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Associations

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Animal / predator
adult of Picromerus bidens is predator of caterpillar of Lepidoptera
Other: major host/prey

Animal / predator
adult of Picromerus bidens is predator of larva of Chrysomelidae
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / sap sucker
gregarious nymph (1st and 2nd instars) of Picromerus bidens sucks sap of Broadleaved trees, shrubs and climbers

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Habitat

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Europe. Fresh, humid, even marshy areas, although sometimes in drier places where a certain freshness persists; among abundant vegetation in sunny places; in areas in flower, in humid copses and bushes; especially near woods and waters; more rarely in orchards, gardens, or coniferous forests (Schumacher 1911; Strawinski 1927; Mayne and Breny 1948b; Dupuis 1949; Southwood and Leston 1959). In western Europe, the species is linked more to forests (Southwood and Leston 1959). It is found on the vegetation within two meters above the ground (Mayne and Breny 1948b).

North America. In Quebec and also in the other states and provinces visited, P. bidens is found in wet and dry areas, but always in clear, sunny places; along hedges, in fields along the forest edge, along wooded roadsides, in openings of mixed, deciduous or coniferous forests, where it prefers shrubby areas rich in woody plants (trees or bushes, e.g., raspberry plants), but also on weeds such as goldenrods. The species is found on plants at a height of 1 to 2 m above the ground. It is found in flat open country as well as at altitudes of 1 ,000 to 1 ,200 m. We have found the species in Vermont on 7, 11, and 16.VIII.1987 at the summits of Mounts Jay Peak (1,251 m), Ascutney (1,019 m), and Equinox (1,236 m) respectively. Javahery (1986) reports that the species is rarely found in orchards.

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Larivière, M.-C. and A. Larochelle. 1989. Picromerus bidens (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) in North America, with a world review of distribution and bionomics. Entomological News 100(4):133-146.
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Katja Schulz (Katja)
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Diagnostic Description

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Picromerus bidens belongs to the subfamily Asopinae and can be separated from all other North American asopines as follows: humeri prominent, ending in a spine; humeri, lateral margins of pronotum, and the head often shining deep-blue; inner apical third of anterior femora with a short spine and inner apical third of anterior tibia with a short, acute spur; dorsal and ventral surfaces of the body with fine or deep, dark punctures; length 11.0-14.0 mm.

A detailed description of the adult is found in Mayne and Breny (1948b), Dupuis (1949), and Kelton (1972); the latter also includes a color photo of the adult. The egg was described by Butler (1923), Mayne and Breny (1948b), Cooper (1967), and Southwood and Leston (1959). First to third instar nymphs were described by Mayne and Breny (1948b), the fourth instar by Butler (1923) and Mayne and Breny (1948b), and the fifth instar has been described in detail by Butler (1923), Mayne and Breny (1948b) and Dupuis (1949).

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Larivière, M.-C. and A. Larochelle. 1989. Picromerus bidens (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) in North America, with a world review of distribution and bionomics. Entomological News 100(4):133-146.
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Katja Schulz (Katja)
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Associated plants

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The local distribution of P. bidens seems to be dictated by plant diversity and the resulting variety of prey used for its feeding. The following is a list of plants on which various stages of the species can be found. These are not necessarily the hosts used for reproduction.

Europe: Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaert., Betula verrucosa Ehrh., B. pubescens Ehrh., Calluna sp., Carex sp., Corylus sp., Dipsacus sp., Fagus sylvestris L., Galeopsis sp., Galium sp., Genista sp.,Juniperus sp., Myrica gale L., Pinus sylvestris L., Polygonum sp., Populus alba L., Primula elatior (L.) Hill, Prunus avium L., P. cerosus L., Pyrus malus L., Quercus sp., Q. pedunculata Ehrh., Ranunculus acrisL., Rhamnus cathartica L., Ribes nigrum L., Rubus sp., R. idaeus L., Rumex sp., Salix nigricans Sm., S. repens L., S. caprea L., S. aurita L., Spiraea ulmaria (L.), Tilia sp., and Urtica sp. (Butler 1923; Mayne and Breny 1948b; Dupuis 1949; Thomas 1954). According to Schumacher (1911), the following plants are visited less frequently: Calluna sp.,Genista sp., Polygonum sp., Salvia sp., and Urtica sp.

North America. In Québec and Ontario, P. bidens has been collected on Ambrosia sp., Rubus idaeus, Malus sp.,Polygonum sp., Rubus sp., Solidago sp., Vaccinium sp., weeds, and forage legumes (Larochelle and Lariviere 1980; Javahery 1986).

