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Large Bee Fly

Bombylius major Linnaeus 1758

Conservation Status

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No specific information could be found. It can be assumed that as parasitoids, the success of the species is dependent on the success of the host or hosts.
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Cyclicity

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Adult specimens have been collected from late April to mid-May, with one apparently collected in late February.
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Distribution

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Nearctic (Evenhuis & Greathead 1999).
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General Description

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"16-22 mm long, 40-50 mm wingspan. Anterior half of wings dark brown and opaque, posterior half transparent. Hair exceptionally dense with orange tint. Characteristics shared with other Bombylius species include a slender first antennal segment, long scattered bristly hairs, holoptic males, conspicuously bristled hind femora, and a distinct intercalary vein (Hull 1973)."
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Habitat

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Arid regions with loose soil of the type frequented by ground-nesting bees.
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Life Cycle

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Very little species-specific information available. The general bombyliid life cycle is described in Marshall (2006). Females coat eggs with a sticky substance in order to gather a protective layer of soil when they are dropped into burrows of potential hosts. First instar larvae actively penetrate host nests, then molt into sedentary ectoparasitoids, a phenomenon known as hypermetamorphosis. Pupae are equipped with rigid ornamentation to assist escape from the burrow. Adults resemble bees as a deterrent against predators, and imitate them behaviourally and functionally by feeding on nectar and spreading pollen.
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Trophic Strategy

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Larvae parasitoids of digging bees, particularly Andrena species (Dufour 1858, Chapman 1878, Bischoff 2003). Adults feed on nectar (Hull 1973).
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Dlouhososka velká ( Czech )

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Dlouhososka velká (Bombylius major) je dvoukřídlý hmyz z čeledi dlouhososkovitých.

Popis

Dosahuje délky 8-12 mm, sosák 6-7 mm. Jde o výborného letce, který dokáže, podobně jako kolibřík, sát nektar z květů za letu. Zvýšenou aktivitu projevují samičky zjara. Do prvních květů kladou vajíčka. Vylíhlé larvy se přichytí na drobné včely, které navštíví květ a vniknou takto do jejích hnízda. Zde se larva živí pylem a včelími larvami. Parazituje takto především na pískorypkách. Na rozdíl od včel mají dlouhososky jen jeden pár křídel. Velikost 8-16 mm. Vyskytuje se na brzy jaře (od března do května) na loukách v blízkosti vod, nejčastěji na květech hluchavek. Velmi dobře létá. Často se vznáší ve vzduchu na jednom místě.

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Dlouhososka velká: Brief Summary ( Czech )

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Dlouhososka velká (Bombylius major) je dvoukřídlý hmyz z čeledi dlouhososkovitých.

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Großer Wollschweber ( German )

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Der Große Wollschweber (Bombylius major) ist eine Art aus der Familie der Wollschweber innerhalb der Ordnung der Zweiflügler (Diptera).

Merkmale

Die Art erreicht eine Körperlänge von 9 bis 12 Millimetern. Der Körper ist vom Kopf bis zum Hinterleib sowie auch seitlich dicht pelzig braun bis gelblich-beige behaart. Am Mesonotum und Schildchen (Scutellum) befinden sich aufrechte gelbliche bis sandfarbene Härchen. Auffällig ist der 5,5 bis 7,7 Millimeter lange Saugrüssel, der in Ruhelage meist gerade nach vorne gestreckt ist. Die dunklen Fühler sind ebenfalls nach vorne gestreckt und sind basal rotbraun beborstet. Am Vorderrand der Flügel ist eine dunkle, breite, nach hinten gezackte Binde zu erkennen, die hintere Flügelhälfte ist durchsichtig. Schenkel (Femora), Knie bzw. der untere Teil der Schienen (Tibien) und Tarsen sind rotbraun gefärbt und beborstet. Die Klauen und deren Pulvilli sind eher klein.

Ähnliche Arten

Der Große Wollschweber kann leicht mit dem größeren Gefleckten Wollschweber (Bombylius discolor) verwechselt werden, der dunkel gefleckte Flügel besitzt. Der Große Wollschweber lässt sich aber auch durch die schwarzen Haare hinten am Augenrand von ähnlichen Arten gut unterscheiden.

