La mosca verda comuna (Phaenicia sericata o Lucilia sericata) és una mosca que es troba en la majoria de les àrees del món, i la més coneguda de les nombroses espècies de mosques verdes
És de 10-14 mm de llarg, lleugerament més gran que una mosca domèstica, i té una coloració brillant, metàl·lica, blau-verda o or amb marques negres. Té truges curtes i escasses de color negre i tres ranures creuades en el tòrax. Les ales són clares amb les venes marró clar, i les potes i antenes són negres. Les larves s'utilitzen per a la teràpia de cucs.
Lucilia sericata és comú en totes les regions temperades i tropicals del planeta, principalment l'Hemisferi Sud: Àfrica i Austràlia. Prefereix els climes càlids i humits i, en conseqüència, és especialment comuna a les regions costaneres, però també està present a les zones àrides.[1] La femella posa els seus ous en la carn, peix, cadàvers d'animals, ferides infectades d'éssers humans o animals i excrements. Les larves s'alimenten de teixit en descomposició. L'insecte afavoreix espècies del gènere Ovis, ovelles domèstiques en particular. això pot conduir a la presència de miasi. La mosca verda causa problemes per als grangers d'ovins, encara que la L. sericata no és una principal causa d'atacs per mosques en la majoria de les regions.
La mosca verda comuna (Phaenicia sericata o Lucilia sericata) és una mosca que es troba en la majoria de les àrees del món, i la més coneguda de les nombroses espècies de mosques verdes
És de 10-14 mm de llarg, lleugerament més gran que una mosca domèstica, i té una coloració brillant, metàl·lica, blau-verda o or amb marques negres. Té truges curtes i escasses de color negre i tres ranures creuades en el tòrax. Les ales són clares amb les venes marró clar, i les potes i antenes són negres. Les larves s'utilitzen per a la teràpia de cucs.
Bzučivka zelená (Lucilia sericata) je běžný druh hmyzu z řádu dvoukřídlí a čeledi bzučivkovitých.
Bzučivka zelená je 10–14 mm velká, o něco menší než příbuzná bzučivka obecná. Často je zlato-zeleně zbarvená, někteří jedinci jsou modro-zeleně zbarvení. Hlava i nohy jsou černé. Bzučivka je charakteristická svým hlasitým bzučením. Stejně jako většina jiných much, i bzučivka klade vajíčka do masa, kde se vyvíjí její larvy. Je proto považována za škůdce. Může přenášet různá onemocnění. Bzučivce se lidově říká „masařka“, i když masařka obecná je jiný druh mouchy.
I když je bzučivka zelená považována za škůdce, její larvy se využívají k léčení ran. Larvy ránu zbaví bakterií a tím také ránu dezinfikují. Bzučivce zelené se proto přezdívá „biologický nůž“.[1][2]
Zisk sekretu se může provádět ponořením larev přes noc do sterilní vody, následné ráno se larvy odfiltrují a kapaliny je více, jelikož obsahuje sekret larev s antibakteriálními účinky. Larvy by měly být chemicky očištěny a sterilní. Aby byl výsledek solidní, je zapotřebí užít většího počtu larev.
Obrázky, zvuky či videa k tématu bzučivka zelená ve Wikimedia Commons
Bzučivka zelená (Lucilia sericata) je běžný druh hmyzu z řádu dvoukřídlí a čeledi bzučivkovitých.
Die Goldfliege (Lucilia sericata) ist eine Fliege aus der Familie der Schmeißfliegen (Calliphoridae). Sie kommt fast weltweit vor.
Die Fliegen erreichen eine Körperlänge von 5 bis 11 Millimetern und haben, wie alle verwandten Arten auch, einen goldgrün metallfarbigen Körper.[1] Von ähnlich aussehenden, ebenfalls goldgrün metallischen Vertretern der Tachinidae und Muscidae unterscheiden das Vorhandensein einer Borstenreihe auf den Rumpfseiten (die hypopleuralen Setae) und das Fehlen des Postscutellums, eines Abschnitts auf der Oberseite des Rumpfs. Die Art ist von anderen ähnlich aussehenden Schmeißfliegen nur für Spezialisten, anhand mikroskopischer Merkmale im Labor, unterscheidbar. Wichtige Merkmale sind: Die Basicosta (ein kleiner Sklerit am Flügelgelenk, am Vorderrand der Flügel) ist gelb bis orangegelb gefärbt, die Palpen sind ebenfalls gelb, können aber zur Spitze hin verdunkelt sein. Das erste Glied der Antennengeißel ist drei- bis viermal so lang wie breit. Für eine sichere Unterscheidung ist die Ausbildung verschiedener Setae und die Form des männlichen Begattungsapparats (Aedeagus) zu vergleichen.[2]
Die Art ist sehr ähnlich zu Lucilia cuprina, die ebenfalls Myiasis auslösen kann. Unterscheidungsmerkmale vergleiche Whitworth[3] und Holloway[4] In Europa ist die Art Lucilia caesar sehr ähnlich, die in menschlichen Wohnungen häufiger ist. Ähnlichste Art ist hier die etwas seltenere Lucilia richardsi.[5]
Die Art ist überwiegend holarktisch verbreitet, sowohl in Eurasien wie auch in Nordamerika. Sie kommt in Südamerika und in Südafrika vor, hier aber eher inselartig, sie fehlt über weite Bereiche, so in der Karibik und im größten Teil Mittelamerikas. Sie wurde bereits im 19. Jahrhundert sowohl nach Australien wie nach Neuseeland eingeschleppt, wo sie heute von großer ökonomischer Bedeutung als Schädling in der Schafzucht ist. In Australien ist sie hingegen eher synanthrop verbreitet und von geringerer ökonomischer Bedeutung.
