Distribution in Egypt
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Sinai (Feiran, Ain Musa).
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Life Expectancy
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Associations
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Foodplant / saprobe
immersed, clypeate perithecium of Anthostomella tomicoides is saprobic on dead Juncus effusus
Foodplant / saprobe
sporodochium of Arthrinium dematiaceous anamorph of Arthrinium sporophleum is saprobic on newly dead leaf of Juncus effusus
Remarks: season: 3-4
Foodplant / saprobe
colony of Cercospora dematiaceous anamorph of Cercospora juncicola is saprobic on dead leaf of Juncus effusus
In Great Britain and/or Ireland:
Foodplant / parasite
colony of Cercosporella anamorph of Cercosporella junci parasitises live leaf of Juncus effusus
Foodplant / miner
larva of Cerodontha luctuosa mines leaf of Juncus effusus
Other: sole host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
apothecium of Cistella fugiens is saprobic on dead inflorescence of Juncus effusus
Remarks: season: 12-10
Foodplant / saprobe
colony of Conoplea dematiaceous anamorph of Conoplea fusca is saprobic on dead stem of Juncus effusus
Foodplant / saprobe
short-stalked apothecium of Cudoniella junciseda is saprobic on dead, fallen fruit of Juncus effusus
Remarks: season: 7
Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Dactylaria dematiaceous anamorph of Dactylaria junci is saprobic on dead leaf of Juncus effusus
Foodplant / spot causer
colony of Dactylaria anamorph of Dactylaria juncicola causes spots on leaf of Juncus effusus
Remarks: season: 4-5
Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Dictyosporium dematiaceous anamorph of Dictyosporium toruloides is saprobic on dead stem of Juncus effusus
Remarks: season: 1-12
Foodplant / open feeder
last instar larva of Eutomostethus luteiventris grazes on sterile shoot of Juncus effusus
Other: sole host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
very numerous, in parallel rows, immersed then somewhat prominent, globose, rather shining, black pycnidium of Hendersonia coelomycetous anamorph of Hendersonia innumerosa is saprobic on dead stem of Juncus effusus
Remarks: season: 11-5
Foodplant / saprobe
apothecium of Hyaloscypha paludosa is saprobic on dead stem of Juncus effusus
Remarks: season: 6-10
Foodplant / saprobe
superficial stroma of Hypocrea pilulifera is saprobic on dead, rotten stem of Juncus effusus
Remarks: season: 7
Foodplant / saprobe
stroma of Hypocrea placentula is saprobic on culm base of Juncus effusus
Foodplant / saprobe
immersed, then revealed apothecium of Hysteropezizella pusilla is saprobic on dead stem of Juncus effusus
Remarks: season: 5-9
Foodplant / saprobe
apothecium of Lachnum apalum is saprobic on wet, dead Juncus effusus
Remarks: season: winter
Foodplant / saprobe
stalked apothecium of Lachnum clavisporum is saprobic on dead stem of Juncus effusus
Remarks: season: 7
Foodplant / saprobe
very short-stalked apothecium of Lachnum diminutum is saprobic on dead stem of Juncus effusus
Remarks: season: 5-10
Foodplant / saprobe
subcuticular, opening by a slit conidioma of Leptostroma coelomycetous anamorph of Leptostroma juncacearum is saprobic on dead stem of Juncus effusus
Remarks: season: 2-9
Foodplant / saprobe
colony of Alternaria dematiaceous anamorph of Macrospora scirpicola is saprobic on dead, standing stem of Juncus effusus
Remarks: season: 9-5
Foodplant / saprobe
superficial, sessile, clypeate apothecium of Micropeziza cornea is saprobic on dead leaf of Juncus effusus
Remarks: season: 3-7
Foodplant / saprobe
sessile apothecium of Mollisia juncina is saprobic on dead Juncus effusus
Remarks: season: 5-9
Foodplant / saprobe
sessile apothecium of Mollisia palustris is saprobic on dead, rotting stem of Juncus effusus
Remarks: season: 3-10
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Mycocalia denudata is saprobic on dead, wet leaf of Juncus effusus
Foodplant / saprobe
embedded, opening by little slits stroma of Discula coelomycetous anamorph of Myriosclerotinia curreyana is saprobic on dead, bleached stem of Juncus effusus
Remarks: season: 7-9
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
apothecium of Niptera lacustris is saprobic on dead, greyish, standing stem of Juncus effusus
Remarks: season: 10
Foodplant / saprobe
erumpent apothecium of Niptera melatephra is saprobic on dead stem of Juncus effusus
Remarks: season: 6-7
Fungus / saprobe
colony of Periconia dematiaceous anamorph of Periconia atra is saprobic on dead Juncus effusus
Remarks: season: 4-9
Fungus / saprobe
colony of Periconia dematiaceous anamorph of Periconia curta is saprobic on dead Juncus effusus
Remarks: season: 1-12
Fungus / saprobe