Vorkommen und Lebensraum

Die Art ist in Europa, Nordafrika, Asien und Nordamerika weit verbreitet. Man findet sie an Weg- und Waldrändern, Lichtungen, Wiesen und gelegentlich auch in Gärten, meist in der Nähe von Kolonien der Solitärbienen und Grabwespen. Sie sind häufig und weit verbreitet, die Flugzeit ist von April bis Juni.

Lebensweise

Die Larven entwickeln sich parasitoid, unter anderem ernähren sie sich von Larven der Solitärbienen, Grabwespen und bestimmten Schmetterlingen, wie zum Beispiel Eulenfalterarten.

Die Imagines hingegen nehmen nur Nektar zu sich, den sie ähnlich wie Kolibris schwebend saugen. Sie können durch ein Sonnenbad aufgeheizt beachtlich schnell fliegen und sind sehr wendig. Männchen zeigen ein Revierverhalten, denn sie verteidigen bevorzugte Sitzplätze, um dort auf Weibchen zu warten. Bei der Paarung, die einige Minuten dauert, sind Männchen und Weibchen mit den Hinterleibsspitzen verbunden. Nach der Paarung legt das Weibchen die blassgelben, reiskornförmigen und etwa 0,5 Millimeter großen Eier vor die Eingänge der Wirtsnester; dabei benetzt es die Eier zum Schutz mit Sand. Die geschlüpften und sehr beweglichen Larven dringen eigenständig in die Wirtsnester ein und ernähren sich zunächst von den Vorräten und später von den Wirtslarven. Die Larven der Großen Wollschweber sind anfangs mit beweglichen Beinen ausgestattet, nach der ersten Häutung besitzen sie eine madenartige, beinlose Gestalt und können sich nur schlecht bewegen. Sie überwintern als Puppe, die Imagines schlüpfen ab März.

Quellen

Literatur

  • Galathea. Berichte des Kreises Nürnberger Entomologen e.V Band 10, Heft 2, 1994.
  • Joachim & Hiroko Haupt: Fliegen und Mücken: Beobachtung, Lebensweise. Naturbuch-Verlag, Augsburg 1998, ISBN 3-89440-278-4.
  • World Catalog of Bee Flies. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden ISBN 90-5782-039-0.
  • Klaus von der Dunk: Rote Liste gefährdeter Wollschweber (Bombyliidae) Bayerns. Bayerisches Landesamt für Umweltschutz, 1992.
  • Klaus von der Dunk: Zweiflügler aus Bayern IV. In: Entomofauna.

Weblinks

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Großer Wollschweber: Brief Summary ( German )

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Der Große Wollschweber (Bombylius major) ist eine Art aus der Familie der Wollschweber innerhalb der Ordnung der Zweiflügler (Diptera).

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Bombylius major

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Bombylius major (commonly named the large bee-fly, the dark-edged bee-fly or the greater bee fly) is a parasitic bee mimic fly. B. major is the most common type of fly within the Bombylius genus. The fly derives its name from its close resemblance to bumblebees and are often mistaken for them.

B. major exhibits a unique flight behavior known as "yawing"[1] and plays a role in general pollination, without preference of flower types.[2] The fly does not bite, sting, or spread disease.[3] However, the fly uses this mimicry of bumblebees to its own advantage, allowing close access to host solitary bee and wasp nests in order to deposit its eggs. After hatching, the larvae find their way into the nests to parasitically feed on the grubs.[4]

Description

B. major is part of the family Bombyliidae, with a reported 6000 species worldwide.[2] The subfamily Bombyliinae contains approximately 1100 identified species.[5] The genus Bombylius currently comprises around 450 described species.[2]

B. major can be found from April to June throughout temperate Europe, North America and some parts of Asia, concentrated in the northern hemisphere.[2] The species occurs across a variety of environments, from arid to moist.[2]

Morphology

Large bee fly in early springtime (video, 2m 10s)

