Paralimna bicolor (Macquart 1851)

Paralimna (Phaiosterna) bicolor (Macquart)

Ephydra bicolor Macquart, 1851:276.

Paralimna bicolor.—Wirth, 1975:40–41 [generic combination, lectotype designation].

Paralimna lineata of authors, not de Meijere [misidentification].—Lamb, 1912:317 [list, Seychelles].—Cresson, 1948:10 [in part; listed as a species incertae].—Cogan, 1980:663 [Afrotropical catalog].—Canzoneri, 1987:83 [list, Sudan].—Canzoneri and Raffone, 1987:64 [list, Kenya].—Canzoneri and Rampini, 1990:109 [list, Sierra Leone]; 1994:248 [list, Sierra Leone].

Paralimna (Phaiosterna) lineata in part of authors, not de Meijere [misidentification].—Mathis and Zatwarnicki, 1995:127 [world catalog].

Paralimna decipiens of authors, not Loew [misidentification].—Becker, 1903:168–169 [list, Egypt]; 1926:16 [list, Egypt].

Phalosterna (Paralimna) aequalis of authors, not Cresson [misidentification].—Cogan, 1968:325 [revision, Afrotropical Region].

Paralimna (Phaiosterna) vidua Giordani Soika, 1956a:124.—Cogan, 1968:325 [synonymy with P. aequalis Cresson]; 1980:663 [synonymy with P. lineata de Meijere]. [New synonym.]

Paralimna vidua.—Canzoneri and Meneghini, 1969:151–152 [list, Zaire].

DIAGNOSIS.—This species is distinguished from congeners, especially those of the subgenus Phaiosterna, by the following combination of characters: first flagellomere lacking fringe of long, whitish setulae along dorsum and dorsal portion of rounded apex; apex of 1st flagellomere evenly rounded; and mesonotum black, dull to subshiny, with moderately dense gray to brown microtomentum, frequently with conspicuous, longitudinal stripes medially.

DESCRIPTION.—Small to moderately small shore flies, body length 1.95–2.90 mm; generally dark, whitish gray to brown species, moderately densely to densely microtomentose, dorsum appearing dull to slightly subshiny, especially mesonotum.

Head: Generally grayish brown. First flagellomere bearing long fringe of whitish setulae along dorsum and dorsal portion of apex, setulae longer than height of 1st flagellomere. Face uniformly colored, grayish yellow, subdued, lacking lighter colored areas on darker background. Gena-to-eye ratio 0.21–0.25.

Thorax: Generally whitish gray to brown; mesonotum moderately densely gray to brown microtomentose, appearing dull to very slightly subshiny, usually with conspicuous, darker brown, longitudinal stripes medially, between dorsocentral setae. Costal-vein ratio 0.48–0.50; M-vein ratio 0.82–0.89. Foreleg of male lacking long, slender setulae.

Abdomen: Slightly lighter in color than mesonotum, mostly gray; anterior portion of tergites fasciate, darker gray to brown, less microtomentose. Male terminalia (Figures 112–115): epandrium in posterior view inverted U-shaped (Figure 113), moderately wide, dorsally slightly narrower than width of lateral arms and with dorsal margin of cercal cavity narrowly rounded; cercus broadly pointed dorsally and narrowly projected and pointed ventromedially, medial margin concave in posterior view (Figure 113); presurstyli narrowly connected medially, forming nearly straight, long band at ventral margin of cerci, produced ventrolaterally as wide, triangular-shaped projections; postsurstylus in lateral view (Figure 115) with anterior margin wider and swollen medially, bearing several setulae medially, bifurcate apically, anterior lobe longer and only slightly narrower, posterior lobe in lateral view broadly rounded, truncate apically; aedeagal apodeme with keel asymmetrical, more angulate toward hypandrium; aedeagus in posterior view with base subrectangular, apex broadly rounded to truncate medially, in lateral view (Figure 115) narrowly triangular and with pointed lobe near middle along posterior surface, becoming wider subapically, thereafter narrowed to narrow extension, acutely pointed apically; lateral aedeagal processes robust (Figure 114), parallel sided throughout length, narrowly rounded apically; hypandrium deeply invaginated, pocket-like (Figures 114, 115).

TYPE MATERIAL.—The lectotype male (not a female as stated by Wirth) of Ephydra bicolor Macquart (designated by Wirth, 1975:40) is labeled “Holo-type [round label with red border]/Ephydra bicolor. P. Macq. n. sp. [handwritten]/E. bicolor EX COLL. BIGOT/LECTOTYPE Ephydra bicolor Macquart By W. W. Wirth 1975 [handwritten except for “LECTOTYPE” and “By”; label with black submarginal border].” The lectotype is directly pinned, is in poor condition (right wing mostly missing, several setae missing or misoriented, and covered by hyphae), and is deposited in the UMO. In Macquart's paper, the type locality is stated to be “Egypte.”