colony of Periconia dematiaceous anamorph of Periconia digitata is saprobic on dead Juncus effusus
Remarks: season: mainly winter
Fungus / saprobe
colony of Periconia dematiaceous anamorph of Periconia funerea is saprobic on dead Juncus effusus
Fungus / saprobe
effuse colony of Periconia dematiaceous anamorph of Periconia hispidula is saprobic on dry, dead Juncus effusus
Remarks: season: 1-12
Foodplant / saprobe
sessile apothecium of Pezizella nigrocorticata is saprobic on dead leaf of Juncus effusus
Foodplant / saprobe
colony of Chaetochalara dematiaceous anamorph of Phaeoscypha cladii is saprobic on dead Juncus effusus
Foodplant / saprobe
immersed pseudothecium of Phaeosphaeria juncina is saprobic on dead stem of Juncus effusus
Remarks: season: 7-8
Foodplant / saprobe
sometimes confluent stroma of Phyllachora junci is saprobic on dead leaf of Juncus effusus
Remarks: season: 9-7
Foodplant / saprobe
immersed perithecium of Phyllachora therophila is saprobic on Juncus effusus
Foodplant / saprobe
acervulus of Psammina coelomycetous anamorph of Psammina bommeriae is saprobic on dead Juncus effusus
Remarks: season: (4-)10-11
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Rimbachia arachnoidea is saprobic on live Juncus effusus
Fungus / saprobe
effuse colony of Selenosporella dematiaceous anamorph of Selenosporella curvispora is saprobic on dead leaf of Juncus effusus
Foodplant / saprobe
numerous, immersed, more or less linearly arranged, fuscous, covered pycnidium of Septoria coelomycetous anamorph of Septoria junci is saprobic on dead culm of Juncus effusus
Remarks: season: 2-10
Foodplant / saprobe
subepidermal, in lines conidioma of Septoriella coelomycetous anamorph of Septoriella junci is saprobic on dead stem of Juncus effusus
Remarks: season: 2-10
Foodplant / saprobe
pycnidium of Stagonospora coelomycetous anamorph of Stagonospora vitensis is saprobic on dead Juncus effusus
Remarks: season: 5-8
Foodplant / saprobe
scattered, immersed perithecium of Sydowiella juncina is saprobic on culm of Juncus effusus
Remarks: season: 6
Foodplant / saprobe
apothecium of Unguicularia costata is saprobic on dead stem of Juncus effusus
Remarks: season: 10-7
Foodplant / parasite
telium of Uromyces junci parasitises live Juncus effusus
Remarks: season: 7 onwards
Fungus / saprobe
sporodochium of Volutella anamorph of Volutella arundinis is saprobic on dead leaf of Juncus effusus
Comments
provided by eFloras
The Juncus effusus complex has been variously recognized as containing several species or a single species with numerous infraspecific taxa. Unfortunately, North American treatments have dealt primarily with taxa in either the eastern or western portions of the continent. In considering the continent as a whole, little sense can be made of these treatments. The North American J. effusus complex is one that is in obvious need of modern systematic scrutiny.
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Comments
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The pith is used as a wick for oil lamps and candles, and also medicinally as a diuretic and tranquilizer.
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Description
provided by eFloras
Herbs, perennial, 4--13 dm. Rhizomes short -branched, forming distinct, often large clumps. Culms erect, terete, 1--2.5 mm diam. at top of sheaths. Cataphylls several. Leaves: blade absent. Inflorescences lateral, compound dichasia, many flowered; primary bract erect, terete, extending well beyond dichasium. Flowers: tepals tan or darker, usually with greenish midstripe, lanceolate, 1.9--3.5 mm; inner slightly shorter; stamens 3, filaments 0.5--0.8 mm, anthers 0.5--0.8 mm; style 0.2 mm. Capsules greenish tan or darker, 3-locular, broadly ellipsoid to oblate, 1.5--3.2 mm. Seeds amber, (0.3--)0.4---0.5 mm. 2n = 40, 42.
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Description
provided by eFloras
Plants perennial, densely tufted. Rhizome shortly creeping, thick. Stems terete, 25--90 cm or taller × 1--3(--4) mm, striate; pith continuous. Cataphylls closely embracing stem, reddish brown to chestnut brown, sheathlike, 2--22 cm. Inflorescences pseudolateral, densely to laxly many flowered; involucral bract erect, seemingly a continuation of stem, terete, 5--28 cm. Perianth segments usually pale brown, linear-lanceolate, 2--2.7 × ca. 0.8 mm, unequal with outer ones slightly longer than inner, apex acute. Stamens 3(or 6), ca. 2/3 as long as perianth; anthers 0.5--0.7 mm, slightly shorter than filaments. Ovary 3-loculed. Style very short. Capsule ovoid to oblong, slightly depressed or not, subequaling or slightly longer than perianth, 3-septate, apex obtuse. Seeds ovoid-oblong, 0.5--0.6 mm, reticulate. Fl. Apr--Jul, fr. May--Sep. 2 n = 40, 42.