We have also found P. bidens on 46 additional associated plants in Québec, Ontario, New York, and New England: Abies balsamea (L.), AInus sp., A. rugosa (DuRoi) Spreng, Amelanchier sp., Betula alleghaniensis Britton, B. glandulosa Michx., B. papyrifera Marsh., Clematis virginiana L., Comptonia peregrina (L.), Cornus stolonifera Michx., Corylus cornuta Marsh., Crataegus sp., graminaceous plants, Impatiens capensis Meerb., Juniperus communis L., Larix laricina (DuRoi) Koch., Osmunda claytoniana L., Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch., Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.), Picea sp., P. glauca ( Moench ) Voss, Pinus banksiana Lamb., P. resinosa Art., P. sylvestris L., Populus tremuloides Michx., Prunus serotina Ehrh., P. virginiana L., Quercus alba L., Q. macrocarpa Michx., Q. rubra L., Ribes sp., R. cynosbati L., Rubus idaeus L., Salix sp., S. fragilis L., Sambucus pubens Michx., Solidago sp.,Spiraea latifolia (Ait.), Thuja occidentalis L., Tilia americana L., Urtica procera Muhl., Vaccinium sp.,Viburnum lentago L., Vitis riparia Michx., and various undetermined species of weeds.

Although it appears that P. bidens does not favor any particular plant species, we have observed that the density of individuals was higher on and around raspberry plants when these were present in the habitat. In Québec, the occurrence of raspberries almost always assured the collection of P. bidens. We have observed the same phenomenon on goldenrods, which are blooming in August. This is probably related to the fact that both plants, at certain times in the season, are inhabited by larvae and adults of species fed on by P. bidens. The presence of all nymphal instars as well as adults was noted on goldenrods and raspberries.

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Larivière, M.-C. and A. Larochelle. 1989. Picromerus bidens (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) in North America, with a world review of distribution and bionomics. Entomological News 100(4):133-146.
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Katja Schulz (Katja)
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Geographic distribution

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Palearctic distribution. In the Old World, P. bidens is widely distributed in the western Palearctic Region and throughout Europe, from 64°N latitude south to North Africa in the west and China in the east; it occurs as far west as Ireland, and as far east as Siberia and China (Mayne and Breny 1948b; Dupuis 1949; Puchkov 1961; Southwood and Leston 1959; Zheng 1980).

Nearctic distribution. Until now, the known North American distribution of P. bidens has been limited to Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, Vermont, and the Province of Québec (Froeschner 1988). The first North American specimens were collected on 22.VII.1932 in Lincoln Co., Maine, and on 28.VII.1945 at lle-au-Haut (so called "Peaks Island") near Rockland, Maine (Javahery 1986). There seems to be no record of the voluntary importation of P. bidens for use as a biological control agent. Javahery (1986) suggests, and it is also our opinion, that the species may have been accidentally introduced from Europe, probably in the egg stage, with the importation of nursery stock or other horticultural plants.

The species has subsequently been collected at Union Village, Vermont, from 1962 to 1967 (Cooper 1967), at Durham, New Hampshire, in 1956 and 1967 (Lattin and Donahue 1969), and at Lennoxville and Ascot Corner in southern Québec in 1970 (Oliveira and Juillet 1971; Kelton 1972). In a previous paper (Larochelle and Lariviere 1980), we reported P. bidens in Berkshire Co., Massachusetts and Franklin Co., New York as well as in about 40 localities in Québec.

We now have collected over 1,500 adults and 300 nymphs in more than 180 localities from 10 northeastern states or provinces from 1978 to 1988 (states, provinces, and counties in bold face):

MAINE: Franklin: Weld. Wilton. Oxford: Sumner.
MASSACHUSETTS: Worcester: W. Brookfield
NEW BRUNSWICK: Kent: Cap-Lumiere. Pointe-Sapin. Restigouche: White Brook. Westmorland: Jolicure.
NEW YORK: Franklin: Duane, Fort Covington.
NOVA SCOTIA: Annapolis: Annapolis Royal. Cumberland: Middleboro. Lunenberg: Canaan. Queens: W. Caledonia.
ONTARIO: Glengarry: Alexandria. Prescott: Carillon Prov. Park.
PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND: Kings: Brudenell River Prov. Park. East Baltic. For- tune. Prince: Ellerslie, Norboro. Queens: Surrey, Wood Islands Prov. Park.
QUEBEC: 136 localities: north to Etangs-des-Caps (Ile-de-la-Madeleine). in the following counties: Abitibi, Bagot, Beauce, Beauharnois, Berthier, Bonaventure, Brome, Champlain, Charlevoix-Est, Charlevoix-Ouest, Chacfateauguay, Chicoutimi, Compton, Dorchester, Drummond, Frontenac, Gaspe-Est, Gaspe-Ouest, Gatineau, Huntingdon, Ile-de-Montreal, Iles-de-la-Madeleine, Kamouraska, Lac-Saint-Jean- Est, Lac-Saint-Jean-Ouest, L'Assomption, Levis, Lotbiniere, Maskinonge, Matane, Matapedia, Missisquoi, Montcalm, Montmorency No. 2, Nicolet, Papineau, Pon- tiac, Richmond, Rimouski, Riviere-du-Loup, Rouville, Saguenay, Saint-Jean, Saint- Maurice, Shefford, Sherbrooke, Soulanges, Stanstead, Temiscouata, Terrebonne, Vaudreuil, Vercheres Wolfe.
RHODE ISLAND: Providence: Chepachet.
VERMONT: Bennington: Mt. Equinox. Woodford. Essex: Bloomfield, E. Brighton. Grand Isle: E. Alburg, N. Hero. Lamoille: Belvidere Center. Belvidere Corners, Eden. Jef- fersonville. Lake Elmore, N. Wolcott. Wolcott. Wolcott Pond. Orleans: Albany. Hazens Notch, Jay. Washington: E. Montpelier, Maple Corner Montpelier, Worcester. Windham: Townshend St. Park. Wilmington. Windsor: Mt. Ascutney.

