Parkia pendula is a species of neotropical evergreen tree found throughout Central and South America.[2] It is part of the Parkia genus, a group of flowering plants that are part of the legume family, Fabaceae.[3]
Parkia pendula can be found in primary and secondary forests, from altitudes of 20 to 500 meters above sea level. It prefers well-drained, subtropical environments, ideally thriving on hills or slopes with a 30% incline that experience more than 4000 mm of precipitation annually.[4] They commonly grow alongside Peltogyne purpurea, Caryocar costaricense, and Qualea paraensis.
An adult tree is very flood tolerant, capable of withstanding long-term submersion. Despite this, early seedlings can only survive a few weeks in flooded conditions, limiting the range of environments Parkia pendula can thrive in.[5][6]
Parkia pendula can be found in a variety of countries, mainly Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, French Guiana, Guyana, Honduras, Nicaragua, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela.[3] It grows in many lowland forests, with a large reserve found in a national park in Espirito Santo, Brazil[7]
Insects, specifically certain species of beetles, deposit eggs inside the bud of Parkia pendula, acting as a parasite on the seeds[7] . Despite this, there is no considerable impact on the persistence of the species and the IUCN lists it as a species of Least Concern.[3]
Parkia pendula trees range from 15 to 50 meters in height and can be up to 1.2 meters in diameter.[4] The bark is either whitish-grey or reddish-brown and plated, with many lenticels.[4] The strong, fruity aroma of a blooming Parkia pendula can be attributed to monoterpenes in the flower, specifically the stereoisomers (Z) -ocimene and (E) -ocimene.[8]
Unlike other Parkia species, Parkia pendula has a flattened and layered crown of leaves.[2] The horizontal branches support alternating bipinnate leaves that come in about 15 to 27 pairs,[4] narrowing to a maximum of 3 leaves whorled about a node.[2] The leaves themselves are dark green and oblong, with curved distal ends.[2]
The flowers produced by Parkia pendula grow as inflorescences, particularly pseudanthiums.[9] They have yellowish-pink petals arranged radially.[4] The heads are about to 3.4 cm in length and have a diameter of 4.5 to 4.9 cm.[9] Each pseudanthium contains ~1300 small flowers densely packed around a spherical receptacle.[8] The flowers themselves hang off of thin, woody stems known as peduncles approximately one meter below the crown of the tree.[7][8] Flowers typically bloom from December to January in Costa Rica, and from January to August in Venezuela.[4]
Fertile flowers have a gamosepalous calyx beneath their corolla[4] and display five distinctive lobes.[9] Each fertile flower has ten androgynous stamen evenly joined at their base, with a single style and several minuscule stigma.[4][9] Though typically hermaphroditic and containing a single ovary, some flowers are functionally male and lack both ovaries and styles.[8][9]
Some flowers can produce nectar in large quantities that adheres to the styles. Nectariferous flowers open less fully, despite having a larger diameter than fertile flowers.[9] Nectar is typically produced at dusk after blooming and contains sugar (mainly fructose) concentrations of 20%.[8] The nectar produced contains 14 amino acids, though by quantity proline constitutes 85%,.[8]
The fruit/seed pods of Parkia pendula are considered legumes. They are 8 to 30 cm long and 1.9 to 3.2 cm wide.[4] Only a few flowers ever fertilize and develop into seed pods.[10]
Seed pods have a variety of exteriors, whether they are shiny, smooth, dull, hairy, sticky, or some combination of those.[2] The fruit pods are also colorful, ranging from olive or deep greens to reddish brown hues.[10]
Parkia pendula typically fruits in February and July in Costa Rica, from January to November in Venezuela, and in May in Bolivia. Locals are known to harvest the fruits, typically picking them from trees throughout March and April. The collected fruit pods are left outside until they burst and the seeds can be scooped out.[4]
The pods of Parkia pendula contain anywhere from 15 to 34 seeds.[2] They have an elliptical shape and are 0.9 to 1 cm in length and 0.4 to 0.5 cm in width.[4] Seeds weigh between 0.06 and 0.11 grams and there are said to be 9848 to 10100 seeds per kilogram of fruit pods.[2][4]
The seed pod gum of Parkia pendula is extremely sticky due to a high concentration of sugars such as galactose and arabinose.[11] In fact, there are recorded instances of small vertebrates getting caught in the gum and being fatally trapped due to their exposure to the elements and potential predators.[11]
