Morphology
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The northern abalone have are on average 10 to 13 cm when full grown. The outside of the shell appears corrugated, and the spiral is fairly high compared to other abalone. There are four to five holes, which have raised edges.
Other Physical Features: ectothermic ; bilateral symmetry
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Habitat
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The most densely populated areas of northern abalone have rocky substrates, moderate exposure, and moderate algal presence. Kelp forests are home to large numbers of northern abalone, but animals living in these habitats, on average, are smaller.
Aquatic Biomes: coastal
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Distribution
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The northern abalone can be found along the Pacific coast of North America, ranging from Baranof Island, Alaska, south to Point Conception, California.
Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native ); pacific ocean (Native )
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Trophic Strategy
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Northern abalones are strict vegetarians, as are all other abalones. The most common feeding technique, especially for juveniles, is grazing for coraline algae. As individuals grow, their preference shifts to the entrapment of drifting algae. Northern abalone also graze in California's kelp forests.
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- Jesse Thomas, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
Untitled
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Haliotis rufescens, or the red abalone, and the red sea urchin are two most serious competitors of northern abalone among algal grazers. The most lethal enemy to the northern abalone, besides human beings, is the sea otter, Enhydra lutris. Sea otters have made a recent comeback after near extinction. The popualation of H. kamtschatkana flourished while sea otters were rare.
Scuba divers are not allowed to use suction or pointed devices while hunting the abalone.
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- Jesse Thomas, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
Conservation Status
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Northern abalone are sought after by commercial fisheries, Native Indian groups, and recreational divers. Northern abalone are protected in Canada by the Species at Risk Act (SARA).
US Federal List: no special status
CITES: no special status
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: endangered
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- Jesse Thomas, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
Benefits
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Northern abalone are a source of profit for commercial fisheries within their range. Also, their mere existence attracts divers, who hunt them recreationally and bring money to tourist industries and governmental licensing agencies. Abalone shells are commonly used for jewelery.
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- Jesse Thomas, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
Reproduction
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Haliotis kamtschatkana do not mate. Reproduction is through external fertilization. Males and females synchronize the release of gametes, normally between April and June. There is a larval stage that begins after the egg has been fertilized and lasts for about 48 hours.
Key Reproductive Features: fertilization (External )
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Biology
provided by Arkive
All abalones are herbivorous, and use their large, rough, file-like 'tongues' (radulas) to scrape pieces of algae and other plant material from rock surfaces, as well as feeding on loose pieces of algae and phytoplankton drifting in the water (2) (4). Sea urchins compete with the abalone for food and space, and usually win. Abalone are also key prey for predators such as octopus, crab, lobsters, starfish and sea otters (2).
The northern abalone is generally dioecious (separate male and female individuals), although some hermaphrodites (individuals with both male and female reproductive organs) have also been recorded. Sexual maturity is typically reached at 50 mm in length, after about three years of age (2). Spawning, which requires temperatures between 10 and 14ºC, takes place from April to August, when all the male and female abalone in the area simultaneously release their gametes into the water (2) (7). A female abalone can release up to three million eggs, but less than 1% of the offspring are likely to survive to maturity (2) (4). The larvae drift with the currents for about a week before settling to the bottom and developing the adult shell form (4) (5).
Conservation
provided by Arkive
There are now a number of conservation measures underway to protect the northern abalone. A total ban on harvesting this species came into force in 1990 in British Columbia, and partial bans and catch quotas now also exist elsewhere. A National Recovery Strategy and National Recovery Action Plan have been created in Canada, which focus on improving law enforcement, raising public support through communication campaigns, conducting further research on the species, and ongoing monitoring of its status and population trends. Although supplementing northern abalone populations could help accelerate its recovery, reintroductions of hatchery-raised juveniles has proved costly and fairly ineffective in the past and therefore is not recommended as a valuable conservation tool in this instance (1).
