常に少ない。2006年にチズガメ属がワシントン条約附属書IIIに記載され生息地であるアメリカ合衆国からの輸出が制限されたため、流通量はさらに激減した。

参考文献[編集]

  • 海老沼剛 『爬虫・両生類ビジュアルガイド 水棲ガメ1 アメリカ大陸のミズガメ』、誠文堂新光社、2005年、18頁。

関連項目[編集]

 src= ウィキメディア・コモンズには、アラバマチズガメに関連するメディアがあります。  src= ウィキスピーシーズにアラバマチズガメに関する情報があります。


執筆の途中です この項目は、動物に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めていますPortal:生き物と自然プロジェクト:生物)。
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ウィキペディアの著者と編集者
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wikipedia 日本語

アラバマチズガメ: Brief Summary ( Japanese )

provided by wikipedia 日本語

アラバマチズガメ(Graptemys pulchra)は、爬虫綱カメ目ヌマガメ科チズガメ属に分類されるカメ。

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ウィキペディアの著者と編集者
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wikipedia 日本語