The northern limit of distribution (Fig. 1) is now Iles-de-la-Madeleine (47'14" N latitude), Québec, and the southern limit, Chepachet, Rhode Island. The species is recorded for the first time from Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick. Ontario, and Rhode Island.

Observations made inQuébecindicate a rapid colonization of the territory. It is possible thatQuébecpopulations are the result of successive colonizations by Maine populations. We have noticed, however, while collecting in Maine (June, July and September 1985, and August 1986) that the species is less abundant in fields and in general more difficult to find there than inQuébec, where it was common to find 10 to 15 individuals in 3 to 4 sweeps from the third week of July to mid-September in almost any of the fields surveyed. It seems likely that the species has been more recently introduced directly intoQuébec(i.e., possible multiple introductions in North America), as is probably the case of certain Palearctic coccinellids (Coleoptera) suchas Propylea quatuordecim-punctata (L.) (Gordon 1985) and Hippodamia variegata (Goeze) (Gordon 1987).

In 1975, P. bidens was known inQuébecfrom only three localities in the southern part of the province. An intensive survey of the St. Lawrence Valley south of Tadoussac (Saguenay Co.) in 1978 showed that it occurred in another three localities, which extended the known range more than 300 km north of Lennoxville (Sherbrooke Co.), the first record for the province. In 1979, a survey of the same region revealed its presence in more than 40 localities.

During July and August of 1980 to 1984, we surveyed the region from the southern part of the St. Lawrence Valley, north to Miquelon (Abitibi Co.), west to Abitibi-ouest and east around the Gaspe Peninsula; and from Sherbrooke (southeasternQuébec) west through Montreal and the Ottawa Valley to Temiscamingue. Picromerus bidens has been collected in 87 localities, north to Miquelon (Abitibi Co.), western limit of its range inQuébecat that time. A rapid survey of the same region in 1985 confirmed its presence in another three localities of Abitibi County. The known western limit of the range is now Manneville (Abitibi-Ouest Co.), about 30 km from the Ontario border. Picromerus bidens is now known from 136 localities inQuébec.

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Larivière, M.-C. and A. Larochelle. 1989. Picromerus bidens (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) in North America, with a world review of distribution and bionomics. Entomological News 100(4):133-146.
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Katja Schulz (Katja)
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Zweizähnige Dornwanze ( German )

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 src=
Die Nymphenstadien zeigen noch nicht das typische zweispitzige Halsschild der voll entwickelten Tiere
 src=
Zweizähnige Dornwanze saugt eine Raupe des Tagpfauenauges aus

Die Zweizähnige Dornwanze oder Zweispitzwanze (Picromerus bidens) ist eine Wanze aus der Familie der Baumwanzen (Pentatomidae).

Merkmale

Die Zweizähnige Dornwanze erreicht eine Körperlänge von 10 bis zu 14 Millimetern. Ihre Grundfarbe ist dunkelbraun, auf dem Halsschild trägt sie zwei rote Punkte. Den deutschsprachigen Namen verdankt die Art den beiden spitzen, schwarzbraunen Dornen an den Seiten des Halsschildes. Diese sind bei den Nymphenstadien noch nicht entwickelt. Die Art ist flugfähig.

Vorkommen

Die Art kommt in Europa und Nordasien bis Japan vor. Sie ist in Laub- und Mischwäldern sowie in Gärten anzutreffen und bevorzugt feuchte Standorte, beispielsweise am Waldrand oder in Heide- und Dünenlandschaften, wo die Futterpflanzen vieler Schmetterlingsraupen und Käferlarven zu finden sind.