Description
provided by Arkive
Abalone species (Haliotis) are one of the most primitive group of molluscs on the planet, having changed little in the last 500 million years (2). The scientific name - Haliotis – means 'sea ear', referring to the flattened, oval shape of the shell (3). The northern abalone's shell exterior is mottled greenish brown with scattered areas of white and blue (4). These colours mostly come from algae pigments in the species' waste, and are a great help with camouflage (2) (3). By contrast, the interior of the shell is pearly-white with a feint pink and green sheen (3). A row of three to six raised breathing holes line the outer edge of the shell, followed by several bumps (2) (3) (5). As the abalone grows, these openings fuse and are replaced (3). Sometimes the abalone will stick its thin yellowish-brown to green tentacles through these openings, in order to keep them clear (2) (4). A muscular foot at the base of the shell allows the abalone to clamp tightly to rocky surfaces on the sea bed (4).
Habitat
provided by Arkive
Aggregations of northern abalone can be found along coastal waters where there is good water circulation, clinging to rocks amongst kelp beds (1) (4). Adults are typically found within 10 m of the surface, although there are reports of them as deep as 100 m (3) (6). Abalone larvae are free-swimming for the first week to ten days of life, before settling to the bottom and becoming more sedentary (3) (5). Unlike adults that prefer to settle amongst and feed on large brown algae such as kelp, juveniles tend to cluster around crustose red algae patches, and migrate much more than adults (2).
Range
provided by Arkive
Found along the Pacific coast of America from Sitka Island, Alaska, in the north, to Turtle Bay, Baja California in the south (1).
Status
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Classified as Endangered (EN) on the IUCN Red List 2006 (1).
Threats
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Abalone have been harvested for hundreds of years for their meat and their decorative shells, but their remote environment previously limited the impact this had on populations (2) (3). However, the introduction of SCUBA equipment in the 1960s meant that abalone could be collected in far greater numbers, and led to the rampant over-harvesting and drastic decline of this species, to the extent that collecting this species was eventually banned over much of its range (2) (5). However, illegal poaching, which is a lucrative enterprise motivated by high demand and elevated market prices due to the species' scarcity, continues to pose a serious threat to the northern abalone (3). Furthermore, there are law enforcement problems due to North America having large areas of uninhabited coastline, in which constant monitoring is near impossible (1).
Other important threats to the northern abalone are predation and competition. The sea otter is one of the species' major natural predators (3), but currently the two species overlap only within the north of the northern abalone's range. This is due to over-exploitation of the otter throughout the Western Pacific rim at the end of the 18th century, leading to its extinction in British Columbia, Washington, most of California, and much of Alaska (1). Where the two species coexist, sea otters are believed to consume northern abalone in significant numbers, and their growing numbers and rapid re-establishment due to significant conservation measures are predicted to hinder northern abalone recovery. Sea urchins out compete the northern abalone for food and space, and may also impact their numbers (1).
Habitat
provided by Invertebrates of the Salish Sea
Depth Range: Low intertidal to 15 m; more common subtidally
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Habitat
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On hard substrates, usually subtidal, and is most common on the outer coast. In places where this species is common, it is said to sometimes occur in large aggregations.
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Comprehensive Description
provided by Invertebrates of the Salish Sea
Biology/Natural History: Abalones such as this one are herbivores, grazing on algae. They eat many species but prefer Nereocystis luetkeana and seersucker kelp. This species also eats benthic diatoms. Pedal waves of contraction on the foot of this species are direct, and portions of the foot are lifted from the substrate during the wave. Predators include Enteroctopus dofleini, and sea and river otters. When touched by a predatory seastar such as Pycnopodia helianthoides or Leptasterias hexactis, this species exhibits a marked escape reaction. It rises up, twists violently to swivel the shell from side to side, and crawls rapidly away with its tentacles waving. It can crawl up to 15 shell lengths per minute. May contain the symbiotic scaleworm Arctonoe vittata. Spawning is probably late spring to summer, with up to 2.3 million green eggs released per female. Their swimming veliger larvae are attracted by coralline algae and settle there. In British Columbia, takes about 2 yrs to grow to 3.5 cm and 5-6 years to grow to 7.5 cm. In Alaska, become sexually mature at about 6.5 cm. Sometimes hybridizes with Haliotis rufescens. The shell of this species is too thin for the animal to be fished much commercially, though some is done.