The adult body size varies from 6.3 to 12 mm in length and is considered a relatively medium-sized fly. The body color is dark, but is densely covered by a thick coat of lighter color hairs.[2][6] The head is typically brown and black hairs, but the lower portion of the head is mostly white hairs. It has dark patches on the anterior half of the wings and long hairy legs that dangle while in flight.[7] The dark wing span can range from 8.4 to 14 mm and has a dark brown edge.[6] Their boldly patterned wings have a distinct dividing border through the horizontal middle between the dark and clear portions. Their antennae are typically very short and pointed.[7] Additionally, the species has long legs and a long rigid proboscis found in the front of the head, which is used to feed on the nectar of flowers.[6] The proboscis ranges from 5.5 to 7.5 mm in length.[2] While its wings continue to beat, its front legs grip the flower and its long rigid beak is inserted to collect the nectar.[8] Despite its fearsome appearance, the beak is quite harmless.[8] Males are typically smaller than females.[2] Movement is categorized by both hovering and darting between locations.[9] The flies also emit a high-pitched buzz.[7]

Mimicry

The species gets its common name from its similarity in appearance to bees. This mimicry likely confers some defense against predation. However, there are several distinguishing features: B. major has only one pair of wings (bees have two), extremely thin legs, and the head is very small, with a long rigid proboscis.[9]

Life Cycle

Flicking an egg
B. major egg

B. major is mostly seen in the spring, beginning to appear at the end of March and large numbers seen until the end of May, with the species being sighted into June.[2] The fly is holometabolous.[2]

Bombylius major mating in Suzuka Mountains, Inabe, Mie prefecture, Japan.

B. major has several host species, including the brood of solitary wasps and bees, particularly digging bees such as Andrena. Egg deposition takes place by the female hovering above the entrance of a host insect nest, usually a solitary bee, and throwing down her eggs using a flicking movement.[10] The larvae are hypermetamorphic parasitoids which then feed on the food stored, as well as the young solitary bees or wasps. If the female is unable to flick her eggs near the nest, she plants them on flowers visited by the host insects. The developing larvae then make their way to the host nest or attach themselves to the bees or wasps to then be carried to the nest.[10]

Egg

The parasitic eggs of B. major are produced in large numbers, however few will make it to the host insect burrow entrance.[9] The female fly will dip down and coat her rear abdomen with dust that covers the eggs as they leave the female.

Larvae

B. major adult

Larvae live parasitically in the nests of various solitary bees and wasps.[2] When the fly larva locates a host larva, it will consume it slowly, greatly increasing in size as it tightly holds onto the host, eventually becoming a pupa and overwintering.[9]

Pupae

White larvae gradually turn into a yellowish brown pupa, with distinct mouthparts, wings, antennae, and legs.[9]

Diet

B. major feeding on nectar

The species acts as a nectar robber; this foraging behavior allows the species to feed on floral nectar and is an essential part of adult fly diets. This is facilitated by the characterizable long proboscis of the fly, which is horizontally inserted into the flower.[2] This occurs as the fly continues to buzz in the air, without touching either the anthers or stigma of the flower.[2] The fly also consumes pollen as part of its diet, with considerable differences between the sexes. Males and females visit the same range of flowers as a food source.[11]

Along with one other species, Bombylius pygmaeus, B. major was observed to selectively (and almost exclusively) visit bluets at several North American sites despite the abundant presence of many other flowers.[12] Of the other pollinators present, these flies were also the most frequent visitors to the flowers.[12]

Female

In Russia, female B. major act in a narrow oligophagous manner, favoring a limited number of food sources, including pollen grains of Siberian squill (Scilla siberica), lesser celandine (Ficaria verna), and willow (Salix caprea) over dandelion (Taraxacum officinale), coltsfoot (Tussilago farfara), and primrose (Primula vulgaris).[11]

Male

In the same study, male B. major preferred plants similar to females, with the exception of dandelion. However, an examination of the gut showed a regularly lower amount of pollen than in females. Males consistently consume less quantities of pollen than females. Ingestion of pollen differs throughout a male life cycle, with more pollen being consumed in towards earlier stages. Overall, males had a preference for nectar and fed on significantly greater portions of nectar over pollen.[11]

Behavior

There is continued research on the behavior of B. major in respect to environmental factors, mating, and human interaction.