Als Lebensraum bevorzugt die Goldfliege menschliche Siedlungsgebiete. Beobachten kann man die schillernde Fliege häufig auf faulenden Feststoffen (Fleisch- und Pflanzenreste), Exkrementen, aber auch auf Blüten, wo sie Nektar saugt. Flugzeit der Goldfliege ist von Juni bis September. Sie sind tagaktiv.[6]
Die Art kann, wie andere Lucilia-Arten, an Aas auftreten, wobei sie frische Leichen bevorzugt. Obwohl sie nicht zu den dominanten Aas-Besiedlern unter den Fliegen zählt, besitzt sie wegen ihrer Häufigkeit in der menschlichen Umgebung (Synanthropie) eine gewisse Bedeutung in der forensischen Entomologie.[7] Im Gegensatz zu den meisten Schmeißfliegen-Arten lebt die Art aber seltener an Aas, sondern ist sekundär, als temporärer Ektoparasit, auf Wunden von Wirbeltieren übergegangen, wo sich die Larve primär von absterbendem, nekrotischen Gewebe ernährt, aber bei Schafen von hier aus auch in gesundes Gewebe vordringen kann. Obwohl die Art gelegentlich auch an Aas auftritt, ist sie hier eher selten und wird von anderen Schmeißfliegen-Arten durch interspezifische Konkurrenz rasch verdrängt.[8] Die Art ist, neben der ähnlichen und nahe verwandten[9] Lucilia cuprea der wichtigste Erreger der Myiasis der Schafe. Die durch die Art ausgelöste Fliegenmadenkrankheit oder Myiasis ist ökonomisch bedeutsam in der Schafzucht, insbesondere in Regionen mit gemäßigtem Klima, wo die Art durch Verschleppung inzwischen weltweit auftritt. Es erscheint möglich, dass sie erst durch die Domestizierung und Zucht von Schafen durch den Menschen zur parasitischen Lebensweise übergegangen ist.[10]
Die imaginalen Fliegen sind Blütenbesucher. Sie sind in Mitteleuropa teilweise wichtige Bestäuber bei der Familie der Doldenblütler.[11]
Goldfliegen gehören zu den Vorratsschädlingen und stellen gleichzeitig eine ernstzunehmende Gesundheitsbedrohung dar. Durch Goldfliegen können ebenso nahrungszersetzende wie krankheitsübertragende Keime übertragen werden. Mechanische Übertragung von Erregern kann Darmerkrankungen beim Menschen hervorrufen. Wenn die Fliegen mit Wunden in Kontakt kommen, kann außerdem eine Sepsis (Blutvergiftung) eintreten. Legen die Fliegen bei warmen Temperaturen ihre Eier in Wunden ab, kann eine Wundmyiasis die Folge sein. Weiterhin gelten die Goldfliegen als Überträger von Typhus, Paratyphus, Dysenterien, Sommerdiarrhöen und Cholera. In der Wohnung legt die Goldfliege ihre Eier bevorzugt an Fleischwaren ab. Innerhalb kürzester Zeit bohren sich die Maden in das Fleisch und fressen sich durch. Auf diese Weise wird das Fleisch ungenießbar. Eine Lagerung im Kühlschrank kann die Madenentwicklung nicht unterbrechen. Abgetötet werden die Maden erst, wenn das Fleisch stark erhitzt oder eingefroren wird. Befallene Lebensmittel sind deshalb nicht mehr für den Verzehr geeignet und müssen entsorgt werden. In Lebensmittelbetrieben können Produkte durch die Goldfliege mit Speichel, Kot und Keimen verunreinigt werden. In der Tierhaltung können Goldfliegen die Gesundheit der Tiere stark schädigen, wenn sie ihre Eier in Wunden oder auf intakten Hautstellen im Bereich der Ohren der Tiere ablegen. Ähnlich wie beim Menschen, kann es hier beispielsweise zu einer Wundmyiasis kommen, die, wenn sie andauert und nicht behandelt wird, sogar bis zum Tod des betroffenen Tieres führen kann.[6]
Eine besonders große Gefährdung ist für Schafe gegeben, da die durch Schweiß, Kot und Harn verdreckte Wolle der Tiere eine große Anziehungskraft auf Goldfliegen ausübt.[6]
Die Larven der Goldfliege werden im Aquaristik- und Terraristik-Handel als Pinky Maden bezeichnet. Der Name entstand aufgrund der rosa (pink) Färbung der Larven. Pinkies werden als Angelköder verwendet und sind auch ein beliebtes Futtermittel in der Terraristik, besonders als Futter für Insekten.
In Speziallaboren gezüchtete keimfreie Larven der Art können zur Wundtherapie eingesetzt werden, eine Form der Madentherapie. Diese Behandlungsform wurde mit der Entdeckung des Penicillins zurückgedrängt. Seit Anfang des 21. Jahrhunderts ist diese Behandlungsmethode wieder in die medizinische Praxis zurückgekehrt, was auf deren guten Behandlungserfolge und auf wachsende Antibiotika-Resistenzen zurückzuführen ist.[12] Die Madentherapie ist, im Effekt, eine künstlich ausgelöste Myiasis. Da dafür ausschließlich Arten verwendet werden sollten, die beim Menschen nekrotisches Gewebe klar bevorzugen und kein gesundes befallen, gilt Lucilia sericata als eine der am besten geeigneten Arten dafür.[13] Spontane Myiasis beim Menschen kommt in Einzelfällen zwar vor, ist aber äußerst selten.
Die Goldfliege (Lucilia sericata) ist eine Fliege aus der Familie der Schmeißfliegen (Calliphoridae). Sie kommt fast weltweit vor.
De Goldflege oder Goldfleeg (Lucilia sericata) is en Flege ut de Familie vun de Brummers (Calliphoridae). Se is in Europa un Asien tohuse.
Dat Lief vun de Flegen warrt 7 bit 11 Millimeters lang un glimmert goldgröön. De veerte Langsader vun de Flunken is scharp afknickt.
Dat Seken leggt siene Eier sunnerlich up Aas af. Dor freet de Budden denn vun. De adulten Flegen suugt an Aas, man se fleegt ok na Blöten hen un suugt dor Nektar ut.
De Budden vun de Goldflege sünd in'n Hannel as Pinky Maden to kriegen. Den Naam hefft se vun de Budden ehre rosa (pinke) Farv her. Pinkies weert as Lockspies bi't Angeln un ok as Foder in de Terraristik bruukt, sunnerlich as Foder for Insekten.