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Look Alikes
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How to Distinguish from Similar Species: Other abalone species are not likely to be found this far north. H. cracherodii has a smooth exterior. H. walallensis has a shell with low spiral ridges and has pale green, blue, or white mottling. H. rufescens has a thicker shell with a prominent muscle scar and grows much larger. None of these other abalone species has as prominent a spire.
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Comprehensive Description
provided by Invertebrates of the Salish Sea
As with other abalones, this species' shell is coiled but very flat and earlike in shape. It has a low spire near the posterior end and a series of 3-6 open holes in the shell near the left side for carrying wastes from the shell. Some of the holes are closed. The exterior shell in this species is lumpy, reddish with white and blue markings, and the holes are oval and slightly raised. The shell is thinner than in other abalones, without an obvious muscle scar on the inside, which is a dull pearly color. It also is less flat and has a more accentuated spire than do most other local abalone species. Total length to 17 cm.
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Distribution
provided by Invertebrates of the Salish Sea
Geographical Range: Aleutian Islands, Alaska to Point Conception, California; northern Japan, Siberia. This is the most northerly occurring species of abalone.
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Haliotis kamtschatkana
provided by wikipedia EN
Haliotis kamtschatkana, common name the northern abalone or pinto abalone, is a species of large sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Haliotidae, the abalones.[3]
It has been listed as "Endangered" by the IUCN Red List of Endangered Species since 2006.[1]
Taxonomy
Haliotis kamtschatkana has two subspecies:
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Haliotis kamtschatkana assimilis Dall, 1878
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Haliotis kamtschatkana kamtschatkana Jonas, 1845
Description
The pinto abalone has an adult shell size of approximately 8 cm (3.1 in) but it can rarely grow as large as 15 cm (5.9 in). The rather thin shell is flattened and ear-shaped. The surface is covered with uneven spiral cords, often almost obsolete, and strongly elevated undulations or lumps. The columellar shelf is narrow, flattened, and sloping inward. The shell has 3 to 6 elevated respiratory holes. These holes collectively make up what is known as the selenizone which form as the shell grows. The silvery interior of the shell is iridescent. The shell is generally green-brown but can have white or blue coloration and has a somewhat scalloped edge. The epipodium is lacy and green-brown in color. Tentacles surrounding the foot and extending out of the shell sense food and predators.[4]
Distribution
Pinto abalone are found in kelp beds and in rocky areas in the northeast Pacific Ocean, where they range from Salisbury Sound, Alaska, along the coasts of Canada and contiguous United States to Baja California, Mexico.[5] This is the Pacific abalone species with the widest latitudinal distribution in North America.[5]
The distribution of this species also includes Korea.[6]
Status by location
In California, Pinto abalone were never a major component of recreational or commercial catch. There was however a 10-fold decline in abundance in northern California. (156,000 in 1971 to 18,000 in 1999-2001)
In Alaska, peak harvest was between 1978 and 1981 (260,000 lbs); average harvest declined to 50,000 lbs in 1994. The commercial fishery was closed in 1996; recreational free-diving fishery remains.
In Washington State, there was no historical commercial fishing; the recreational fishing closed in 1994 due to declines in abundance. Surveys in the San Juan Islands indicate a decline in density at many sites.[7] Densities at all but one site are below or within the minimum range for successful fertilization. Abalone size has increased between 1996 and 2006 but abundance has not.
In Canada, the fishery began in the early 1970s and the peak fishery was in 1977-1978 (400t). Subsequently, there was a population decline and quotas were instituted. As populations did not recover there were continuing quota reductions through 1989 (47.2t) without population response. The fishery was closed in 1990 to all user groups but since the closure, the population decline has continued.