In flight

Flight

It has been discovered that the fly is capable of a unique type of flight behavior, which was discovered with the use of a high speed camera. In this behavior, the flies are seen to rotate around a vertical axis as they fly (this action is known as “yawing”). However, it is still unknown what can cause this behavior to be triggered and what purpose it serves, but a proposed explanation includes mating habits.[1]

Pollinator Role

The B. major bee-fly is a common, generalist floral pollinator, meaning that it does not give preference to one flower over another, instead pollinating a wide variety of plant families and species.[2][13] The fly uses its proboscis to carry and transfer the pollen. The species is a dominant pollinator within its community, sometimes even pollinating up to two thirds of the local flowers. In addition, B. major will visit and pollinate plants that attract few other species. Some types of flowers, for example Pulmonaria officinalis, will be almost exclusively pollinated by B. major, with other species contributing a negligible amount to that plants pollination. Some flower species, such as Delphinium tricorne, are even specifically adapted to the fly in terms of color, shape, and form. If given the choice, B. major will have a consistency in plant choice.[13]

Flower Attraction

Long distance floral attraction is governed by optical sense, with color being the most important factor. The flies are typically more attracted to blue and violet colors, and occasionally yellow, over orange and pink. However, short distance floral attraction is based on the fly's olfactory sense.[2]

Sunbathing

Activity

The fly is mostly active during day hours when the weather conditions are warm and sunny. B. major is attracted to sunnier places and is more likely to pollinate these areas, with a larger average of flower visits in areas of higher amounts of sunshine. The fly will hide in the trees during the night[2] and usually dart away from a cast shadow and occasionally hide in clean washing brought in fresh from the washing line and fly out causing unsettled behaviour in the discoverer.[9]

References

  1. ^ a b Layer, Stefan (2013-06-25). "Unusual Flight Behaviour in the Beefly Bombylius major (Diptera: Bombylidae)". Entomologia Generalis. 34 (3): 161–168. doi:10.1127/entom.gen/34/2013/161. ISSN 0171-8177.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Kastinger, Christoph; Weber, Anton (2001-01-01). "Bee-flies (Bombylius spp., Bombyliidae, Diptera) and the pollination of flowers". Flora. 196 (1): 3–25. doi:10.1016/S0367-2530(17)30015-4. ISSN 0367-2530.
  3. ^ "Bee-flies and false widow spiders confound public". www.nhm.ac.uk. Retrieved 2019-10-15.
  4. ^ Stubbs, A. & Drake, M. (2001). British Soldierflies and Their Allies: A Field Guide to the Larger British Brachycera. British Entomological & Natural History Society. pp. 512 pp. ISBN 1-899935-04-5.
  5. ^ Li, Xuankun; Yeates, David K. (October 2019). "Phylogeny, classification and biogeography of bombyliine bee flies (Diptera, Bombyliidae)". Systematic Entomology. 44 (4): 862–885. doi:10.1111/syen.12361. ISSN 0307-6970. S2CID 146024910.
  6. ^ a b c Lee, Yong-Bong; Han, Ho-Yeon (2017-12-01). "Taxonomic review of the genera Bombylius and Bombylella (Diptera: Bombyliidae) in Korea". Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology. 20 (4): 1278–1286. doi:10.1016/j.aspen.2017.09.009. ISSN 1226-8615.
  7. ^ a b c "ARCHIVE - Bombylius major - ize2010". archives.evergreen.edu. Retrieved 2019-10-15.
  8. ^ a b Insects , Collins Gem , Guide, 1986, page 114, ISBN 0004588185
  9. ^ a b c d e f Hull, Frank M. (1973). Bee flies of the world: the genera of the family Bombyliidae. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.48406. ISBN 0874741319.
  10. ^ a b Boesi, R., Polidori, C. and Andrietti, F. 2009 — Searching for the Right Target: Oviposition and Feeding Behavior in Bombylius Bee Flies (Diptera:Bombyliidae).Zool. Stud., 48:141-150.
  11. ^ a b c Panov, A. A. (November 2007). "Sex-related diet specificity in Bombylius major and some other bombyliidae (diptera)". Entomological Review. 87 (7): 812–821. doi:10.1134/s0013873807070032. ISSN 0013-8738. S2CID 31726510.
  12. ^ a b Grimaldi, David (1988-02-01). "Bee flies and bluets: Bombylius (Diptera: Bombyliidae) flower-constant on the distylous species, Hedyotis caerulea (Rubiaceae), and the manner of foraging". Journal of Natural History. 22 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1080/00222938800770011. ISSN 0022-2933.
  13. ^ a b "Abstract". Integrative and Comparative Biology. 20 (4): 723–972. 1980-11-01. doi:10.1093/icb/20.4.723. ISSN 1540-7063.