Sterile Pinky Maden weert in Speziallabore tücht un könnt in de Wundtherapie insett weern, liek as de Buddentherapie. Nadem dat Penicillin utfunnen wurrn weer, is düsse Aart vun Behanneln torüchgahn, man siet en Reeg vun Johren kummt se wedder torüch in de mediziensche Praxis, vunwegen datt se goot hölpen deit un ok bi Antibiotikum-Resistenz antowennen is.
. Mehr Biller, Videos oder Audiodateien to’t Thema gifft dat bi Wikimedia Commons. De Goldflege oder Goldfleeg (Lucilia sericata) is en Flege ut de Familie vun de Brummers (Calliphoridae). Se is in Europa un Asien tohuse.
The common green bottle fly (Lucilia sericata) is a blowfly found in most areas of the world and is the most well-known of the numerous green bottle fly species. Its body is 10–14 mm (0.39–0.55 in) in length – slightly larger than a house fly – and has brilliant, metallic, blue-green or golden coloration with black markings. It has short, sparse, black bristles (setae) and three cross-grooves on the thorax. The wings are clear with light brown veins, and the legs and antennae are black. The larvae of the fly may be used for maggot therapy, are commonly used in forensic entomology, and can be the cause of myiasis in livestock and pets. The common green bottle fly emerges in the spring for mating.
The defining characteristic of L. sericata and the one most used when identifying the adult fly is the presence of three bristles on the dorsal mesothorax, located on the middle of the back of the fly. L. sericata is almost identical to its conspecific, L. cuprina, and identification between them requires microscopic examination of two main distinguishing characteristics. L. sericata is blue-black, as opposed to L. cuprina, which has a metallic green femoral joint in the first pair of legs. Also, when looking at the occipital setae, L. sericata has one to nine bristles on each side, while L. cuprina has three or less.[3] Additionally, the eyes of L. sericata are smaller, with the frontal stripe also being thinner than the ones of L. cuprina.[4]
Lucilia sericata is common all over the temperate and tropical regions of the planet, including Europe, Africa, and Australia. It prefers warm and moist climates, so is especially common in coastal regions, but can also be found in arid areas.[5] The female lays her eggs in carrion of all kinds, sometimes in the skin or hair of live animals, causing myiasis. The larvae feed on decaying organic tissue. The fly favours host species of the genus Ovis, domestic sheep in particular, and sometimes lays eggs in the wet wool of living sheep. This can lead to blowfly strike, causing problems for sheep farmers. L. sericata has been known to prefer lower elevations relative to other Calliphoridae species, such as Calliphora vomitoria. [6]
The lifecycle of L. sericata is typical of flies in the family Calliphoridae. After the female deposits the egg, it hatches into a larva that passes through three instars as it grows, then enters prepupal and pupal stages (which can eclose quickly or overwinter depending on temperature) before emerging into the adult stage or imago. To start, the female lays a mass of eggs in carrion. The eggs hatch between nine hours and three days after being deposited on the host, with eggs laid in warmer weather hatching more quickly than those in cooler weather.[7] In this, they differ from the more opportunistic Sarcophagidae, which lay hatching eggs or completely hatched larvae into carrion and eliminate the time needed for the eggs to hatch. The flies are extremely prolific; a single female L. sericata typically lays 150−200 eggs per clutch and may produce 2,000 to 3,000 eggs in her lifetime. The pale yellow or grayish conical larvae, like those of most blow flies, have two posterior spiracles through which they respire. The larvae are moderately sized, ranging from 10 to 14 millimeters long.
The larva feeds on dead or necrotic tissue for 3 to 10 days, depending on temperature and the quality of the food. During this period the larva passes through three larval instars. At a temperature of 16 °C (61 °F), the first larval instar lasts about 53 hours, the second about 42 hours and the third about 98 hours. At higher temperatures, say 27 °C (81 °F), the first larval instar lasts about 31 hours, the second about 12 hours, and the third about 40 hours.[5] Third-instar larvae enter a "wandering" stage and drop off the host to find an appropriate location with soft enough soil, where they bury themselves to enter a pupal stage, which usually lasts from 6 to 14 days. Burial allows the pupa to more reliably avoid desiccation or predation. The larger the larva, the farther it is able to travel to find a suitable location to pupate; L. sericata is noted to be remarkably active and can travel over 100 feet before pupating.[8] If the temperature is suitably low, however, a pupa might overwinter in the soil until the temperature rises. After emerging from the pupa, the adult feeds opportunistically on nectar, pollen, feces, or carrion while it matures. Adults usually lay eggs about 2 weeks after they emerge. Their complete lifecycle typically ranges from 2 to 3 weeks, but this varies with seasonal and other environmental circumstances. L. sericata usually completes three or four generations each year in cold, temperate climates, and more in warmer regions.[9]
The larvae of L. sericata feed exclusively on dead organic tissue; as the eggs are laid directly into carrion, they are able to feed on the corpse on which they hatch until they are ready to pupate. The adults are more varied in their diets, eating carrion and feces, as well as pollen and nectar, as they are important pollinators in their native range and important agents of decomposition. The pollen (which the flies can digest, perhaps with the assistance of bacteria in their digestive tracts) may be used as an alternative protein source, especially for gravid females who need large amounts of protein and cannot reliably find carrion. Notably, gravid flies are particularly attracted to sapromyophilous flowers that exude a carrion-like odor, such as the dead horse arum lily. These flowers are tricking the flies into pollinating them by mimicking the scent of a corpse, but the flies also frequently visit myophilous flowers such as the oxeye daisy, and are attracted to the color yellow, as well as to the scent of flowers.[10] This indicates that the flies are attracted to flowers not only because they smell like carrion (in the case of the arum lily), but specifically for the pollen offered by the flower (in the case of myophilous flowers).