Lebensweise

Entwicklung

Die Zweizähnige Dornwanze ist univoltin, jedes Jahr gibt es nur eine Generation. Die Weibchen legen die Eier auf der Oberseite der Blätter ab, wo sie überwintern. Die Larven schlüpfen im Frühjahr und müssen 5 Häutungen überstehen, um bis zum Sommer zu Imagines heranwachsen zu können. Die Entwicklungsgeschwindigkeit ist von der Temperatur abhängig und dauert bei 20 °C unter Laborbedingungen rund 64,5 Tage. Davon nimmt die Entwicklung des Eis rund 23 Tage ein.[1] Sind die Tage in der Zeit nach der Entwicklung zum reifen Tier lang und die Nächte kurz, dann findet die erste Eiablage erst nach einiger Zeit statt. Damit wird verhindert, dass die Jungtiere zu früh schlüpfen und dann als Nymphen ohne Nahrungsangebot den Winter überdauern müssten.[2] Nur in südlichen Gegenden, in denen die Tage auch im Sommer kürzer sind und wo kein besonders harter Winter herrscht, beginnen die Weibchen gleich mit der Eiablage. Dort können auch die Nymphen fallweise überwintern.

Ernährung

Die Zweizähnige Dornwanze lebt räuberisch von Schmetterlingsraupen, Käferlarven und Blattläusen. Die Nymphen leben von denselben Beutetieren wie die Imagines. Auf Brennnessel erbeutet die Art beispielsweise Raupen des Tagpfauenauges, auf Greiskräutern den Jakobskrautbär aus der Unterfamilie der Bärenspinner. Unter den Käferlarven sind die der Blattkäfer bevorzugte Beutetiere. Die Auswahl der Beutetiere ist auch von der jahreszeitlichen Verfügbarkeit der Nahrung abhängig. Beispielsweise ernährt sie sich im frühen Herbst von Raupen des Skabiosen-Scheckenfalters und anderer Melitaeinae, wenn andere Beutetiere nicht mehr verfügbar sind. Iridoidglykoside, die in den Futterpflanzen dieser Schmetterlinge, z. B. Succisa pratensis, gebildet und von ihnen aufgenommen werden, dienen unter anderem wegen ihres bitteren Geschmacks der chemischen Abwehr von Fressfeinden. Die Zweizähnige Dornwanze wird von diesen Stoffen nicht abgeschreckt. Ob die Wanzen diese Stoffe selbst zur chemischen Abwehr gegen Fressfeinde benutzen können, ist noch nicht geklärt.[3]

Zweizähnige Dornwanzen fressen zwei bis fünf Beutetiere pro Tag[3] und werden daher zur biologischen Schädlingsbekämpfung eingesetzt.[4] Da die Wanzen und ihre Nymphen resistent gegen einige Pflanzenschutzmittel wie Methoxyfenozide oder Spinosad sind, können sie im Integrierten Pflanzenschutz eine Rolle spielen.[5]

Zweizähnige Dornwanzen können ein regulierender Faktor bei der Populationsdynamik vieler Schmetterlingsarten sein. Sowohl die Nymphen als auch die adulten Tiere ernähren sich unter anderem von Schmetterlingsraupen. Dabei spielt es keine Rolle, ob sich die Raupen frei bewegen oder von einem Gespinst geschützt sind. Mit Hilfe ihres Saugrüssels, bei dem die Mandibeln stechende Fortsätze tragen, durchdringen sie das Gespinst und die Haut der Raupen. Die Wanzen machen dann einige Schritte zurück, so dass sich der Saugrüssel in der Haut der Raupen verankert und sich auch große Beutetiere nicht mehr entwinden können. Es werden auch adulte Schmetterlinge angegriffen, wenn sie sich etwa in einem Spinnennetz verfangen haben oder durch andere Umstände am Fliegen gehindert werden.[3]

Einzelnachweise

  1. Kamran Mahdian, Luc Tirry & Patrick De Clercq: Development of the predatory pentatomid Picromerus bidens (L.) at various constant temperatures. Belg. J. Zool., 138, 2, S. 135–139, 2008.
  2. Dmitry L. Musolin, Aida H. Saulich: Summer dormancy ensures univoltinism in the predatory bug Picromerus bidens. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 95, 3, S. 259–267, 2000 doi:10.1046/j.1570-7458.2000.00665.x
  3. a b c Martin Konvicka, Vladimir Hula und Zdenek Fric: Picromerus bidens (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) as predator of the Checkerspot Euphydryas aurinia (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Entomologica Fennica, 16, S. 233–236, 2005 PDF
  4. Kamran Mahdian, Luc Tirry & Patrick De Clercq: Functional response of Picromerus bidens: effects of host plant. Journal of Applied Entomology, 131, 3, S. 160–164, 2007 doi:10.1111/j.1439-0418.2006.01124.x
  5. Kamran Mahdian, Thomas Van Leeuwen, Luc Tirry and Patrick De Clercq: Susceptibility of the predatory stinkbug Picromerus bidens to selected insecticides. BioControl, 52, 6, S. 765–774, 2007 doi:10.1007/s10526-007-9075-3
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Zweizähnige Dornwanze: Brief Summary ( German )

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 src= Die Nymphenstadien zeigen noch nicht das typische zweispitzige Halsschild der voll entwickelten Tiere  src= Zweizähnige Dornwanze saugt eine Raupe des Tagpfauenauges aus

Die Zweizähnige Dornwanze oder Zweispitzwanze (Picromerus bidens) ist eine Wanze aus der Familie der Baumwanzen (Pentatomidae).