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Bombylius major: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN

Bombylius major (commonly named the large bee-fly, the dark-edged bee-fly or the greater bee fly) is a parasitic bee mimic fly. B. major is the most common type of fly within the Bombylius genus. The fly derives its name from its close resemblance to bumblebees and are often mistaken for them.

B. major exhibits a unique flight behavior known as "yawing" and plays a role in general pollination, without preference of flower types. The fly does not bite, sting, or spread disease. However, the fly uses this mimicry of bumblebees to its own advantage, allowing close access to host solitary bee and wasp nests in order to deposit its eggs. After hatching, the larvae find their way into the nests to parasitically feed on the grubs.

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Bombylius major ( Spanish; Castilian )

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La mosca abejorro (Bombylius major) es una mosca de la familia Bombyliidae, llamadas moscas abejas. Es una mimética batesiana de las abejas. La hembra de B. major arroja sus huevos hacia la entrada de los nidos subterráneos de abejas solitarias y avispas. Luego de la eclosión, las larvas ingresan al nido y se alimentan de las larvas que encuentran allí.[1]

Bombylius major se encuentra de abril a junio en todas las regiones templadas de Europa, Norteamérica y Asia.

Descripción

Mosca abejorro al principio de la primavera (video, 2m 10s)

El adulto mide de 14 a 18mm de longitud, es redondeado y posee muchos pelos, con una envergadura en las alas de cerca de 24mm. Posee parches oscuros en la mitad anterior de las alas y patas peludas que le cuelgan durante el vuelo. Utiliza su larga proboscis para alimentarse del néctar de numerosas especies de flores, particularmente de las prímulas. Mientras bate las alas B. major sujeta la flor con las patas delanteras e inserta su larga trompa para recolectar el néctar.[2]​ A pesar del aspecto amenazador, la trompa es inofensiva.[2]

Se mimetiza de forma aposemática con las abejas; su cuerpo es redondeado y peludo, y la mitad superior de su tórax es negra y brillante, mientras que el vello es marrón, amarillo o blanco. Tiene patas largas y una proboscis larga en la cabeza. Sus alas moteadas tienen un patrón distintivo con una línea que las separa, a lo ancho, entre una mitad oscura y una mitad translúcida. Sus antenas son normalmente muy cortas y puntiagudas. En el campo se las encuentra volando cerca de la tierra y alrededor de flores, en un movimiento de arriba-a-abajo, acompañado de un zumbido de alta frecuencia.

Reproducción

Bombylius major tiene numerosas especies huéspedes, incluyendo las larvas de abejas y avispas solitarias, en particular las abejas mineras como Andrena. Se mimetiza con las abejas para poder acercarse a sus nidos subterráneos. Una vez lo suficientemente cerca, la hembra arroja los huevos fertilizados cerca o dentro de los nidos de los insectos huésped. Las larvas son parasitoides hipermetamórficas que se alimentan de la comida almacenada en el nido, así como de las crías de las abejas o avispas solitarias. Si la hembra no puede arrojar los huevos cerca de un nido, los deposita en las flores que los insectos huésped visitan más frecuentemente. Las larvas en crecimiento encuentran luego su propio camino al nido, o se sujetan a la abeja o avispa para viajar al nido.[3]Bombylius major es un excelente polinizador, pero sus larvas limitan la población de otros polinizadores.