Lucilia sericata females lay their eggs on fresh carrion, avoiding older carrion because it can be detrimental to offspring (possibly due to bacterial activity or other factors).[11] Like many blowflies, females of L. sericata perform aggregated oviposition, laying their egg masses in carcasses in which other flies are also ovipositing. The presence of female flies eating or ovipositing on a carcass may attract other female flies to do the same, perhaps through chemical cues.[12] Females exhibit preference for certain oviposition conditions over others; they attempt to maximize the survival potential of their offspring by laying eggs in only the best places. They often select natural orifices or wet fur, though they do not tend to oviposit in wounds, as is mistakenly thought by many.[13] Gravid L. sericata females prefer warm temperatures for their offspring, since this decreases development time, so increases survival, and they oviposit faster and with more eggs in warmer carrion. Egg load peaks at 30 °C.[7] Sulfur compounds and indole likely are the major factors attracting gravid flies to carrion, raising the possibility that these compounds could be used to attract flies to traps to control them in agricultural settings.[14]
The complex courtship process of L. sericata consists of several stages of display on the part of the male.[15] First, the male identifies a potential mate and pushes her with his head; he then taps her with his fore leg multiple times. The male then mounts the female and attempts copulation, continuing to tap his fore leg on her body. If the female is receptive, copulation proceeds, genital contact is achieved, and when the process is over, both individuals move away. If she is not receptive, the female kicks at the male with her hind legs, but this is not usually successful at dismounting the male, and the mating proceeds, nevertheless. Some males are left-biased and some males are right-biased in their fore leg tapping, but this bias does not appear to have an effect on their mating success.
Males are able to recognize potential mates by the frequency at which the light from their iridescent bodies glints through their wings, using the fast and precise visual processing that many flies rely upon for their manoeuvrability and agility in flight. They interpret these flashes to assess the age and sex of a potential mate. Under direct sunlight there is a reflected flash at each wingbeat. Males recognise fertile females by light flashing at the frequency at which they flap their wings - slower than young males or old flies of either sex. Eichorn et al. (2017) showed that male L. sericata show a strong preference for a diode flashing alternately on and off at 178 Hz over an immobilized female, 178 Hz being the characteristic wing-beat frequency of a young female L. sericata, over constant light on the same female.[16] This shows that, close up, sexually active males recognize a flash frequency rather than an attraction by sight or smell. Males preferred a diode flashing at 178 Hz to a diode flashing at other frequencies. L. sericata flies mate less frequently on cloudy days, suggesting that they rely on direct sunlight flashing through, off, or between their wings to recognize potential mates.[16]
The larvae of L. sericata are highly gregarious, to the point that their survival depends upon grouping. The aggregated oviposition behavior of gravid L. sericata females leads to large aggregates of same-age larvae, which have been shown to experience faster development and lower predation as opposed to smaller aggregates or aggregates of variously aged larvae. The resulting larval masses are able to thermoregulate, raising their own temperature and therefore decreasing their development time, leading to better survival. This thermoregulation may result from the way larvae forage; they are constantly moving and turning over, which could at least in part lead to the temperature rise experienced in larval masses.[17] They also benefit from the digestive power of multiple other larvae. Each larva secretes digestive enzymes and then consumes the resulting dissolved meat around it. If more larvae are present, they secrete more digestive enzymes, which dissolve more meat and make food more accessible for the whole group. This easy access to food also contributes to a shorter development time.[18]
These benefits are present not only in single-species masses of larvae, but also in mixed-species groupings. Both groups of larvae have also been shown to have the ability to make collective decisions, perhaps using signals that are shared between species. In this manner, groups of larvae are able to collectively choose a preferred feeding spot, allowing them all to benefit from their collective digestive abilities and thermoregulation. Similarly, if a group of larvae becomes too large and overcrowding begins to cut into the benefits of heat and collective digestion, larval masses can "decide" to split in two and move to separate areas of a cadaver.[19] These collective larval decisions (and indeed the formation of larval masses themselves) are the result of chemical cues that larvae leave behind them as they crawl along the carrion, which other larvae are predisposed to follow; the result is that the more larvae are in a particular area, the more other larvae will join them.[20]
Lucilia sericata is an important species to forensic entomologists. Like most calliphorids, L. sericata has been heavily studied and its lifecycle and habits are well documented. Accordingly, the stage of its development on a corpse is used to calculate a minimum post mortem interval, so that it can be used to aid in determining the time of death of the victim. The presence or absence of L. sericata can provide information about the conditions of the corpse. If the insects seem to be on the path of their normal development, the corpse likely has been undisturbed. Signs of a disturbed lifecycle, or their absence from a decaying body suggests post mortem tampering with the body. Because L. sericata is one of the first insects to colonize a corpse, it is preferred to many other species in determining an approximate time of colonization, thus time of death of the victim. Developmental progress is determined with relative accuracy by measuring the length and weight of larvae at various instars while taking into account the temperature, which can affect development time to a large extent.[21]
Many blow flies have an impact in veterinary science, and L. sericata is no exception. In places such as the UK and Australia, L. sericata is commonly referred to as the "sheep blowfly", since sheep are its primary host in those regions. Although it affects mainly sheep, L. sericata is not host-specific.
