Reovirales

Description: English: Electron micrograph of Banna virus. Date: 18 May 2013, 18:39:29. Source: http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/11/11/05-0868-f1.htm. Author: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

Description: English: Location of new Banna viruses (BAVs) isolated in China (red triangles) and previously reported BAV isolation sites (black triangles). Countries reporting isolation of BAV are shaded. The names of the countries that are contiguous with BAV isolation sites are labeled. BAV distribution sites in Indonesia, Vietnam, and part of China are located in tropical zones, which lie predominantly between the Tropic of Cancer and the equator. Most BAV distribution sites in China in the area from the Tropic of Cancer to latitude 45°N belong to the northern temperate zone. Date: 8 June 2013, 02:57:43. Source: http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/16/3/09-1160_article.htm. Author: Liu, H., et al.

Description: English: Percentage of rotavirus tests with positive results, by surveillance week, United States, July 2000--June 2009. Date: 2009. Source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5841a2.htm. Author: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

Description: Transmission electron micrograph of an enterocyte 3 days after infection by rotavirus (top). The microvilli have been destroyed. An unifected enterocyte is shown for comparison at the bottom. The bar = approx 500 nm. Date: 5 November 2007. Source: English Wikipedia. Author: Graham Beards. ​English Wikipedia user Graham Beards, the copyright holder of this work, hereby publishes it under the following license: : Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled GNU Free Documentation License.http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.htmlGFDLGNU Free Documentation Licensetruetrue. : This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license.:. You are free: to share – to copy, distribute and transmit the work to remix – to adapt the work Under the following conditions: attribution – You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0 CC BY 3.0 Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 truetrue.

Summary.mw-parser-output table.commons-file-information-table,.mw-parser-output.fileinfotpl-type-information{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:#f8f9fa;padding:5px;font-size:95%;border-spacing:2px;box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;width:100%}.mw-parser-output table.commons-file-information-table>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output.fileinfotpl-type-information>tbody>tr{vertical-align:top}.mw-parser-output table.commons-file-information-table>tbody>tr>td,.mw-parser-output table.commons-file-information-table>tbody>tr>th,.mw-parser-output.fileinfotpl-type-information>tbody>tr>td,.mw-parser-output.fileinfotpl-type-information>tbody>tr>th{padding:4px}.mw-parser-output.fileinfo-paramfield{background:#ccf;text-align:right;padding-right:0.4em;width:15%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output.commons-file-information-table+table.commons-file-information-table,.mw-parser-output.commons-file-information-table+div.commons-file-information-table>table{border-top:0;padding-top:0;margin-top:-8px}@media only screen and (max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output table.commons-file-information-table,.mw-parser-output.commons-file-information-table.fileinfotpl-type-information{border-spacing:0;padding:0;word-break:break-word;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output.commons-file-information-table>tbody,.mw-parser-output.fileinfotpl-type-information>tbody{display:block}.mw-parser-output.commons-file-information-table>tbody>tr>td,.mw-parser-output.commons-file-information-table>tbody>tr>th,.mw-parser-output.fileinfotpl-type-information>tbody>tr>td,.mw-parser-output.fileinfotpl-type-information>tbody>tr>th{padding:0.2em 0.4em;text-align:left;text-align:start}.mw-parser-output.commons-file-information-table>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output.fileinfotpl-type-information>tbody>tr{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output.commons-file-information-table+table.commons-file-information-table,.mw-parser-output.commons-file-information-table+div.commons-file-information-table>table{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output.fileinfo-paramfield{box-sizing:border-box;flex:1 0 100%;width:100%}} Description: A rotavirus is a wheel-shaped virus that gets its name from its complex shape. Its genome consists of 11 double-stranded RNA segments that generate six structural proteins (VP1, VP2, VP3, VP4, VP6 & VP7) and six nonstructural proteins (NSP1-6). Each virus particle is surrounded by a triple layer coat. Credit: NIAID. Date: 21 October 2010, 13:52. Source: Rotavirus. Author: NIAID.

Description: English: Note the wheel-like appearance of some of the rotavirus particles. The observance of such particles gave the virus its name ('rota' being the Latin word meaning wheel). Bar = 100 nanometers. Source: Cell culture. Method: Negative-stain Transmission Electron Microscopy. Source: http://www.epa.gov/microbes/rota.html. Author: F.P. Williams, U.S. EPA.