Referencias

  1. Stubbs, A. & Drake, M. (2001). British Soldierflies and Their Allies: A Field Guide to the Larger British Brachycera. British Entomological & Natural History Society. pp. 512 pp. ISBN 1-899935-04-5.
  2. a b Insects , Collins Gem , Guide, 1986, page 114, ISBN 0004588185
  3. Boesi, R., Polidori, C. and Andrietti, F. 2009 — Searching for the Right Target: Oviposition and Feeding Behavior in Bombylius Bee Flies (Diptera:Bombyliidae).Zool. Stud., 48:141-150.

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Bombylius major: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

provided by wikipedia ES

La mosca abejorro (Bombylius major) es una mosca de la familia Bombyliidae, llamadas moscas abejas. Es una mimética batesiana de las abejas. La hembra de B. major arroja sus huevos hacia la entrada de los nidos subterráneos de abejas solitarias y avispas. Luego de la eclosión, las larvas ingresan al nido y se alimentan de las larvas que encuentran allí.​

Bombylius major se encuentra de abril a junio en todas las regiones templadas de Europa, Norteamérica y Asia.

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Villakärpänen ( Finnish )

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Villakärpänen (Bombylius major) on kärpäslaji kimalaiskärpästen (Bombyliidae) heimossa.

Ulkonäkö

Villakärpänen voi karvaisella ruumiillaan ja erikoisella lentotavallaan muistuttaa kaukaa katsottuna kimalaista. Lähempää sen kuitenkin tunnistaa kaksisiipiseksi. Villakärpäsellä on pitkä imukärsä, suuret silmät sekä pitkät jalat. Pituus on 7 - 12 millimetriä.

Levinneisyys

Villakärpänen elää lauhkeilla alueilla Euroopassa, Pohjois-Amerikassa ja osissa Aasiaa. Se on yleinen Etelä- ja Keski-Suomessa.

Käyttäytyminen

Villakärpänen voi pörrättä paikallaan ilmassa kukkien äärellä, joista se imee mettä. Sitä tavataan keväällä huhtikuusta toukokuuhun. Villakärpänen munii lähelle erakkomehiläisen pesää. Kun toukka kuoriutuu, se menee isäntänsä pesään. Ensin se syö mehiläisten toukille tarkoitettua mettä ja hunajaa, mutta lopulta myös itse toukat ja koteloituu pesään.

Lähteet

  • Lars-Henrik Olsen & Jakob Sunesen: Pikkuötökättalossa ja puutarhassa, s. 82. Gummerus, 2012. ISBN 978-951-20-8012-0.

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Villakärpänen (Bombylius major) on kärpäslaji kimalaiskärpästen (Bombyliidae) heimossa.

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Bombylius major ( French )

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Le grand bombyle (Bombylius major) est une espèce d'insectes diptères, un brachycère parasitoïde de la famille des Bombyliidae, ressemblant à une abeille ou à un petit bourdon.

Description

L'adulte de longueur variable (8 à 12 mm), est trapu et très velu (semble couvert d'une fourrure), chez les individus les plus grands, l'envergure des ailes lors du vol peut atteindre 25 mm[1]. Il a des taches sombres sur la partie antérieure de la moitié des ailes et de longues pattes velues qui pendillent en vol.

Biologie

Ces mouches volent remarquablement bien et cette aptitude avait conduit à les classer à tort dans la famille des Syrphidae.

Le bombyle, totalement inoffensif, utilise sa très longue trompe proéminente pour se nourrir du nectar de nombreuses espèces de fleurs printanières, en particulier des primevères sauvages et des jardins. En butinant, il continue de battre des ailes.

Comme beaucoup de syrphes, il effectue souvent des vols stationnaires à la manière des colibris en émettant un léger vrombissement.

La femelle du grand bombyle pond ses œufs en volant à proximité des entrées des galeries souterraines des nids de certaines abeilles sauvages et guêpes. Après éclosion, les larves se dirigent dans le nid de leurs hôtes pour se nourrir de leurs larves[2].

Distribution

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Butinant

C'est une espèce aisément visible de mars à juin sur une aire de répartition très étendue incluant l'Europe, l'Indo-Himalaya et l'Amérique du Nord.