In Northern Europe, the fly often lays its eggs in sheep wool. The larvae then migrate down the wool, where they feed directly on the skin surface in a process called myiasis. This can cause massive lesions and secondary bacterial infections, in turn causing serious problems for sheep farmers. In the UK, blowfly strike affects an estimated 1 million sheep, and 80% of sheep farms each year. This causes a huge economic impact in regions affected by blowfly strike. Not only does it cost money to treat infected animals, but measures also must be taken to control L. sericata.[22]
A simple and effective way to reduce the incidence of such infection is to shear ewes regularly and to dock their tails, removing areas where thick wool can stay damp for long periods of time. Enacting simple sanitary measures can reduce blowfly strike. For example, timely and proper disposal of carcasses and proper removal of feces are effective measures. Moving sheep from warm, humid, and sheltered areas to more open areas can also help to reduce blowfly strike, for this eliminates conditions conducive to fly development. Trapping systems such as sticky paper may be used to control fly numbers. Treating a flock with chemical agents can be costly, but can aid greatly in maintaining the resistance of the flock to L. sericata. For instance, plunge dipping in diazinon can directly kill the fly on contact. This method works from 3 to 8 weeks in controlling the fly. An alternative chemical method is a pyrethroid pour-on, which lasts 6 to 10 weeks depending on the type of pyrethroid used. Cryomazine and dicylanil, which are insect growth regulators, are also effective and last from 10 to 16 weeks. Chemical treatment is not ideal, though it can be very effective, because it is costly, tedious, and time-consuming.[22]
Lucilia sericata has been of medical importance since 1826, when Meigen removed larvae from the eyes and facial cavities of a human patient. L. sericata has shown promise in three separate clinical approaches. First, larvae have been shown to debride wounds with extremely low probability of myiasis upon clinical application. Larval secretions have been shown to help in tissue regeneration. L. sericata has also been shown to lower bacteremia levels in patients infected with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Essentially, L. sericata larvae can be used as biosurgery agents in cases where antibiotics and surgery are impractical.[23]
Larval secretions in vitro enhance fibroblast migration to the wound site, improving wound closure.[23] Larval therapy of L. sericata is highly recommended for the treatment of wounds infected with Gram-positive bacteria, yet is not as effective for wounds infected with Gram-negative bacteria. Also, bacteria from the genus Vagococcus were resistant to the maggot excreta/secreta.[24] Attempts are currently ongoing to extract or synthesize the chymotrypsins found in larval secretions to destroy MRSA without application of the larvae.[25]
Myiasis by L. sericata has been reported,[9] including a case of a dual genital infestation of a married couple wherein the larvae were transmitted from the wife's vagina to the husband's penis through sexual intercourse.[26]
Due to this species' high forensic interest, extensive research on its lifecycle has been conducted. The ongoing medical research, however, centered around the secretions produced by L. sericata as an agent against MRSA and vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus,[27] and the larval applications for maggot therapy. A new antimicrobial agent isolated from L. sericata secretions was patented under the name Seraticin.[28]
Efforts are geared toward making medical professionals more familiar to the current techniques.[29] Like many other ectoparasites, L. sericata has a huge economic impact on farmers, so many studies and research projects have been put in place since the late 1980s to help farmers reduce their impact. Research is also being conducted on less chemical-intensive measures to combat blowfly strike, since chemical dipping and pouring is not only expensive and time-consuming, but also toxic.
The common green bottle fly (Lucilia sericata) is a blowfly found in most areas of the world and is the most well-known of the numerous green bottle fly species. Its body is 10–14 mm (0.39–0.55 in) in length – slightly larger than a house fly – and has brilliant, metallic, blue-green or golden coloration with black markings. It has short, sparse, black bristles (setae) and three cross-grooves on the thorax. The wings are clear with light brown veins, and the legs and antennae are black. The larvae of the fly may be used for maggot therapy, are commonly used in forensic entomology, and can be the cause of myiasis in livestock and pets. The common green bottle fly emerges in the spring for mating.
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La mosca verde botella común (Phaenicia sericata o Lucilia sericata) es una mosca de la familia Calliphoridae encontrada en la mayoría de las áreas del mundo y la más conocida de las numerosas especies de moscas verde botella. Es de 10-14 mm de largo, ligeramente más grande que una mosca doméstica, y tiene coloración brillante, metálica, azul-verde u oro con marcas negras. Tiene cerdas (setas) cortas y escasas de color negro en el tórax. Las alas son transparentes con venas marrón claro; las patas y antenas son negras. Las larvas se utilizan para terapia larval. [2]
Lucilia sericata es común en todas las regiones templadas y tropicales del planeta, principalmente el Hemisferio Sur: África y Australia. Prefiere los climas cálidos y húmedos y, en consecuencia, es especialmente común en las regiones costeras, pero también está presente en las zonas áridas.[3] La hembra pone sus huevos en carne, pescado, cadáveres de animales, heridas infectadas de seres humanos o animales y excrementos. Las larvas se alimentan de tejido en descomposición. El insecto prefiere especies del género Ovis, ovejas domésticas en particular. Esto puede conducir a la presencia de miasis. La mosca verde causa problemas para los granjeros de ovinos, aunque L. sericata no es una principal causa de ataques por moscas en la mayoría de las regiones.
La mosca verde botella común (Phaenicia sericata o Lucilia sericata) es una mosca de la familia Calliphoridae encontrada en la mayoría de las áreas del mundo y la más conocida de las numerosas especies de moscas verde botella. Es de 10-14 mm de largo, ligeramente más grande que una mosca doméstica, y tiene coloración brillante, metálica, azul-verde u oro con marcas negras. Tiene cerdas (setas) cortas y escasas de color negro en el tórax. Las alas son transparentes con venas marrón claro; las patas y antenas son negras. Las larvas se utilizan para terapia larval.
Kultakärpänen (Lucilia sericata) on reilun sentin mittainen vihreänkiiltävä raatokärpäsiin (Calliphoridae) kuuluva siivekäs hyönteinen. Se kuuluu sukunsa yleisimpiin lajeihin.
Kultakärpäsen vartalo on metallinvihreä ja suuosat keltaiset. Selkäpuolta peittävät mustat karvat.[1] Siivet ovat läpinäkyvät ja niissä erottuvat ruskeat suonet. Aikuinen kärpänen on 10–14 mm pitkä.[2]
Kultakärpäsen munat ovat valkoisia tai kellertäviä, toisesta päästään paksumpia ja noin 1,5 mm pitkiä. Ne kuoriutuvat 21 asteen lämmössä noin 21 tunnissa, lämpimämmässä nopeammin. Toukkavaihe kestää 3–4 päivää. Toukat ovat sileäpintaisia, kartionmuotoisia ja kasvavat vaiheittain 12–18 mm pitkiksi. Kotelon kuori on aluksi valkoinen, mutta muuttuu punaruskeaksi, kun koteloitumisesta on kulunut muutamia tunteja.[1]
Kultakärpäsen toukkia käytetään haavojen hoidossa. Steriilissä laboratoriossa tehdyt toukat erittävät haavaan sylkeä, joka liuottaa haavassa olevaa kuollutta kudosta, jota toukat sitten käyttävät ravinnokseen. Kuolleen kudoksen mukana haavasta lähtevät bakteerit.[3]
Kultakärpänen (Lucilia sericata) on reilun sentin mittainen vihreänkiiltävä raatokärpäsiin (Calliphoridae) kuuluva siivekäs hyönteinen. Se kuuluu sukunsa yleisimpiin lajeihin.