Seeds typically germinate 6 to 19 days after sowing, and anywhere from 36% to 58.5% of seeds actually germinate. Experiments conducted in Brazil showed that by cutting opposite the radicle emergence, scarring the seeds with an abrasive stone, or immersing in sulfuric acid for less than 30 minutes, germination rates would increase.[4]
The Parkia pendula tree exhibits mass flowering, typically with 150 to 200 capitula blooming in one night.[9] The flowers open sequentially from the base to the tip. The capitula appear bright red due to the color of the anthers and filaments, then become yellow-red at dusk when nectar and pollen are produced. When the styles elongate, the plant takes on a purple-red hue, finishing the dramatic color shift all within one night. Flowers are usually shed afterwards within a span of 3 to 4 days.[10]
Like other members of the Mimosoideae subfamily, Parkia pendula exhibits pollen aggregation, specifically polyads. It further differentiates itself from other members of Mimosoideae by having globose polyads rather than flattened polyads from pollen grain layering. Parkia pendula polyads are about 100 mm in diameter and composed of 32 pollen grains, with an outer exine that is grooved. The stigma for each fertile flower only contains a cavity for one polyad, but since the number of pollen grains matches the number of ovules, one polyad can fertilize all the ovules of a flower.[12]
Parkia pendula is chiropterophilous, meaning it is largely pollinated by bats.[9] While a dozen different species have been observed pollinating Parkia pendula, the most common is Phyllastomus discolor.[7][8][10] Bats are attracted to the large quantity of nectar produced by nectariferous flowers. When bats land upside-down on the flowers, large quantities of pollen accumulate on the underside of their feet and spread to other flowers.[9] However, some species, like Glossophaga soricina, do not land on the flower and do not facilitate pollination.[8]
The corolla is a key part of pollination, as its round shape and exposed arrangement allows it to be found by bats via echolocation.[13] Typically bat-pollinated plants emit a sulfur scent, but Parkia pendula has no sulfur compounds in its flowers, further substantiating that bats find it by echolocation[7]
Other pollinators include opossums, kinkajous, porcupines, ring-tailed coati, certain primates, and occasionally bees.[7][9]
Parkia pendula has a unique seed dispersal mechanism. The seed pods secrete an amber-colored gum, and after bursting, the seeds within get stuck on the gum. It then dries and washes away during precipitation.[10]
Besides dehiscence, Parkia pendula also disperses seeds utilizing animals. Many primates and parrots feed on the gum due to the high concentration of proteins, carbohydrates, and magnesium. These animals will consume and defecate the seeds later on.[11][14] Additionally, members of the ant species Pachycondyla crassinoda have also participated in seed dispersal.[7]
The genus Parkia was established by Robert Brown in 1826, notably different from other members of their subfamily Mimosideae due to their fertile flowers having a calyx with five lobes and ten stamen.[2] The genus contains three subsections: Parkia, Platyparkia, and Sphaeroparkia; Parkia pendula is a part of Platyparkia, along with Parkia paraenesis and Parkia platycephala.[2][9]
The wood from Parkia pendula is moderately heavy, with a density of 0.57 g/cm3.[4] Processed wood typically has a white or yellow color, with a thick textured grain. It is resistant to fungal infections, but porous enough for preservatives, so it is commonly used in furniture and carpentry.[4]
Due to its high growth rate and capability to attract wild animals while fixing copious amounts of nitrogen, Parkia pendula is perfectly suited to afforestation. It can be planted in degraded, barren environments and serve as a dependable foundation for establishing a forest.[15]
The seed pod gum is also notably used to catch birds.[11]
Parkia pendula has been known to treat dysentery, headaches, inflammation, itching, and fevers. The bark has commonly been used by locals to treat stomach aches.[4] Research has been conducted examining the use of lectin as a histochemistry marker to distinguish meningothelial tumors and as treatment for cutaneous wounds in normal and immunocompromised mice.[16][17] PPeL, the lectin produced when Parkia pendula seeds are purified, binds to cell surface carbohydrates in oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates, expressing cytoplasmic staining which can be used to characterize tumor cell types.[16]
Parkia pendula is a species of neotropical evergreen tree found throughout Central and South America. It is part of the Parkia genus, a group of flowering plants that are part of the legume family, Fabaceae.