Synonymes

  • Asilus lanigerus Geoffroy, 1785
  • Bombylius aequalis Fabricius, 1781
  • Bombylius albipectus Macquart, 1855
  • Bombylius anonymus Sulzer, 1761
  • Bombylius antenoreus Lioy, 1864
  • Bombylius australis Loew, 1855
  • Bombylius basilinea Loew, 1855
  • Bombylius consanguineus Macquart, 1840
  • Bombylius fratellus Wiedemann, 1828
  • Bombylius variegatus De Geer, 1776
  • Bombylius vicinus Macquart, 1840

Galerie

Notes et références

  1. (en) BugGuide
  2. (en) A. Stubbs et M. Drake, British Soldierflies and Their Allies: A Field Guide to the Larger British Brachycera, British Entomological & Natural History Society, 2001, 512 p. (ISBN 1899935045)

Annexes

Références taxinomiques

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Bombylius major: Brief Summary ( French )

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Le grand bombyle (Bombylius major) est une espèce d'insectes diptères, un brachycère parasitoïde de la famille des Bombyliidae, ressemblant à une abeille ou à un petit bourdon.

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Gewone wolzwever ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Insecten

De gewone wolzwever (Bombylius major) is een vlieg van het geslacht Bombylius uit de familie wolzwevers (Bombyliidae). De soort komt in Nederland en België algemeen voor op zandige en zonnige taluds langs bosranden en in tuinen.

Algemeen

De soort lijkt op een hommel of bij, hoewel deze laatsten vliesvleugeligen zijn, dus geen familie. Deze gelijkenis is geen toeval, maar berust op mimicry; het verschijnsel dat ongevaarlijke soorten op minder onschuldige soorten lijken, zoals ook voorkomt bij de verwante zweefvliegen. Wolzwevers hebben namelijk geen angel, maar hommels en bijen wel. Dieren die graag vliegen eten, maar hommels of bijen vrezen en ontwijken worden zo misleid door de wolzwevers.

Uiterlijke kenmerken

Vergeleken met hommels is ook de kleur anders, meestal bruin, en de gewone wolzwever heeft geen zwarte, witte of gele kleuren, laat staan patronen. Ook zijn de dunne poten maar juist ook de grote ovale ogen typisch vlieg-achtig. De vleugels staan altijd zijwaarts terwijl veel hommels en bijen deze op de rug vouwen in rust. De lange tong van de gewone wolzwever is ongeveer een derde van de lichaamslengte en dient om dieper in de bloem te komen waar de nectar zit.

Bloembezoek

Toch is het verschil niet moeilijk te zien, vooral als er gegeten wordt; de gewone wolzwever eet nectar uit bloemen en blijft dan doodstil 'hangen' in de lucht, waarbij de voorpoten nog wel de bloem raken. De wolzwever is ook veel behendiger dan hommels en bijen die een beetje zigzaggend vliegen en niet stil kunnen hangen in de lucht. Eigenlijk is van hangen geen sprake; hoewel de vlieg stil lijkt te staan, slaan de vleugels zo'n 300 keer per seconde. Daardoor doet deze soort qua vlieggedrag aan de kolibrie denken. Overigens is er ook een vlindersoort die deze goede vliegeigenschappen heeft met de toepasselijke naam kolibrievlinder (Macroglossum stellatarum).

Biologie

De larven van de wolzwever groeien op in de nesten van zandbijen. Het vrouwtje bepoedert haar rijpe eitjes eerst met zand zodat ze minder kleverig worden. Ze heeft daartoe een speciaal structuurtje aan het achterlijf. Ze vliegt vervolgens over de nestplaats van een zandbij en blijft even zweven voor de open nestingang om daar met een slingering van haar achterlijf een ei in te werpen.[1][2] Het wegschieten van een ei is te zien in bijgaande animatie (5 keer vertraagd)

 src=
Bombylius major schiet een ei

De wolzweverlarve kruipt in het nest van de zandbij en vervelt daar in een made. Het dier leeft eerst van de aanwezige stuifmeelvoorraad en consumeert vervolgens de bijenlarve.

De mannetjes wachten zwevend op een hoogte van enkele meters op langsvliegende vrouwtjes.