La lucilie soyeuse, Lucilia sericata, est une espèce d'insectes diptères de la famille des Calliphoridae. C'est une mouche relativement commune dans la plupart des régions du monde. La larve de cette mouche joue un rôle important pour l’élimination des cadavres. Les adultes sont pollinisateurs de fleurs qui les attirent par leur odeur de charogne, dont la papaye. Cette espèce est parfois nommée Mouche verte à l'instar de nombreuses autres mouches lui ressemblant.
Taille : 10 à 14 mm de longueur, soit légèrement plus grande que la mouche domestique.
Elle se signale par une coloration brillante, métallique, bleu-vert ou vert-or avec des taches noires. Les ailes sont claires, avec des nervures brun pâle. Les pattes et les antennes sont noires.
Les œufs de teinte jaune ou blanche sont pondus en paquets d’une vingtaine, dans les blessures d’un animal, la viande, une carcasse, un excrément ou un tissu nécrosé.
La larve est un asticot jaune pâle ou grisâtre-blanc qui atteint 10 à 14 mm de long, capable de manger les tissus animaux nécrosés, se développe en deux à dix jours (selon la température), avant de s’enfouir dans le sol pour évoluer en une pupe d’où l’imago émergera. Par temps froid, les pupes et les adultes cessent toute activité (hibernation) en attendant des conditions plus clémentes.
Des larves stériles de cet insecte sont utilisées par certains hôpitaux en asticothérapie et en médecines traditionnelles, pour nettoyer les plaies et éviter les infections[1]. Elles semblent notamment capables d'éliminer le staphylocoque doré[2].
La lucilie soyeuse, Lucilia sericata, est une espèce d'insectes diptères de la famille des Calliphoridae. C'est une mouche relativement commune dans la plupart des régions du monde. La larve de cette mouche joue un rôle important pour l’élimination des cadavres. Les adultes sont pollinisateurs de fleurs qui les attirent par leur odeur de charogne, dont la papaye. Cette espèce est parfois nommée Mouche verte à l'instar de nombreuses autres mouches lui ressemblant.
La mosca verde (Lucilia sericata [Meigen, 1826]) è un dittero appartenente alla famiglia Calliphoridae, ampiamente distribuito in tutto il mondo, soprattutto nelle aree a clima temperato dell'emisfero boreale.[1]
L'adulto di Lucilia sericata ha generalmente dimensioni comprese tra i 6 e 9 mm di lunghezza ed è caratterizzato da una colorazione metallizzata tipicamente verde bottiglia, da cui derivano sia il nome italiano ("mosca verde") che quello inglese ("green-bottle blowfly").
Come per tutti gli insetti, il corpo dell'adulto è distinto nei tre classici tagmata: capo, torace e addome.
Il capo è ipognato, ben separato dal corpo, e su di esso troviamo gli occhi composti, le brevi antenne e l'apparato boccale succhiatore lambente tipico dei ditteri[2][3].
Il torace (distinto in mesoprescuto, mesoscuto e mesoscutello) presenta tre caratteristiche scanalature trasversali, tipiche di questa specie, ed è la porzione corporea su cui si articolano le tre coppie di arti e la coppia di ali. Come in tutti i Ditteri, infatti, il secondo paio di ali (quello posteriore) è estremamente modificato a formare una coppia di bilancieri, cioè due piccole strutture di forma clavata utilizzate per stabilizzare il volo dell'animale, rendendolo più efficiente e preciso[1]. I bilancieri rimangono protetti da un'espansione laterale lobata e squamiforme, detta appunto squama o caliptra, che in tutte le specie del genere Lucilia appare di colore chiaro e presenta una cresta (cresta soprasquamale) con alcuni ciuffi di peli[4]. Lucilia sericata, però, si distingue dalle altre specie per il colore giallo del basalare (o basicosta), cioè di quella struttura "a spalla" situata all'estremità prossimale della prima nervatura alare (la subcosta nei ditteri), il cui aspetto acquisisce quindi un importante valore sistematico[4].
Un altro carattere distintivo di Lucilia sericata è rappresentato dalle 5 setole acrosticali (cioè quelle setole che risultano allineate lungo la linea mediale del torace, in posizione dorsale), 2 collocate anteriormente alla sutura trasversa (setole presuturali) e 3 posteriormente (postsuturali), mentre la maggior parte delle altre specie all'interno del genere Lucilia presenta solamente 4 setole acrosticali (ad esclusione di L. cuprina, L. silvarum, L. thatuna)[5].
L'addome contiene invece la maggior parte degli organi interni e le strutture riproduttive. Nei maschi sono presenti le armature genitali, la cui forma rappresenta un fondamentale carattere di riconoscimento della specie, mentre nelle femmine gli ultimi segmenti corporei si assottigliano e si allungano formando un apparato telescopico detto ovopositore di sostituzione, struttura tipica dei ditteri[6].
L'adulto di Lucilia sericata normalmente non viene considerato attivo durante le ore notturne: alcuni autori hanno però osservato casi di ovoposizione notturna in particolari condizioni ambientali (soprattutto di alta temperatura)[7] e si tratta quindi di un argomento che necessita di ulteriori studi e approfondimenti[8].
Per l'ovoposizione Lucilia sericata è in grado di sfruttare un gran numero di substrati differenti, anche se viene ampiamente preferito l'utilizzo di carcasse animali, in particolare quelle situate in ambienti aperti ed esposti al sole[1].