Summary.mw-parser-output table.commons-file-information-table,.mw-parser-output.fileinfotpl-type-information{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:#f8f9fa;padding:5px;font-size:95%;border-spacing:2px;box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;width:100%}.mw-parser-output table.commons-file-information-table>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output.fileinfotpl-type-information>tbody>tr{vertical-align:top}.mw-parser-output table.commons-file-information-table>tbody>tr>td,.mw-parser-output table.commons-file-information-table>tbody>tr>th,.mw-parser-output.fileinfotpl-type-information>tbody>tr>td,.mw-parser-output.fileinfotpl-type-information>tbody>tr>th{padding:4px}.mw-parser-output.fileinfo-paramfield{background:#ccf;text-align:right;padding-right:0.4em;width:15%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output.commons-file-information-table+table.commons-file-information-table,.mw-parser-output.commons-file-information-table+div.commons-file-information-table>table{border-top:0;padding-top:0;margin-top:-8px}@media only screen and (max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output table.commons-file-information-table,.mw-parser-output.commons-file-information-table.fileinfotpl-type-information{border-spacing:0;padding:0;word-break:break-word;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output.commons-file-information-table>tbody,.mw-parser-output.fileinfotpl-type-information>tbody{display:block}.mw-parser-output.commons-file-information-table>tbody>tr>td,.mw-parser-output.commons-file-information-table>tbody>tr>th,.mw-parser-output.fileinfotpl-type-information>tbody>tr>td,.mw-parser-output.fileinfotpl-type-information>tbody>tr>th{padding:0.2em 0.4em;text-align:left;text-align:start}.mw-parser-output.commons-file-information-table>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output.fileinfotpl-type-information>tbody>tr{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output.commons-file-information-table+table.commons-file-information-table,.mw-parser-output.commons-file-information-table+div.commons-file-information-table>table{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output.fileinfo-paramfield{box-sizing:border-box;flex:1 0 100%;width:100%}} Description: Rotavirus-infected cell revealing numerous viral factories in the cytoplasm. Credit: NIAID. Date: 24 June 2013, 10:44. Source: Rotavirus-Infected Cell. Author: NIAID.

Description: English: NSP2 (NonStructural Protein 2) oktamer, Human rotavirus. Date: 28 May 2016 (upload to Wikimedia Commons), 28 April 2006 (deposition at PDB). Source: http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore/explore.do?structureId=2gu0. Author: Deposition authors: Jiang, X., Prasad, B.V.V.; visualization author: User:Astrojan.

Description: English: Two scientists, including one at SFU, have discovered evidence of a potentially deadly virus in Cultus Lake cutthroat trout. Thirteen of 15 sampled fish tested positive for piscine reovirus (PRV). Date: 23 May 2012, 12:10:55. Source: https://www.flickr.com/photos/sfupamr/7593173298/. Author: Simon Fraser University - Communications & Marketing. Camera location49° 16′ 41.59″ N, 122° 54′ 51.19″ W View all coordinates using: OpenStreetMap 49.278219; -122.914219.

Description: English: Viral particle for Banna virus (BAV) HB14-71-01. Purified viral particles of BAV HB14-71-01 were observed under an electron microscope (EM). Date: 11 October 2018. Source: https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/10/10/555/htm. Author: Han Xia, Hong Liu, Lu Zhao, Evans Atoni, Yujuan Wang, and Zhiming Yuan.

Description: English: Diagram of the reovirus replication cycle: Reovirus replication is initiated with the attachment of the virus particles to the cell surface via the sigma1-receptor interaction, followed by cell entry via beta-1 integrin mediated endocytosis. Reovirus capsid disassembly takes place in the acidified late endosomes by the proteolytic activities of cathepsins. The formed reovirus intermediate subviral particles (ISVPs) penetrate the endosomal membranes by the aid of Mu1 membrane fusion protein. In the cytoplasm, transcriptionally active core particles initiate viral transcription. The synthesized viral mRNAs are released from the core particles and translated into the viral proteins. Reovirus core assembly and minus strand synthesis takes place in the viral inclusions (viral factories) which are composed of viral proteins and RNAs, complete and nascent core particles, and certain elements of the cell cytoskeleton. In the newly formed core particles a secondary transcription may take place which amplifies the synthesis of viral mRNAs and proteins. Reovirus virions are formed with the outer capsid assembly and released from the infected cell. Reovirus ISVPs can also be generated from virions by extracellular proteolysis and then enter cells through direct penetration of cell membrane. Date: 30 June 2013. Source: https://file.scirp.org/Html/10-8901685_35272.htm. Author: Ergin Sahin, Michael E. Egger, Kelly M. McMasters, and Heshan Sam Zhou.