Verspreiding

Deze soort komt voor in het Nearctisch gebied en het Oriëntaals gebied: vrijwel geheel Europa, met inbegrip van het Europees deel van Rusland (noordelijk tot in Karelië), Noord-Afrika (Egypte, Marokko, Algerije), het zuiden van Siberië, de Kaukasus, Klein-Azië, Mongolië en het Verre Oosten.[3]

Externe links

Referenties

  1. Wijngaard W (2013) : Het eileggedrag van enkele soorten wolzwevers. De Vliegenmepper 22 nr 2 pp 13-15 [1]
  2. Wijngaard W (2012) : Control of hovering flight during oviposition by two species of Bombyliidae. Proc. Neth. Ent. Soc. Meet. 23. pp 9-20.
  3. V.F. Zaitsev. "Contributions to the Palaearctic Fauna of the Dipteran Families Bombyliidae and Mythicomyiidae (Diptera): I." Entomological Review vol. 87 (2007), blz. 159-173 (vertaling uit het Russisch). DOI:10.1134/S0013873807020054
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Gewone wolzwever: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De gewone wolzwever (Bombylius major) is een vlieg van het geslacht Bombylius uit de familie wolzwevers (Bombyliidae). De soort komt in Nederland en België algemeen voor op zandige en zonnige taluds langs bosranden en in tuinen.

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Velika volnarica ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Velika volnarica ali velika čmrljevka (znanstveno ime Bombylius major) je posnemovalska vrsta muh, ki je razširjena po Evropi, Severni Ameriki in Aziji, kjer leta od aprila do junija. Samica izleže jajčeca na vhodu v podzemne rove, v katerih imajo svoja gnezda samotarske divje čebele in ose. Ličinke volnaric se nato hranijo z ličinkami teh žuželk.

Opis

 src=
Velika volnarica v letu

Odrasle živali merijo v dolžino med 14 in 18 mm in imajo močno poraščen trup, ki spominja na čmrlja. Po večini telesa so svetlo rjave, le ob straneh oprsja in zadka je bela lisa. Preko kril merijo okoli 24 mm, posebej vpadljivo pa je iztegnjeno sesalo, ki je dolgo 10 mm. Na prednjem delu kril imajo značilno temno liso, dolge noge pa žuželki med letom opletajo okoli trupa. Za veliko volnarico je značilno, da med hranjenjem s cvetnim nektarjem lebdi v zraku, zaradi česar jih ljudje pogosto zamenjujejo s trepetavkami.

Viri

Wikimedijina zbirka ponuja več predstavnostnega gradiva o temi: Velika volnarica
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Velika volnarica: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Velika volnarica ali velika čmrljevka (znanstveno ime Bombylius major) je posnemovalska vrsta muh, ki je razširjena po Evropi, Severni Ameriki in Aziji, kjer leta od aprila do junija. Samica izleže jajčeca na vhodu v podzemne rove, v katerih imajo svoja gnezda samotarske divje čebele in ose. Ličinke volnaric se nato hranijo z ličinkami teh žuželk.

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Stor svävfluga ( Swedish )

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Stor svävfluga (Bombylius major) är en tvåvinge i familjen svävflugor (Bombyliidae).

Kännetecken

Den stora svävflugan kan på avstånd påminna lite om en humla, med sin kraftigt behårade kropp och speciella flygsätt. På närmare håll ser man dock att den är en tvåvinge. Den har en påtagligt lång sugsnabel. Längd 7-12 millimeter.

Utbredning

Finns i tempererade områden i Europa, Nordamerika och delar av Asien. Ganska vanlig i södra och mellersta Sverige.

Levnadssätt

Som namnet antyder så kan denna fluga sväva, hovra, framför blommor som de suger nektar av. Man ser den på våren (april-maj). Den lägger ägg i närheten av bon av solitära bin. Larven tar sig in i boet och parasiterar först på biets pollen och honungsförråd och senare på själva bilarven.

Källor

  • Chinery, Michael (1988). Insekter i Europa. Översättning och svensk bearbetning Carl-Cedric Coulianos. ISBN 91-34-509 18-6

Externa länkar

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Stor svävfluga: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

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Stor svävfluga (Bombylius major) är en tvåvinge i familjen svävflugor (Bombyliidae).

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