Tra le numerose specie di insetti che compongono la classica entomofauna cadaverica, Lucilia sericata è una delle prime a comparire sul corpo[1], anche grazie ad un apparato olfattivo particolarmente efficiente, in grado di percepire immediatamente quei composti chimici a base di ammoniaca e solfuro tipici delle prime fasi della decomposizione. In condizioni ideali di temperatura e in assenza di ostacoli fisici o chimici (naturali o artificiali) già dopo 2-3 ore dalla morte compaiono i primi ammassi di uova disposti a formare dei grossi grappoli in corrispondenza degli orifizi naturali (orecchie, occhi, ferite, mucose delle narici e cavità orale) e di zone particolarmente protette (zona ascellare, sotto il seno, tra i capelli o tra le pieghe dei vestiti)[9].
Ad occhio nudo le uova appaiono molto piccole, con dimensioni che non superano 1 mm di lunghezza, di colore biancastro, e presentano una specifica sculturazione esterna. Queste uova sono costituite da un guscio protettivo, il corion, molto resistente e in grado di proteggere l'embrione da attacchi chimici o fisici. Sulla parte dorsale le uova sono percorse dal piastrone (o area mediana), che presenta una struttura spugnosa per poter intrappolare le molecole d'aria trasformandosi all'occorrenza in un aeropilo, cioè in un polmone passivo che permette all'embrione di sopravvivere anche se l'uovo viene immerso in acqua o nei fluidi corporei[10][11].
In seguito all'accoppiamento tra gli adulti lo sperma entra all'interno dell'uovo attraverso il micropilo, cioè una piccola apertura che si trova nella parte cefalica dell'uovo. La femmina adulta, quindi, individuato un luogo adatto all'ovoposizione, rilascia le uova già fecondate[11].
Dalle uova emergono larve apodi e vermiformi, biancastre, di forma conica, affusolata anteriormente e acefale poiché le vestigia della testa sono invaginate nel torace. Le appendici boccali della larva sono atrofizzate e sostituite da strutture modificate che vanno a formare lo scheletro cefalo-faringeo, che in Lucilia sericata appare trasparente. Di questo solo i doppi uncini boccali sono liberamente mobili, e operano su un piano verticale[11].
Ai lati dell'estremità cefalica si possono notare due piccole evaginazioni di colore leggermente più scuro, dotate di lobi, gli spiracoli anteriori, con funzione respiratoria, che hanno una grande importanza per il riconoscimento sistematico. All'estremità posteriore sono invece presenti gli spiracoli posteriori, anch'essi con funzione respiratoria, che presentano al proprio interno un numero diverso di fessure spiracolari a seconda dell'età larvale[12].
Dopo essere uscite dall'uovo ed entrate all'interno del cadavere, dove trovano un ambiente umido e protetto da parassiti e predatori, le larve cominciano ad attaccare il pabulum (cioè il substrato nutritivo) con gli uncini boccali e lo ammorbidiscono secernendo enzimi (proteasi, collagenasi, lipasi) che ne iniziano la digestione. In assenza di un'apertura o di una lacerazione preesistente sulla carcassa, l'ingresso viene reso possibile dallo sforzo collettivo di un gruppo di larve che localizzano in un punto la produzione di enzimi digestivi, tanto da riuscire a perforare lo strato di rivestimento esterno del corpo[2][4].
Lucilia sericata è una specie eliofila ed amante del caldo, che contrariamente ad altri generi di Calliforidi come Calliphora sp. entra molto raramente nelle abitazioni umane e nei luoghi chiusi, preferendo rimanere in ambienti aperti e soleggiati. È quindi una specie tipica della stagione estiva, tanto che studi specifici hanno mostrato come la sua Lower Development Treshold (LDT, cioè la temperatura minima che permette il suo sviluppo) sia di circa 10-12,5 °C[2][13].
È una specie estremamente comune sia in aree urbane che in aree rurali, e per le sue caratteristiche costituisce una delle specie più importanti nell'ambito degli studi di entomologia forense. Infatti, mentre gli adulti si nutrono principalmente di polline e nettare, le larve sono necrofaghe e vengono perciò spesso rinvenute su corpi e carcasse in stato di decomposizione[2].
Il ciclo vitale di Lucilia sericata è quello classico dei Ditteri e in generale di tutti gli insetti olometaboli, e prevede una successione del tipo adulto-uovo-larva-pupa-adulto. Tale ciclo prevede, a livello di pupa, una metamorfosi completa in grado di indurre profonde modificazioni strutturali e anatomiche a carico dell'animale, come testimoniato dalle notevoli differenze morfologiche ed ecologiche osservabili tra lo stadio larvale e quello di adulto[3].
La mosca verde (Lucilia sericata [Meigen, 1826]) è un dittero appartenente alla famiglia Calliphoridae, ampiamente distribuito in tutto il mondo, soprattutto nelle aree a clima temperato dell'emisfero boreale.
De groene vleesvlieg (Lucilia sericata; syn.: Phaenicia sericata) is een algemeen voorkomende vliegensoort uit de familie van de bromvliegen (Calliphoridae).[1] De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1826 door Meigen.
De vlieg kan tussen de 10 en 14 mm lang worden, en is te herkennen aan de metaalachtige blauwgroene of gouden kleuring met zwarte noteringen op de rug. Verwarring met de boter- of vuurvlieg komt veel voor.
De groene vleesvlieg leeft vooral als larve (made) van vlees van levende dieren, en is berucht in de veehouderij omdat onder andere schapen levend worden opgegeten (Myiasis).
Andere soorten vleesvliegen zetten de eitjes af op andere dieren of de maden leven van mest, zoals de groene keizersvlieg (Lucilia caesar). De soort Lucilia bufonivora zet de eitjes af in de neusgaten van levende padden, waarna de larven eerst de kop van binnenuit consumeren met de dood tot gevolg. Vervolgens wordt het kadaver verder uitgehold.
Bronnen, noten en/of referentiesLucilia sericata é uma espécie de inseto cujas larvas, de acordo com pesquisadores franceses, podem ser muito eficientes ao retirar tecidos mortos de grandes feridas que demoram a cicatrizar.[1]
Lucilia sericata é uma espécie de inseto cujas larvas, de acordo com pesquisadores franceses, podem ser muito eficientes ao retirar tecidos mortos de grandes feridas que demoram a cicatrizar.