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Picromerus bidens

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Picromerus bidens, the spiny shieldbug or spiked shieldbug, is a carnivorous species of shield bug in the family Pentatomidae.[2]

Distribution and habitat

This species has a wide distribution in the Palaearctic, from 64°N to North Africa and from the British Isles to China. It has also been introduced, probably more than once, to North America, where it has been recorded from more than 180 sites.[3]

Habitat

These bugs prefer deciduous and mixed forests, heathland, gardens, chalk downland and damp flower-rich meadows.[4]

Description

Final instar nymph
Picromerus bidens feeding on a European peacock caterpillar

Picromerus bidens is a large (12 to 13.5 mm long) and distinctive predatory shieldbug. It shows a thick rostrum directed away from head. Body colour is quite variable, generally light to dark brown or bluish, with red-brown antennae and legs and two unmistakable thorn-like brown projections on the sides of the pronotum (hence the species name bidens, meaning "with two teeth"). Front femurs are armed with a ventral spine distally.[4][5] The early instar nymphs are commonly reddish, while the final instar nymphs are greyish black, with banded antennae and legs.[4]

Biology

Both adults and nymphs of the spiny shieldbugs are predatory, feeding on the larvae of other insects, especially on leaf bugs, beetles, aphids and caterpillars. The choice of the prey depend on the season and availability of food. However both adults and nymphs also suck sap from plants. The female lays eggs on tree trunks and leaves. In the spring the larvae hatch, growing to the adult bugs after five moultings. Nymphs become adults by July or August and adults can be found until November. This species usually overwinters as eggs and less frequently as nymphs.[4][6][7][8]

Bibliography

  • Dmitry L. Musolin, Aida H. Saulich: Summer dormancy ensures univoltinism in the predatory bug Picromerus bidens. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 95, 3, S. 259–267, 2000 doi:10.1046/j.1570-7458.2000.00665.x
  • Kamran Mahdian, Luc Tirry & Patrick De Clercq: Development of the predatory pentatomid Picromerus bidens (L.) at various constant temperatures. Belg. J. Zool., 138, 2, S. 135–139, 2008
  • Kamran Mahdian, Luc Tirry & Patrick De Clercq: Functional response of Picromerus bidens: effects of host plant. Journal of Applied Entomology, 131, 3, S. 160–164, 2007 doi:10.1111/j.1439-0418.2006.01124.x
  • Kamran Mahdian, Thomas Van Leeuwen, Luc Tirry and Patrick De Clercq: Susceptibility of the predatory stinkbug Picromerus bidens to selected insecticides. BioControl, 52, 6, S. 765–774, 2007 doi:10.1007/s10526-007-9075-3
  • Martin Konvicka, Vladimir Hula und Zdenek Fric: Picromerus bidens (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) as predator of the Checkerspot Euphydryas aurinia (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Entomologica Fennica, 16, S. 233–236, 2005 PDF
  • T. R. E. Southwood und D. Leston: Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles. Frederick Warne & Co. Ltd., 1959

References

  1. ^ "Picromerus bidens (Linnaeus, 1758)". Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 2009-02-05.
  2. ^ Biolib
  3. ^ Fauna europaea
  4. ^ a b c d British Bugs
  5. ^ S.M. Paiero, S.A. Marshall, J.E. McPherson, and M.-S. Ma Stink bugs (Pentatomidae) and parent bugs (Acanthosomatidae) of Ontario and adjacent areas: A key to species and a review of the fauna
  6. ^ Dmitry L. Musolin & Aida H. Saulich (2000). "Summer dormancy ensures univoltinism in the predatory bug Picromerus bidens". Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata. 95 (3): 259–267. doi:10.1046/j.1570-7458.2000.00665.x. Archived from the original on 2013-01-05.
  7. ^ Mahdian, Kamran; Tirry, Luc; De Clercq, Patrick (2008). "Development of the predatory pentatomid Picromerus bidens (L.) at various constant temperatures". Belgian Journal of Zoology. 138 (2): 135–139.
  8. ^ Insektenbox

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Picromerus bidens: Brief Summary

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Picromerus bidens, the spiny shieldbug or spiked shieldbug, is a carnivorous species of shield bug in the family Pentatomidae.