The holotype female of Paralimna vidua Giordani Soika is labeled “HOLOTYPUS [light orange label with black submarginal border]/vois autres ex. en alcool [handwritten]/MUSÉE DU CONGO [Zaire] Banana-6-X-1934 [6 Oct 1934] (D.M. Wanson) n. 2 {pris de trous de Crabes}{all except “MUSÉE DU CONGO” handwritten]/HOLOTYPUS Paralimna vidua A. G[iordani]. Soika [red label; handwritten]/Paralimna aequalis Cress. det. B.H.Cogan 1967 [“aequalis Cress.” and “7” handwritten].” The holotype is double mounted (minuten in a paper card), is in poor condition (both wings torn, part of right wing missing, generally appearing “rubbed”), and is deposited in the MRAC. We have also studied a female paratype (MRAC) that bears the same locality data as the holotype.

OTHER SPECIMENS EXAMINED.—Afrotropical. ALDABRA. Grande Terre: Cinq Cases, fresh water pool, 23–29 Jan 1968, B.H. Cogan, A.M. Hutson (4, 3; BMNH); Dune Jean-Louis, at light, 13–20 Mar 1968, B.H. Cogan, A.M. Hutson (1; BMNH).

BURUNDI. Usumbura (780 m), 10 Apr 1953, F. Francois (1; IRSN).

CAMEROON. Kribi (beach), route N7, 28–29 Nov 1987, A. Freidberg (2, 6; TZ, USNM). Kumba, 6 Oct 1949, H. Old-royd (1; BMNH). Limbe (shore), 14–15 Nov 1987, A. Freid berg, F. Kaplan (6, 9; USNM).

ETHIOPIA. Lake Shala (7°21′N, 39°11′E), 1 Jul 1973, R. Baker (2; BMNH).

GAMBIA. Bakau (kotu stream, 3 km SW), 23 Feb 1977 (1; BMNH). Gunjur (5 km SSW; near beach in oil palm and mangrove vegetation), 22 Feb 1977 (1; BMNH).

GHANA. Neawani, 29 Sep 1921, J.W.S. Macfie (3, 3; BMNH). Ashanti, Obuasi, 3 Apr 1906, W.H. Graham (1; BMNH).

KENYA. Gazi (60 km S Mombasa), 5 May 1991, A. Freid berg, F. Kaplan (2; USNM). Lake Victoria, Kisumu (10 km S), 19 Nov 1986, A. Freidberg (4 6; USNM). Mombasa (45 km S), 5 May 1991, A. Freidberg, F. Kaplan (1; USNM).

MADAGASCAR. Antsiranana: Diégo Suarez (30 m), 4–9 Dec 1957, B.R. Stuckenberg (2, 2; BMNH, NMSA); Nosy Bé Beach, Ambatoloaka, 4–7 Apr 1992, A. Freidberg, F. Kaplan (2; USNM); Nosy Tanikely, 6 Apr 1996, A. Freidberg, F. Kaplan (1; USNM). Toamasina: Est Ivontaka, Mananara (15 m), 10–14 Mar 1958, B.R. Stuckenberg (2; BMNH, NMSA). Toliara: Saint Augustin (6 m), 11–13 Feb 1953, B.R. Stuckenberg (1, 2; BMNH, NMSA); South Berenty Reserve, 20 Apr 1991, A. Freidberg, F. Kaplan (1, 1; USNM).

NAMIBIA. Skeleton Coast Park, Möwe Bay (19°21.51′S, 12°42.29′E), 22 Mar 1998, A.H. Kirk-Spriggs (1; NNIC).

NIGERIA. Lake Chad, Mallam Fatori, 13 Apr 1967, J.C Deeming (2; BMNH).

