Biology
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White-collared brown lemurs usually live in relatively large multimale-multifemale groups (6). Little research has been conducted into the reproductive biology of this species, but it is likely to be similar to that of other brown lemurs, which breed seasonally with mating occurring between June and July. The gestation period of brown lemurs is approximately 120 days, with infants born between September and November (5). A single offspring is usual, although twins have been reported (2). Sexual maturity is reached at between one and two years, and the lifespan in the wild is thought to range between 20 and 25 years (2) (5).
This species is cathemeral, meaning it is active at varying times throughout the day and night, and feeds predominantly on fruit, supplementing its diet with leaves, flowers and fungi (6).
Conservation
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Currently, this lemur is found in three protected areas, Manombo Special Reserve, Midongy du Sud National Park and the Andringitra National Park, although there is further concern here, as the Andringitra population hybridizes with Eulemur rufus (6) (7). Recent surveys have also identified populations in unprotected forests, such as Vevembe, that could be added to existing parks and reserves (6). However, the white-collared brown lemur currently remains Critically Endangered, and its fate will most probably be determined by the future of its diminishing forest habitat, which needs to be better preserved if extinction of this animal is to be prevented.
Description
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This medium-sized lemur has a horizontal posture, which is suited to its predominantly quadrupedal mode of movement (2). These lemurs are also capable of leaping considerable distances, their long furry tails assisting them in maintaining their balance (5). Although very similar in appearance to the collared brown lemur or red-collared lemur (Eulemur collaris), genetic analysis supports distinct species status (6). Males possess grey-brown upperparts, with darker lower limbs and tail, paler grey underparts, grey head and face and a darker crown. Females have redder-brown upperparts, paler underparts and darker feet than males. The cheeks and beard are white, bushy and pronounced in males, but reddish-brown and less bushy in females. The white-collared brown lemur earns its common name for the white cheeks of the male, which differ from the cream to brownish-orange cheeks of the collared brown lemur (2).
Habitat
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Lowland and mid-altitude eastern rainforest (2). White-collared brown lemurs are arboreal and spend most of their time in the upper layers of the forest (5).
Range
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This species is believed to have the most restricted range of any species of the genus, occurring only in south-eastern Madagascar in the thin band of rainforest from just north of the Manampatra River south to the Mananara River (6).
Status
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Classified as Critically Endangered (CR B1+2abc) on the IUCN Red List 2004 (1), although classified here as a subspecies (Eulemur fulvus albocollaris) of the brown lemur (Eulemur fulvus), which is also listed under Appendix I of CITES (3). Recent scientific thought is that the white-collared brown lemur should be elevated to species status, as Eulemur albocollaris (4).
Threats
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Habitat destruction remains the primary threat to the species, largely as a result of the explosive growth in the human population on Madagascar (5). In some areas, hunting has also been reported (2). These threats, coupled with the lemur's very limited range, give cause for considerable concern (2). Thus, the white-collared brown lemur is listed as one of the world's 25 most endangered primates (6).
Gray-headed lemur
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The gray-headed lemur (Eulemur cinereiceps), or gray-headed brown lemur, is a medium-sized primate, a cathemeral species of lemur in the family Lemuridae. Until a taxonomic revision in 2008, it was known as the white-collared brown lemur or white-collared lemur (Eulemur albocollaris).[4] It lives in south-eastern Madagascar.[1] In 2005, satellite imagery estimates showed approximately 700 km2 (270 sq mi) of total remaining habitat within its geographic range.[5] It is highly threatened by hunting and habitat loss, and was considered to be among the 25 most endangered primates in 2006–2008.[6] It is currently listed as Critically Endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) due to a highly restricted range,[1] and has been named one of "The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates."[7]
The gray-headed lemur is only found in southeastern Madagascar, from the Manampatrana River south to the Mananara River.[5][8]
Change in taxonomy
Recent genetic and morphological evidence has suggested that the former name, E. albocollaris, was actually a junior synonym of E. cinereiceps.[1] Consequently, the common name gray-headed lemur and the scientific name Eulemur cinereiceps were resurrected to replace white-collared brown lemur and E. albocollaris respectively.[4][9]
Previously, this species was listed as a subspecies of the common brown lemur until elevated to species status in 2001. However, genetic and field studies still support subspecies status under the biological species concept.[5]
References
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^ a b c d e Johnson, S.; Andriamisedra, T.R.; Donohue, M.E.; Ralainasolo, F.B.; Birkinshaw, C.; Ludovic, R.; Ratsimbazafy, J. (2020). "Eulemur cinereiceps". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T8205A115562060. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T8205A115562060.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
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^ "Checklist of CITES Species". CITES. UNEP-WCMC. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
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^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
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^ a b c d Mittermeier, Russell A.; Ganzhorn, Jörg U.; Konstant, William R.; et al. (2008). "Lemur Diversity in Madagascar". International Journal of Primatology. 29 (6): 1607–1656. doi:10.1007/s10764-008-9317-y. hdl:10161/6237. ISSN 0164-0291. S2CID 17614597.
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^ a b c Ganzhorn, J.; et al. (2006). Lemurs of Madagascar (2nd ed.). Conservation International. pp. 251 & 280. ISBN 1-881173-88-7.
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^ Mittermeier, Russell A.; Ratsimbazafy, Jonah; Rylands, Anthony B.; et al. (2007). "Primates in Peril: The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates, 2006–2008". Primate Conservation. 22 (1): 1–40. doi:10.1896/052.022.0101. hdl:1893/1360. ISSN 0898-6207. S2CID 198157959.
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^ Mittermeier, R.A.; Wallis, J.; Rylands, A.B.; et al., eds. (2009). Primates in Peril: The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates 2008–2010 (PDF). Illustrated by S.D. Nash. Arlington, VA: IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG), International Primatological Society (IPS), and Conservation International (CI). pp. 1–92. ISBN 978-1-934151-34-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 August 2011.
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^ Garbutt (2007). Mammals of Madagascar, A Complete Guide. A&C Black Publishers. pp. 163–4. ISBN 978-0-300-12550-4.
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^ Johnson, Steig E.; Lei, Runhua; Martin, Sara K.; Irwin, Mitchell T.; Louis, Edward E. (2008). "Does Eulemur cinereiceps exist? Preliminary evidence from genetics and ground surveys in southeastern Madagascar". American Journal of Primatology. 70 (4): 372–385. doi:10.1002/ajp.20501. ISSN 0275-2565. PMID 18027864. S2CID 42066627.
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Gray-headed lemur: Brief Summary
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The gray-headed lemur (Eulemur cinereiceps), or gray-headed brown lemur, is a medium-sized primate, a cathemeral species of lemur in the family Lemuridae. Until a taxonomic revision in 2008, it was known as the white-collared brown lemur or white-collared lemur (Eulemur albocollaris). It lives in south-eastern Madagascar. In 2005, satellite imagery estimates showed approximately 700 km2 (270 sq mi) of total remaining habitat within its geographic range. It is highly threatened by hunting and habitat loss, and was considered to be among the 25 most endangered primates in 2006–2008. It is currently listed as Critically Endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) due to a highly restricted range, and has been named one of "The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates."
The gray-headed lemur is only found in southeastern Madagascar, from the Manampatrana River south to the Mananara River.
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