Description: English: The infection cycle of rice black‐streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV) induced diseases on three cereal crops (rice, maize, and wheat). The virus can be transmitted among its different hosts by Laodelphax striatellus, which mainly overwinters and propagates in wheat fields, resulting in disease outbreaks on rice and maize. Date: 8 June 2020. Source: Wu, N, Zhang, L, Ren, Y, Wang, X. Rice black‐streaked dwarf virus: From multiparty interactions among plant–virus–vector to intermittent epidemics. Molecular Plant Pathology. 2020; 21: 1007– 1019. https://doi.org/10.1111/mpp.12946. Author: Nan Wu, Lu Zhang, Yingdang Ren, and Xifeng Wang.

Description: English: Comparison of nucleotide and amino acid sequences of genome segments of viral proteins (VP) and dsRNA segments (S) of Colorado tick fever virus (CTFV) and Eyach virus (EYAV). NTP, nucleoside triphosphatase. Date: 1 November 2005. Source: https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/11/11/05-0868_article. Author: Houssam Attoui, Fauziah Mohd Jaafar, Philippe de Micco, and Xavier de Lamballerie.

Description: 3D print of reovirus. Rotavirus, a type of reovirus, is the major worldwide cause of severe childhood diarrhea. For more information, visit the NIH 3D Print Exchange at 3dprint.nih.gov. Credit: NIH. Date: 25 July 2013, 15:22. Source: Reovirus. Author: NIAID.

: All images in this article were uploaded in the JPEG format even though it consists of non-photographic data. This information could be stored more efficiently or accurately in the PNG or SVG format. If possible, please upload a PNG or SVG version of this image without compression artifacts, derived from a non-JPEG source (or with existing artifacts removed). After doing so, please tag the JPEG version with {{Superseded|NewImage.ext}} and remove this tag. This tag should not be applied to photographs or scans. For more information, see {{BadJPEG}}.:. Description: English: Phylogenetic comparison of the viral polymerase protein sequences of viruses of the family Reoviridae, including seadornaviruses and coltiviruses. Analysis shows coltiviruses and seadornaviruses as 2 distinct phylogenetic groups and that seadornaviruses share a common phylogenetic origin with rotaviruses (arrow). KDV, Kadipiro virus; BAV, Banna virus; LNV, Liao Ning virus; RDV, Rice dwarf virus; RDV-Ch, RDV Chinese isolate; SCRV, St. Croix River virus; AHSV, African horse sickness virus; CHUV, Chuzan virus; BTV, Blue tongue virus; GSRV, Golden shiner reovirus; GCRV, Grass carp reovirus; CSRV, Chum salmon reovirus; SBRV, Striped bass reovirus; MRV, Mammalian orthoreovirus; RRSV, Rice ragged stunt virus; BmCPV, Bombyx mori cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus; DsCPV, Dendrolimus spectabilis cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus; LdCPV, Lymantria dispar cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus; NLRV, Nilaparvata luguens reovirus; CTFV, Colorado tick fever virus; EYAV, Eyach virus; CPRV, Cryphonectria parasitica reovirus; RaRv, Rotavirus A; BoRV, Bovine rotavirus; SiRV, Simian rotavirus; PoRV, Porcine rotavirus; Hu/MuRV, Human/Murine rotavirus. Date: 18 May 2013, 16:45:10. Source: http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/11/11/05-0868-f5.htm. Author: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

Description: 3D print of reovirus. Rotavirus, a type of reovirus, is the major worldwide cause of severe childhood diarrhea. For more information, visit the NIH 3D Print Exchange at 3dprint.nih.gov. Credit: NIH. Date: 25 July 2013, 15:22. Source: Reovirus. Author: NIAID.

Description: English: Comparison of nucleotide and amino acid sequences of genome segments of viral proteins (VP) and dsRNA segments (S) of Banana virus (BAV) and Kadipiro virus (KDV). NTP, nucleoside triphosphatase. Date: 1 November 2005. Source: https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/11/11/05-0868_article. Author: Houssam Attoui, Fauziah Mohd Jaafar, Philippe de Micco, and Xavier de Lamballerie.

Description: English: The schematic representation of the mammalian orthoreovirus virion. S: small genome segments, M: medium genome segments, L: large genome segments. Date: 30 June 2013. Source: https://file.scirp.org/Html/10-8901685_35272.htm. Author: Ergin Sahin, Michael E. Egger, Kelly M. McMasters, and Heshan Sam Zhou.