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Dvispyglė skydblakė ( Lithuanian )

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Binomas Picromerus bidens

Dvispyglė skydblakė (Picromerus bidens) – skydblakių (Pentatomidae) šeimos blakių rūšis.

Kūno ilgis 10 - 14 mm. Antenų spalva varijuoja nuo rudai raudonos iki gelsvai rudos, oranžinės. Priešnugarėlė (pronotum) rudos bronzos spalvos, jos šonai primena dyglius. Antsparniai bronziškai rudi, išmarginti tamsiais taškeliais, trikampis skydelis tokios pat spalvos kaip ir antsparniai, o pats jo galiukas gelsvas, pilvelio kraštai (connexivum) taip pat bronziškai rudi su šviesesnėmis skersinėmis juostomis.
Žiemoja kiaušinėliai, jie randami spalio-birželio mėnesiais. Nimfos randamos birželio-liepos mėnesiais. Ankstyvųjų stadijų lervos yra beveik juodos, tik nugarėlė raudonai oranžinė su tamsiomis dėmėmis. Metuose būna viena generacija.
Tiek suaugėliai, tiek lervos yra plėšrūs – ypač "mėgsta" drugių vikšrus, lapgraužių lervas, amarus. Nimfos taip pat siurbia ir augalų sultis.
Gyvena įvairiuose biotopuose: jų galima rasti pievose, ypač drėgnesnėse, krūmynuose kurie yra arčiau vandens telkinių.
Paplitimas: Europa, Lietuva, šiaurinė Azija, Šiaurės Amerika.

Nuorodos


Vikiteka

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Dvispyglė skydblakė: Brief Summary ( Lithuanian )

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Dvispyglė skydblakė (Picromerus bidens) – skydblakių (Pentatomidae) šeimos blakių rūšis.

Kūno ilgis 10 - 14 mm. Antenų spalva varijuoja nuo rudai raudonos iki gelsvai rudos, oranžinės. Priešnugarėlė (pronotum) rudos bronzos spalvos, jos šonai primena dyglius. Antsparniai bronziškai rudi, išmarginti tamsiais taškeliais, trikampis skydelis tokios pat spalvos kaip ir antsparniai, o pats jo galiukas gelsvas, pilvelio kraštai (connexivum) taip pat bronziškai rudi su šviesesnėmis skersinėmis juostomis.
Žiemoja kiaušinėliai, jie randami spalio-birželio mėnesiais. Nimfos randamos birželio-liepos mėnesiais. Ankstyvųjų stadijų lervos yra beveik juodos, tik nugarėlė raudonai oranžinė su tamsiomis dėmėmis. Metuose būna viena generacija.
Tiek suaugėliai, tiek lervos yra plėšrūs – ypač "mėgsta" drugių vikšrus, lapgraužių lervas, amarus. Nimfos taip pat siurbia ir augalų sultis.
Gyvena įvairiuose biotopuose: jų galima rasti pievose, ypač drėgnesnėse, krūmynuose kurie yra arčiau vandens telkinių.
Paplitimas: Europa, Lietuva, šiaurinė Azija, Šiaurės Amerika.

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Picromerus bidens ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Insecten

De Picromerus bidens , ook wel tweetandschildwants genoemd, is een wants uit de familie schildwantsen (Pentatomidae).

Uiterlijk

De tweetandschildwants is 10 tot 14 mm lang. Hij is donkerbruin en op zijn halsschild (pronotum) heeft hij twee rode stippen. De naam dankt hij aan de twee puntige, bruine stekels op de zijkanten van het halsschild. Deze zijn nog niet ontwikkeld als ze nog een nimf zijn.

Verspreiding en habitat

De soort is te vinden in Europa, Noord-Azië en Japan. Hij is voor 1932 geïntroduceerd in Noord-Amerika en bekend van ten minste 180 plaatsen.[1]. De wants is in Nederland en België algemeen verspreid. Ze zijn te vinden in loof- en gemengde bossen en ze geven de voorkeur aan vochtige locaties, zoals langs het bos of in duinlandschappen, waar de voedselplanten van vele rupsen en keverlarven kunnen worden gevonden.

Leefwijze

De tweetandschildwants is roofzuchtig en leeft van rupsen, keverlarven en bladluizen. De nimfen leven van dezelfde prooien, maar drinken soms ook sap van planten. De keuze van de prooi is afhankelijk van het seizoen en beschikbaarheid van voedsel. De vrouwtjes leggen op de top van de bladeren de eitjes, die daar overwinteren. Soms overwintert hij als nimf. De imago is te zien van juli tot oktober,

 src=
De tweetandschildwants ( Picromerus bidens ) als nimf..