SEYCHELLES. Cousin: 30 Mar 1952, E.S. Brown (4; BMNH). La Digue: Grand Anse (4°22.4′S, 55°50.6′E), 12 May 1997, V. Hollmann, W.N. Mathis (19, 17; USNM, ZMHU); La Passe (4°20.8′S, 55°49.8′E), 14 May 1997, V. Hollmann, W.N. Mathis (5, 2; USNM, ZMHU); Petite Anse (4°22.4′S, 55°50.6′E), 12 May 1997, V. Hollmann, W.N. Mathis (13, 6; USNM, ZMHU). Mahé: Airport, 7–8 Apr 1986, W.N. Mathis (6 2; USNM); Anse Boileau (4°42.5′S, 55°28.7′E), 4 May 1997, V. Hollmann (3; ZMHU); Anse For-bans (4°46.7′S, 55°31.5′E), 4–19 May 1997, V. Hollmann, W.N. Mathis (9 11; USNM, ZMHU); Anse Royale Bay, 6–9 Apr 1986, W.N. Mathis (17 18; USNM); Auberge D'Anse Boileau (4°42.3′S, 55°28.6′E), 7–18 May 1997, V. Hollmann, W.N. Mathis (28 18; USNM, ZMHU); Baie de La Mouche (4°44.3′S, 55°29.5′E), 19 May 1997, V. Hollmann, W.N. Mathis (2, 6; USNM, ZMHU); Beau Vallon, 20 Feb-10, 11 May 1965, W.T. Tarns, I.B. Nye (5; BMNH); Bel Ombre (4°37′S, 55°24.9′E), 3 May 1997, W.N. Mathis (9 2; USNM); Bel Ombre, Corsaire (4°37.1′S, 55°24.6′E), 3–18 May 1997, V. Hollmann, W.N. Mathis (15, 2; USNM, ZMHU); Intendance (4°47.1′S, 55°30.1′E), 16 May 1997, W.N. Mathis (1; USNM); La Retraite (4°35.1′S, 55°27.7′E), 18–21 May 1997, V. Hollmann, W.N. Mathis (7 2; USNM, ZMHU); Machabee, 5–6 Apr 1986, W.N. Mathis (31, 28; USNM); Point Nord D'est (4°34.5′S, 55°27.7′E), 5 May 1997, W.N. Mathis (3; USNM); Police Bay (4°48.0′S, 55°31.3′E), 16 May 1997, W.N. Mathis (4; USNM); Roche Caiman Bird Sanctuary (4°38.3′S, 55°28.1′E), 7 May 1997, V. Hollmann, W.N. Mathis (12, 9; USNM, ZMHU). Praslin: Anse Kerlan Farm (4°18.5′S, 55°41.2′E), 13 May 1997, V. Hollmann, W.N. Mathis (8 4; USNM, ZMHU); Anse Lazio (4°17.6′S, 55°42.1′E), 8–13 May 1997, W.N. Mathis (6, 2; USNM); Anse Volbert (4°18.9′S, 55°44.7′E), 8 May 1997, W.N. Mathis (1; USNM); Baie Ste. Anne, Anse Takamaka (4°19.6′S, 55°46.3′E), 10–13 May 1997, W.N. Mathis (3; USNM); Cote D'Or (4°17.6′S, 55°42.1′E), 9 May 1997, W.N. Mathis (7; USNM).

Lamb (1912:317) reported this species from Seychelles, Mahé, Port Glaud (beach), 5 Nov 1908, and Cascade (marshy ground near sea level), 20 Feb 1909.

SUDAN. Yirol, 28 Mar 1954, E.T.M. Reid (1 2; BMNH).

TANZANIA. Mto Wa Mbu, near Lake Manyara Swamp (900 m), 6 Sep 1992, A. Freidberg (1; USNM).

UGANDA. Katwe, Lac cratere salin, 20 Feb 1954 (1; IRSN).

YEMEN. Kirsh (914 m; on camels near waterholes; 14°37′N, 46°45′E), P.W.R. Petrie (3, 3; BMNH).

ZAIRE. Kivu: Kayimvira (Uvira; at light), Feb-Mar 1955, G. Marlier (1; MRAC); Rutshuru (river Kanzarue; 1200 m), 15 Jul 1935, G.F. de Witte (1; MRAC). Without Further Locality: Albert National Park (=Virunga National Park), S.L. Edouard: Bitshumbi (925 m), 20–22 Apr 1936, L. Lippens (5, 7; MRAC); Kamande (925 m), 1 Oct 1935, L. Lippens (I; MRAC); Kitembo (925 m), 3–4 Apr 1936, L. Lippens (2, 1; MRAC); May ya Moto (950 m), 15–16 Nov 1934, G.F. de Witte (39, 55; MRAC); Rwindi (river; 1000 m), 9 Feb-17 Apr 1936, L. Lippens (12 20; MRAC); Talia (925 m), 7 Apr 1936, L. Lippens (3; MRAC). Ituri Kasenyi (Lac Albert), 5 Jul 1953, J. Verbeke (1, 1; IRSN).

Australasian/Oceanian. PAPUA NEW GUINEA. Central: Moreguina, near Cape Rodney (stoney river bank), 23 Jul 1982, J.W. Ismay(l; USNM).

Palearctic. EGYPT. Birket Qârû;n, near El Faiyûm, Mar (2; ZMHU). Cairo, Mar (2; ZMHU). Cairo, El Marg (orange orchard), 22 Mar 1996, M. Bartak (3, 3; BAR).

DISTRIBUTION.—Afrotropical: Aldabra, Burundi, Cameroon, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Namibia, Nigeria, Seychelles (Cousin, La Digue, Mahé, Praslin), Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Yemen, Zaire. Australasian/Oceanian: Papua New Guinea. Palearctic: Egypt.