Habitat
This species lives on rocky shores. These abalones are found intertidally or subtidally near kelp to 30 feet (9 m) depth, but they can be found to 330 feet (100 m) depth. Like all abalones, they are herbivorous.
Reproduction
They broadcast spawn from April to June. Larval dispersal is limited.[7] Lifespan is about 15 years.
Conservation
Population size has declined due to overharvesting, illegal harvesting, predation by recovering sea otters, and disease. Because of concerns about its status the Northern Abalone is a U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service Species of Concern. Species of Concern are those species about which the U.S. Government's National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), has some concerns regarding status and threats, but for which insufficient information has been available to indicate a need to list the species under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. The species is called pinto abalone by NMFS. The National Marine Fisheries Service announced in November 2013 that it will conduct a status review for the pinto abalone. The Natural Resources Defense Council and the Center for Biological Diversity filed petitions over the summer calling for a status review that could lead to added protections for the species.[8] The Center for Biological Diversity filed its petition August 1, 2013.[9] On December 29, 2014, NMFS announced its finding that the pinto abalone was not warranted for listing.[10]
This species is now endangered according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature, mainly due to uncontrolled harvesting and poaching of the species for food. The state of Washington never permitted commercial harvest and recreation take was outlawed in 1994.[7] Alaska outlawed commercial harvest in 1996.
Harvest has been illegal in Canada since 1990.[11] The Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) has listed it as an endangered species.[12] The Canadian Species at Risk Act listed it in the List of Wildlife Species at Risk as being endangered in Canada.[13]
Factors for decline include: over harvest, illegal, unregulated, unreported harvest, predation by the recovering sea otter population, and disease.[1]
References
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^ a b c Peters, H. & Rogers-Bennett, L. (2021). "Haliotis kamtschatkana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T61743A78775083. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T61743A78775083.en.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) -
^ Jonas, Zeitschr.f. Mal. 1845, p. 168.
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^ Rosenberg, G. (2014). Haliotis kamtschatkana Jonas, 1845. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=405014 on 2014-10-20
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^ H.A. Pilsbry (1890) Manual of Conchology XII; Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 1890
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^ a b National Marine Fisheries Service (2014). Status Review Report for Pinto Abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana).
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^ (in Japanese) Uichida K. & Yamamoto T. (1942). "朝鮮近海に於けるアハビの分布 On the distribution of Haliotis species in the Korean waters". ヴヰナス The Venus 11(4): 119-125. abstract
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^ a b c Hester, JB; Walker, JM; Dinnel, PA; Schwarck, NT (2011). "Survey of Previously Outplanted Pinto (Northern) Abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) in the San Juan Island Archipelago, Washington State". In: Pollock NW, ed. Diving for Science 2011. Proceedings of the American Academy of Underwater Sciences 30th Symposium. Dauphin Island, AL: AAUS; 2011. Archived from the original on 2013-05-23. Retrieved 2013-03-18.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) -
^ Dan Joling, "Agency considers pinto abalone for endangered list", Anchorage Daily News (November 19 2013)
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^ PETITION TO LIST THE PINTO ABALONE (HALIOTIS KAMTSCHATKANA) UNDER THE ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT
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^ NMFS. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Notice of 12-Month Finding on Petitions To List the Pinto Abalone as Threatened or Endangered Under the Endangered Species Act (ESA).Federal Register;; v78, (December 29, 2014), 77998-78022.
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^ DFO. (2006). [1]. Fisheries and Oceans Canada.
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^ "Terms of Reference". 22 April 2020.
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^ "Error".
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Haliotis kamtschatkana: Brief Summary
provided by wikipedia EN
Haliotis kamtschatkana, common name the northern abalone or pinto abalone, is a species of large sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Haliotidae, the abalones.
It has been listed as "Endangered" by the IUCN Red List of Endangered Species since 2006.
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