Externe links

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. Kamran Mahdian, Luc Tirry & Patrick De Clercq (2008) - Development of the predatory pentatomid Picromerus bidens (L.) at various constant temperatures[dode link], Belgian Journal of Zoology, jrg. 138, nr. 2, pp. 135-139
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Picromerus bidens: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De Picromerus bidens , ook wel tweetandschildwants genoemd, is een wants uit de familie schildwantsen (Pentatomidae).

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Picromerus bidens ( Norwegian )

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Picromerus bidens er en tege tilhørende breitegene (Pentatomidae).

Den finnes i det sørlige Norge, langs kysten, til og med Sogn og Fjordane. Den er vanlig sørover i Europa.

Utseende

Picromerus bidens er en bred og kraftig bygd brun tege, ca. 9-12 millimeter lang, uten noen markerte flekker eller farger på oversiden. Den membrane delen av forvingene er mørkere brunsvart. På hele oversiden har tegen tydelige punkt-struktur. Scutellum er tydelig gult i spissen. Den har fem følehornsledd i antennen. Beina er lys brune.

Nymfene er vingeløse og mindre enn den voksne tegen. De har en lysere brun farge med mørke flekker.

Utpå seinsommeren og høsten får tegen en mørkere brunlig farge.

Levevis

Picromerus bidens tilhører nebbmunnene som har det til felles at munndelene er sugende og at de suger opp næringen. Den lever på jordoverflaten på planter og trær. Nymfene lever av plantesaft. De voksne (imago) er rovdyr og suger ut kroppsveske fra andre dyr, som larver av sommerfugler.

Picromerus bidens har ufullstendig forvandling, overgang fra nyklekt larve til det voksne kjønnsmodne insektet går gradvis gjennom flere hudskift (nymfestadier). Nymfene ligner mer og mer på de voksne (imago) for hvert hudskifte.

Systematisk Inndeling

Et latinsk familienavn ender med ...idae, og et navn på en overfamilie på ...oidea.

Norsk entomologisk forening har også utgitt en rekke Insekttabeller. Dette er små og billige hefter der en kan bestemme insekter til artsnivå. Et av heftene (se kilde) tar for seg de norske breiteger.

Treliste

Kilder

Eksterne lenker

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Picromerus bidens: Brief Summary ( Norwegian )

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Picromerus bidens er en tege tilhørende breitegene (Pentatomidae).

Den finnes i det sørlige Norge, langs kysten, til og med Sogn og Fjordane. Den er vanlig sørover i Europa.

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Zbrojec dwuzębny ( Polish )

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Zbrojec dwuzębny (Picromerus bidens) – gatunek owada z rzędu pluskwiaków. Owad o długości ciała 11-14 mm. Żyje na drzewach liściastych. Żywi się głównie gąsienicami motyli. Larwy są spotykane od maja do lipca, nowe pokolenie owadów dorosłych od czerwca. Zimują owady dorosłe. Występuje na terenie Europy i północnej Azji.

Zobacz też

Przypisy

  1. Picromerus bidens, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).

Bibliografia

  • Helgard Reichholf-Riehm: Owady. Warszawa: Świat książki, 1997, seria: Leksykon przyrodniczy. ISBN 83-7129-567-7.
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Zbrojec dwuzębny: Brief Summary ( Polish )

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 src= Nimfa

Zbrojec dwuzębny (Picromerus bidens) – gatunek owada z rzędu pluskwiaków. Owad o długości ciała 11-14 mm. Żyje na drzewach liściastych. Żywi się głównie gąsienicami motyli. Larwy są spotykane od maja do lipca, nowe pokolenie owadów dorosłych od czerwca. Zimują owady dorosłe. Występuje na terenie Europy i północnej Azji.

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Rjava trnovka ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Cimex bidens Linnaeus, 1758

Rjava trnovka (znanstveno ime Picromerus bidens) je plenilska stenica, ki jo natančneje uvrščamo v družino ščitastih stenic, razširjena po večjem delu Palearktike, od 64º severne zemljepisne širine do Severne Afrike in od Britanskega otočja do Kitajske. Vnešena je bila tudi v Severno Ameriko, verjetno večkrat ločeno.[1] V Sloveniji je razširjena predvsem v zahodnem delu države.[2] Prepoznavna je predvsem po trnih, ki izraščata ob strani oprsja, in razmeroma monotoni rjavi obarvanosti, po čemer je dobila tudi slovensko ime. Napada v glavnem gosenice metuljev, prehranjuje pa se lahko tudi z mnogo drugimi vrstami plena, npr. ličinkami hroščev in rastlinojedih kožekrilcev.[3] Trenutno preučujejo možnost uporabe rjave trnovke za biološki nadzor škodljivcev, predvsem gosenic, ki povzročajo odpadanje listov,[4] vendar je njena uporabnost vprašljiva zaradi raznolikosti plena in počasnega razmnoževanja.[5]