Parkia pendula es un árbol caducifolio de la familia Fabaceae, nativo de la zona intertropical de Centroamérica y Suramérica. Se distribuye de manera natural desde Honduras hasta Colombia, Venezuela, Guyanas, Surinam, Brasil, Perú y Bolivia. Se le conoce comúnmente como tamarindo gigante en Costa Rica, rayo en Colombia, visgueiro o fava de bolota en Brasil, ipanai en Guyana, samán montañero en Venezuela, y toco colorado en Bolivia.
Es un árbol muy grande que puede alcanzar de 15 hasta 50 metros de altura, alcanzando normalmente el dosel forestal. Posee raíces tablares de hasta 2,5 metros de altura. Su tronco es erecto y cilíndrico, libre de ramas hasta gran altura y puede medir hasta 1,20 metros de diámetro. Sus corteza es de color grisáceo-blancuzco a pardo-rojizo que exfolia en placas grandes de forma variable con numerosas lenticelas. Las ramas son blancuzcas y muy extendidas. Las hojas son compuestas, alternas, bipinnadas, de 40 a 80 cm de largo, las cuales poseen entre 15 y 27 pares de pinnas opuestas y, estas a su vez, de 45 a 112 pares de folíolos por pinna. Igualmente, las hojas incluyen lenticelas prominentes; el peciolo tiene una glándula circular o elíptica en la mitad entre la base de la hoja y las pinnas basales.
Las inflorescencias son cabezuelas globosas pendulosas piriformes, con pendúculos hasta de 115 cm de largo. Las flores son hermafroditas, actinomorfas, de color rosado amarillentas; su cáliz gamosépalo, cinco dentado; colora gamopétala, cinco lobulada; androceo de diez estambres, incluso, unidos en la base, adnatos a los pétalos; anteras dorsifijas, ovario súpero, unilocular con numerosos óvulos; estilo simple, filiforme y estigma pequeño. Los frutos son legumbres largas que miden de 8 a 30 cm de largo y de 1,9 a 3,2 cm de ancho; colocadas en grupos al final de pendúculos largos, en los que se contienen entre 17 y 30 semillas por cápsula, las cuales tienen forma oblongo-elíptica a ovoide, su testa es de color oscuro con manchas pardas, miden entre 7 y 11 mm de largo y 2,5 a 6 mm de ancho, y son consideradas semillas ortodoxas.
La germinación de las semillas de Parkia pendula es epígea y fanerocotilar, iniciando de 6 a 19 días después de la siembra. De acuerdo a un ensayo realizado en Brasil, entre los tratamientos pregerminativos utilizados se incluye el corte en el lado opuesto de la emergencia de la radícula, la inmersión en ácido sulfúrico de 10 a 20 minutos, y la esclarificación manual con piedra abrasiva, los cuales obtuvieron una tasa de germinación alrededor del 68%. Igualmente, en otro ensayo realizado en Brasil se probó que es posible germinar semillas de esta especie sometidas a temperaturas de 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 y 40 °C, sin embargo, se observó que a 15, 20 y 40 °C se reduce la cantidad de plántulas, mientras que la germinación y producción de plántulas fue maximizada a los 30 °C.
Se distribuye de forma natural desde Honduras hasta Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Perú, Brasil y Bolivia.
Crece en los bosques tropicales primarios muy húmedos siempreverdes, en altitudes entre 20 y 500 msnm, aunque se ha reportado buena adaptación hasta 1500 msnm. Requiere una precipitación mayor a los 4000 mm anuales y terrenos planos bien drenados. Su crecimiento se desarrolla a libre exposición solar aunque tolera la sombra, ya que los brinzales que crecen bajo el árbol madre poseen un buen crecimiento.