Lucilia sericata[1] este o specie de muște din genul Lucilia, familia Calliphoridae. A fost descrisă pentru prima dată de Johann Wilhelm Meigen în anul 1826.[1][2] Conform Catalogue of Life specia Lucilia sericata nu are subspecii cunoscute.[1]
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|access-date= (ajutor)Mentenanță CS1: Nume multiple: lista autorilor (link)
Acest articol referitor la insecte din ordinul Diptera este un ciot. Puteți ajuta Wikipedia prin completarea sa. Lucilia sericata este o specie de muște din genul Lucilia, familia Calliphoridae. A fost descrisă pentru prima dată de Johann Wilhelm Meigen în anul 1826. Conform Catalogue of Life specia Lucilia sericata nu are subspecii cunoscute.
Nhặng xanh (Danh pháp khoa học: Phaenicia sericata hay Lucilia sericata) hay còn được gọi là Ruồi nhặng hay còn gọi là lằng, nhặng xị, lằng xanh là một loài ruồi thường thấy trong họ Calliphoridae. Chúng thường tập trung ở khu vực nông thôn nhiều hơn so với ruồi nhà.
Nhặng xanh dài khoảng 6 - 10mm, có thân màu xanh kim loại (xanh dương hay xanh lá cây), có màu xanh bạc hay màu xanh thẫm mắt màu đỏ, cánh trắng có đường vân màu đen, chúng thường đẻ trứng ở những khu vực dơ bẩn hoặc có mùi hôi tanh như: bãi rác, thịt thối rửa, các loài thủy sản, cá ở chợ.
Vòng đời của chúng thường kéo dài từ 9 – 21 ngày. Từ 5-7 ngày sau trứng nở thành nhộng và trong 1 tháng thì có khoảng 2 - 3 thế hệ được sinh ra. Loài nhặng khỏe và hoạt động trong khoảng nhiều km cách nơi sinh sản. Chúng hiện diện nhiều trong những tháng mùa hè ấm áp. Nhặng khá năng động và thường bị thu hút bởi ánh sáng. Chúng rất giỏi bu bám, bâu vào nguồn.
Chúng cũng thường xuyên xuất hiện ở những khu vực ô nhiễm, đặc biệt là thường thấy với số lượng lớn gần các khu vực giết, mổ gia súc, các nhà máy chế biến thịt và các bãi rác. Mặc dù trứng thường xuyên được đẻ vào thịt hay xác động vật, nhưng chúng cũng có thể đẻ trứng lên các chất rau quả thối rữa khi không có thịt.
Chúng thường được tìm thấy ở những miếng thịt thừa hay các thùng rác ở nhà rác. ở các thành phố thì các thùng rác là những nguồn quan trọng nhất. Chỉ riêng các thùng rác sản sinh ra khoảng 30.000 con ruồi trong vòng một tuần. ấu trùng mới sinh ra chỉ sống một thời gian ngắn trên các chất mà trứng được đẻ lên, sau đó chúng sẽ chui xuống dưới ít thối rữa hơn. Khi trưởng thành, ấu trùng sẽ rời các chất thức ăn đó chui xuống đất và phát triển thành nhộng.
Nhặng có thể đẻ trên xác chuột hay xác chim trên tầng gác mái hay trong các khe rỗng của tường. Chúng thường đẻ ấu trùng dòi lên trên xác động vật đang phân hủy và phân động vật. Ấu trùng trưởng thành thường gây phiền toái cho con người khi chúng di chuyển từ nơi sinh đẻ đến nơi chúng chuyển sang giai đoạn nhộng. Người ta đã ghi nhận mật độ nhặng gia tăng đến 30.000 con chỉ trong một tuần tại nơi để các thùng rác. Khi đánh một con nhặng xanh thì từ bụng nó thường chui ra rất nhiều dòi. Nhặng xanh không đẻ trứng mà đẻ ra ấu trùng giòi, trong bụng một con nhặng mẹ thường có rất nhiều dòi[2].
||ngày truy cập= cần |url= (trợ giúp) Nhặng xanh (Danh pháp khoa học: Phaenicia sericata hay Lucilia sericata) hay còn được gọi là Ruồi nhặng hay còn gọi là lằng, nhặng xị, lằng xanh là một loài ruồi thường thấy trong họ Calliphoridae. Chúng thường tập trung ở khu vực nông thôn nhiều hơn so với ruồi nhà.
구리금파리(영어: Common green bottle fly) 또는 세쌍풀색파리는 파리목 검정파리과에 속하는 곤충이다. 전 세계에 서식하며, 금파리와 같이 가장 잘 알려진 금파리속 중 하나이며, 매우 흔하게 관찰된다. 몸은 녹청색 또는 녹금색이며, 광택이 난다. 몸길이 5~10mm이다. 동물의 똥이나 부패하는 시체에 모이며, 암컷은 이런 곳에 산란한다. 알에서 깨어난 구더기는 똥이나 썩어가는 고기를 먹는다. 때로는 사람의 눈에도 알을 낳는다. 위생해충으로 중요하다. 구더기 치료법에 쓰이기도 한다. 구리 금파리는 민간요법에 쓰이기도 한다.
구리금파리(영어: Common green bottle fly) 또는 세쌍풀색파리는 파리목 검정파리과에 속하는 곤충이다. 전 세계에 서식하며, 금파리와 같이 가장 잘 알려진 금파리속 중 하나이며, 매우 흔하게 관찰된다. 몸은 녹청색 또는 녹금색이며, 광택이 난다. 몸길이 5~10mm이다. 동물의 똥이나 부패하는 시체에 모이며, 암컷은 이런 곳에 산란한다. 알에서 깨어난 구더기는 똥이나 썩어가는 고기를 먹는다. 때로는 사람의 눈에도 알을 낳는다. 위생해충으로 중요하다. 구더기 치료법에 쓰이기도 한다. 구리 금파리는 민간요법에 쓰이기도 한다.