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Distribution
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B.C., Man., N.B., Nfld. and Labr. (Nfld.), N.S., Ont., P.E.I., Que.; Ala., Alaska, Ariz., Ark., Calif., Colo., Conn., Del., D.C., Fla., Ga., Idaho, Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Ky., La., Maine, Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., Miss., Mo., Mont., Nebr., Nev., N.H., N.J., N.Y., N.C., Ohio, Okla., Oreg., Pa., R.I., S.C., Tenn., Tex., Vt., Va., W.Va., Wash., W.Va., Wis.
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Distribution
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Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Shandong, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bhutan, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Nepal, Sikkim, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam; widespread in temperate and montane-tropical regions].
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Distribution
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Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia, America.
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Elevation Range
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1800-2300 m
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Flowering/Fruiting
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Flowering summer, fruiting summer--fall.
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Habitat
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Swamps and their edges, marshes, moist meadows, and moist or saturated soils, often conspicuous in pasture meadows where it is shunned by grazing animals; Habitat??; 0--2500m.
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Habitat
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Forest margins, wet grasslands, pools, morasses, lake margins, river banks, fields, rice fields; 200--3400 m.
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Synonym
provided by eFloras
Juncus conglomeratus Linnaeus; J. effusus var. brunneus Engelmann; J. effusus var. caeruleomontanus H. St. John; J. effusus var. conglomeratus (Linnaeus) Engelmann; J. effusus var. costulatus FernaldSt. John; J. effusus var. dicipiens Buchenau; J. effusus var. exiguus Fernald & Wiegand; J. effusus var. gracilis Hooker, J. effusus var. pacificus Fernald & Wiegand; J. effusus var. pylaei (Laharpe) Fernald & Wiegand; J. effusus var. solutus Fernald & Wiegand; J. effusus var. subglomeratus Lamarck & de Candolle; J. griscomii Fernald, J. pylaei Laharpe
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Brief Summary
provided by EOL authors
Juncus effusus is a cosmopolitan rush species that occurs in most temperate world regions, including North America, Europe and Asia; moreover, the plant also can be found in many montane-tropical regions. Also Known as Soft rush, the clumping plant manifests stout but supple stems that may reach 1.5 meters in height. Habitats are diverse, but often feature moist areas at forest margins, wet grasslands, wetland margins, lake shores, river banks, and in fen-meadows.
Juncus effusus
provided by wikipedia EN
Juncus effususis a perennial herbaceous flowering plant species in the rush family Juncaceae, with the common names common rush or soft rush. In North America, the common name soft rush also refers to Juncus interior.
Distribution
Juncus effusus has a wide distribution, considered native in Europe, Asia, Africa, North America, and South America. It has naturalized in Australia, New Zealand, Madagascar, and various oceanic islands.[1]
It grows in wet areas, such as wetlands, riparian areas, and marshes with sandy and peaty substrates. It is common throughout the British Isles by rivers, streams and lakes, in wet heathland and pastures,[2] including purple moor-grass and rush pastures and fen-meadow plant associations.[3]
Description
Juncus effusus grows in large clumps about 1.5 metres (4 ft 11 in) tall. The stems are smooth cylinders with light pith filling. The yellowish inflorescence appears to emerge from one side of the stem about 20 centimetres (8 in) from the top. In fact the stem ends there; the top part is the bract, that continues with only a slight colour-band marking it from the stem. The lower leaves are reduced to a brown sheath at the bottom of the stem.
Subspecies
Five subspecies are currently recognized:[1]
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Juncus effusus subsp. austrocalifornicus Lint — endemic to California and Baja California.[4][5][6]
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Juncus effusus subsp. effusus — widespread
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Juncus effusus subsp. laxus (Robyns & Tournay) Snogerup — tropical Africa, Madagascar, Mauritius, Canary Islands, Madeira.