Description: English: Under a high magnification of 300,000X, this negative stained transmission electron microscopic (TEM) image revealed some of the ultrastructural morphology exhibited by the cypovirus, or cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (CPV). Note the icosahedral structure of the virions. CPV is an insect virus, affecting silkworms, slowly progressing to what is usually a fatal outcome for the infected insect. Date: 1 January 1978. Source: https://phil.cdc.gov/Details.aspx?pid=14624. Author: Erskine Palmer.

Description: English: Schematic representation of the organization of rice black‐streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV) genomic RNA segments (linear lines); open reading frames (ORFs) (boxes), and products of each segment. Date: 8 June 2020. Source: Wu, N, Zhang, L, Ren, Y, Wang, X. Rice black‐streaked dwarf virus: From multiparty interactions among plant–virus–vector to intermittent epidemics. Molecular Plant Pathology. 2020; 21: 1007– 1019. https://doi.org/10.1111/mpp.12946. Author: Nan Wu, Lu Zhang, Yingdang Ren, and Xifeng Wang.

Description: English: Reovirus infectious cycle. Viral attachment to host cell surface glycans results in internalization of reovirus via receptor-mediated endocytosis. Alternatively, infectious subvirion particles (ISVPs) can be formed from proteolysis by extracellular proteases allowing their direct entry into cells via membrane penetration. Once internalized, the virus is transported to early and late endosomes where it undergoes proteolytic disassembly and degradation resulting in the formation of ISVPs and subsequently in the release of transcriptionally active viral core particles into the cytoplasm. Activated RNA-dependent RNA polymerase begins primary transcription within the core particles resulting in the release of primary transcripts that, along with protein products of early translation, form complexes or inclusions where further transcription and translation occur which, in turn, ultimately lead to viral replication and assembly, host cell death, and progeny release. Date: 24 June 2014. Source: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2014.00167/full. Author: Jun Gong and Monica M. Mita.

Description: English: Structural models of the Mononegavirales RNA synthesis. (A) The cartoon diagrams of recently reported structures of the Rhabdoviridae (VSV and RABV), Paramyxoviridae (HPIV), and Pneumoviridae (HRSV and HMPV) polymerases. The same color scheme as Fig. 2. (B) The modeled initiation and elongation complexes. The RdRp domain of the L proteins of Rhabdoviridae (VSV), Paramyxoviridae (HPIV), and Pneumoviridae (HRSV) with modeled RNA template from reovirus λ3 polymerase (PDB: 1N1H), FluB polymerase (PDB: 6QCV), and FluB polymerase (PDB: 6QCT), respectively. The same color scheme for the RdRp domain of Mononegavirales L. The priming loop (from the Cap domain) and the support helix (from the RdRp domain) are colored in orange. The modeled RNA template and RNA transcript are shown in yellow and pink, respectively. (C) The proposed cartoon models of the initiation and elongation stages on the nucleoprotein (N) encapsidated N:RNA (NC) template. Initiation, the priming loop and support helix are at the close approximate of the GDN active site of the RdRp domain of L; elongation (early stage), the priming loop is away from but the support helix stays at the close approximate to the active site of the RdRp domain of L; elongation (late stage), the priming loop is away from the active site of the RdRp domain of L, the support helix is missing, and the CD, MT, and CTD domains of L are disordered and linked by dashed lines. The nucleoprotein (N) protein is shown as the yellow oval. The RNA template, RNA transcript, and the flexible linker are shown in the black, blue, and red lines, respectively. The priming loop and support helix are shown as the thick orange bar and cylinder, respectively. The PDB accession codes are underlined. Date: 27 October 2020. Source: Liang B. 2020. Structures of the Mononegavirales polymerases. J Virol 94:e00175-20. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00175-20. Author: Bo Liang.

Description: English: Structural comparison of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerization (RdRp) domain. (A to E) The ribbon representations of the RdRp domain of the Rhabdoviridae (VSV and RABV), Pneumoviridae (HRSV and HMPV), and Paramyxoviridae (HPIV) L in conventional orientation. The structural motifs finger, palm, thumb, and support region are in blue, red, green, and gray, respectively. The tri-residues (GDN) of the RdRp active sites at a β-hairpin tip of the palm motif are shown in magenta spheres. (F and G) Similarities of the Mononegavirales RdRp domain to other viral polymerases. Structures of the polymerases of reovirus λ3 (ReoV; PDB: 1MUK) and influenza B (FluB; PDB: 4WRT) are shown as the same orientation and coloring scheme as in A. The PDB accession codes are underlined. Date: 27 October 2020. Source: Liang B. 2020. Structures of the Mononegavirales polymerases. J Virol 94:e00175-20. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00175-20. Author: Bo Liang.