En Costa Rica está clasificado como especie en peligro de extinción, por lo cual su aprovechamiento ha sido vedado mediante el decreto ejecutivo # 25700 de enero de 1997. Esta especie se encuentra protegida en el Área de Conservación Osa (parque nacional Corcovado y Reserva forestal Golfo Dulce).
Morales Soto, L. & Varón Palacio, T. (2013). Arboretum y Palmetum, Guía de Identificación. Medellín, Colombia.
Datos: Q15539540
Multimedia:
Especies: Parkia pendula
Parkia pendula es un árbol caducifolio de la familia Fabaceae, nativo de la zona intertropical de Centroamérica y Suramérica. Se distribuye de manera natural desde Honduras hasta Colombia, Venezuela, Guyanas, Surinam, Brasil, Perú y Bolivia. Se le conoce comúnmente como tamarindo gigante en Costa Rica, rayo en Colombia, visgueiro o fava de bolota en Brasil, ipanai en Guyana, samán montañero en Venezuela, y toco colorado en Bolivia.
A Parkia pendula (Will.) Benth. Ex Walp. (Angelim-saia), pertencente à família Fabaceae, subfamília Mimosoideae, conhecida popularmente no norte do Brasil como angico, ou faveira de chorão, como fava de bolota. Ocorre nos estados do Acre, Amazonas, Bahia, Ceará, Espírito Santo, Mato Grosso, Pará, Pernambuco, Rondônia e Sergipe.
É uma espécie caracterizada como secundária, apresentando dispersão irregular e descontínua, ocorrendo tanto no interior da floresta primária como na vegetação secundária e em diferentes tipos de solo, especialmente nos bem drenados.
É uma árvore de grande porte, de 20 a 50m de altura, inconfundível pelo aspecto tabular de sua copa. O indivíduo adulto pode chegar até 60 m de altura e 1,5 m de diâmetro a altura do peito (medido a 1,3 m do solo).
Possui a copa aberta e ampla, com troncos cilíndrico, retilíneo, dotados de sapopemas (cada uma das raízes que formam divisões tabulares em torno da base do tronco de certas árvores); as folhas são compostas; a inflorescência é do tipo capitular, com flores vermelho-escuras; o fruto ficam pendurados por longos pedúnculos e são do tipo legume lenhoso achatado, deiscente, exsudando, quando maduros, uma resina viscosa; as sementes são, arredondadas, pequenas e compridas.
Tem crescimento relativamente rápido e pertence ao grupo de espécies intolerantes à sombra, apresentando elevadas taxas de sobrevivência (80 a 94%) em clareiras, característica importante para recuperação de áreas degradadas.
A árvore é muito ornamental, principalmente pelo aspecto curioso das inflorescências, com possibilidades de emprego em paisagismo, principalmente na arborização de praças públicas, parques e grandes avenidas.
A espécie possui potencial madeireiro, sendo utilizados na construção civil, para construção de embarcações, móveis, tábuas entre outros, importante na recuperação de áreas degradadas, principalmente por seu rápido crescimento.
A Parkia pendula (Will.) Benth. Ex Walp. (Angelim-saia), pertencente à família Fabaceae, subfamília Mimosoideae, conhecida popularmente no norte do Brasil como angico, ou faveira de chorão, como fava de bolota. Ocorre nos estados do Acre, Amazonas, Bahia, Ceará, Espírito Santo, Mato Grosso, Pará, Pernambuco, Rondônia e Sergipe.
É uma espécie caracterizada como secundária, apresentando dispersão irregular e descontínua, ocorrendo tanto no interior da floresta primária como na vegetação secundária e em diferentes tipos de solo, especialmente nos bem drenados.
Parkia pendula là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Đậu. Loài này được (Willd.) Walp. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên.[1]
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Parkia pendula là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Đậu. Loài này được (Willd.) Walp. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên.
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