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Juncus effusus subsp. pacificus (Fernald & Wiegand) Piper & Beattie — Alaska, British Columbia, Washington, Idaho, Oregon, California, Baja California.[6][7][8]
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Juncus effusus subsp. solutus (Fernald & Wiegand) Hämet-Ahti — central and eastern United States.[9]
Juncus effusus can be differentiated from the rarer Juncus pylaei by the number of ridges on the stem. Juncus effusus has 30 to 40 ridges and J. pylaei has 10 to 20.[10]
Uses
Wildlife
The species provides wildfowl, wader feeding, and nesting habitats, and also habitats for small mammals. The rootstalks are eaten by muskrats, and birds take shelter amongst the plant's stems. A number of invertebrates feed on soft rush, including the rufous minor moth.[11]
Humans
Juncus effusus is one of the seven ingredients of hui sup tea (去濕茶). In Japan, this rush is called igusa (藺草) and is grown to be woven into the covering of tatami mats (the filling is rice straw, extruded styrofoam, chip board, or some combination).[12] In Iran and Afghanistan too it is used to weave light cheap mats. It is called halfa (حلفا) and has medicinal uses too. In Europe, this rush was once used to make rushlights (by soaking the pith in grease), a cheap alternative to candles.
Cultivation
The species is cultivated as an ornamental plant, for planting in water gardens, native plant and wildlife gardens, and for larger designed natural landscaping and habitat restoration projects.
The cultivar Juncus effusus 'Spiralis' (syn. Juncus spiralis), with the common names corkscrew rush or spiral rush, is a distinctive potted and water garden plant due to its very curled spiral like foliage.[13]
Weed control
Juncus effusus can become a naturalized or invasive species, undesirable in rangelands for its unpalatability to livestock. Suggested methods of controlling rushes include: ploughing; high applications of inorganic fertilizer (can pollute watersheds); and topping to prevent seed formation.
Chemistry
Juncusol is a 9,10-dihydrophenanthrene found in J. effusus.[14][15] The plant also contains effusol[16] and dehydroeffusol.[17]
References
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^ a b c "Juncus effusus L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 19 April 2023.
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^ P.A. Stroh, T. A. Humphrey, R.J. Burkmar, O.L. Pescott, D.B. Roy and K.J. Walker (ed.). "Juncus effusus L." BSBI Online Plant Atlas 2020. Retrieved 28 April 2023.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link) -
^ Conservation Land Management Magazine: "Cutting Rushes" article, Spring 2003, British Wildlife Publishing.
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^ Calflora: Juncus effusus subsp. austrocalifornicus
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^ Jepson eFlora: Juncus effusus subsp. austrocalifornicus
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^ a b Peter F.Zika (2003). "The native subspecies of Juncus effusus (Juncaceae) in western North America". Brittonia. 55 (2): 150–156. doi:10.1663/0007-196X(2003)055[0150:TNSOJE]2.0.CO;2. JSTOR 3218455. S2CID 36919055.
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^ Calflora: Juncus effusus subsp. pacificus
-
^ Jepson: Juncus effusus subsp. pacificus
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^ USDA: Juncus effusus subsp. solutus
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^ Morton, J.K.; Venn, Joan. M. (2000). "The Flora of Manitoulin Island". University of Waterloo Biology Series N. 40. 3rd. edition.
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^ Niering, William A.; Olmstead, Nancy C. (1985) [1979]. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers, Eastern Region. Knopf. p. 568. ISBN 0-394-50432-1.
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^ "Structure of Tatami". Original Kyoto Tatami | Motoyama Tatami Shop | Original Kyoto Tatami Shop. Motoyama Tatami Shop. 2015-06-28. Retrieved 14 June 2021.
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^ Heritage Perennials: Juncus effusus spiralis
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^ Bhattacharyya (1980). "Structure of effusol: A new phenolic constituent from Juncus effusus". Experientia. 36: 27–28. doi:10.1007/bf02003949. S2CID 41731083.
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^ Shima, Katsuhito; Toyota, Masao; Asakawa, Yoshinori (1991). "Phenanthrene derivatives from the medullae of Juncus effusus". Phytochemistry. 30 (9): 3149. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)98276-1.
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^ Carvalho, CF; Sargent, MV; Stanojevic, E (1984). "Phenanthrene synthesis: The synthesis of effusol a 9,10-Dihydrophenanthrene from the marsh grass Juncus effusus". Australian Journal of Chemistry. 37 (10): 2111. doi:10.1071/CH9842111.
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^ Liao, You-Jiao; Zhai, Hai-Feng; Zhang, Bing; Duan, Tian-Xuan; Huang, Jian-Mei (2010). "Anxiolytic and Sedative Effects of Dehydroeffusol from Juncus effusus in Mice". Planta Medica. 77 (5): 416–20. doi:10.1055/s-0030-1250517. PMID 21104609.
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Juncus effusus: Brief Summary
provided by wikipedia EN
Juncus effususis a perennial herbaceous flowering plant species in the rush family Juncaceae, with the common names common rush or soft rush. In North America, the common name soft rush also refers to Juncus interior.
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