Živi v vlažnih in suhih gozdovih ter grmovju; najraje ima gosto zarasla območja z olesenelimi rastlinami, najti pa jo je mogoče tudi na zelnatih rastlinah.[3]

Za razvojni krog te vrste v zmernem pasu je značilno, da ima na leto samo eno generacijo. To je posledica tega, da samice poleti ne izlegajo jajčec. To prepreči da bi se ličinke izlegle jeseni, ko bi imele premalo časa da dovolj zrastejo da bi lahko preživele zimo. Jeseni izlegla jajčeca namreč pozimi mirujejo, določeno obdobje mraza je potrebno da se jajčeca sploh pričnejo razvijati ob otoplitvi, kar zagotovi da se ličinke izležejo spomladi. Vendar pa se del ličink lahko razvije iz jajčec tudi brez mraza in take ličinke bi poginile če bi samica izlegla jajčeca poleti.[1] V kontroliranih pogojih so ugotovili, da morajo jajčeca mirovati vsaj en mesec na temperaturi blizu ledišča preden se lahko razvoj nadaljuje. Po izvalitvi iz jajčeca gre žival skozi pet stadijev ličinke, vsak izmed katerih traja približno en teden (odvisno tudi od temperature - ).[6]

Viri

  1. 1,0 1,1 Musolin D.L. & Saulich A.H. (2000). "Summer dormancy ensures univoltinism in the predatory bug Picromerus bidens". Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 95 (3): 259–267. doi:10.1046/j.1570-7458.2000.00665.x.
  2. Gogala A. Picromerus bidens. Heteroptera of Slovenia. Prirodoslovni muzej Slovenije.
  3. 3,0 3,1 Larivière M.C. & Larochelle A. (1989). »Picromerus bidens (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) in North America, with a world review of distribution and bionomics«. Entomological News 100: 133-145.
  4. Mahdian K. s sod. (2006). "Effects of temperature on predation by the stinkbugs Picromerus bidens and Podisus maculiventris (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) on noctuid caterpillars". Bulletin of Entomological Research 96: 489–496. doi:10.1079/BER2006450.
  5. Javahery M. (1986). "Biology and ecology of Picromerus bidens (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in southeastern Canada.". Entomological News 97 (3): 87–98.
  6. Mahdian K. s sod. (2008). »Development of the predatory pentatomid Picromerus bidens (L.) ar various constant temperatures«. Belg. J. Zool. 138(2): 135-139.

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Rjava trnovka: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Rjava trnovka (znanstveno ime Picromerus bidens) je plenilska stenica, ki jo natančneje uvrščamo v družino ščitastih stenic, razširjena po večjem delu Palearktike, od 64º severne zemljepisne širine do Severne Afrike in od Britanskega otočja do Kitajske. Vnešena je bila tudi v Severno Ameriko, verjetno večkrat ločeno. V Sloveniji je razširjena predvsem v zahodnem delu države. Prepoznavna je predvsem po trnih, ki izraščata ob strani oprsja, in razmeroma monotoni rjavi obarvanosti, po čemer je dobila tudi slovensko ime. Napada v glavnem gosenice metuljev, prehranjuje pa se lahko tudi z mnogo drugimi vrstami plena, npr. ličinkami hroščev in rastlinojedih kožekrilcev. Trenutno preučujejo možnost uporabe rjave trnovke za biološki nadzor škodljivcev, predvsem gosenic, ki povzročajo odpadanje listov, vendar je njena uporabnost vprašljiva zaradi raznolikosti plena in počasnega razmnoževanja.

Živi v vlažnih in suhih gozdovih ter grmovju; najraje ima gosto zarasla območja z olesenelimi rastlinami, najti pa jo je mogoče tudi na zelnatih rastlinah.

Za razvojni krog te vrste v zmernem pasu je značilno, da ima na leto samo eno generacijo. To je posledica tega, da samice poleti ne izlegajo jajčec. To prepreči da bi se ličinke izlegle jeseni, ko bi imele premalo časa da dovolj zrastejo da bi lahko preživele zimo. Jeseni izlegla jajčeca namreč pozimi mirujejo, določeno obdobje mraza je potrebno da se jajčeca sploh pričnejo razvijati ob otoplitvi, kar zagotovi da se ličinke izležejo spomladi. Vendar pa se del ličink lahko razvije iz jajčec tudi brez mraza in take ličinke bi poginile če bi samica izlegla jajčeca poleti. V kontroliranih pogojih so ugotovili, da morajo jajčeca mirovati vsaj en mesec na temperaturi blizu ledišča preden se lahko razvoj nadaljuje. Po izvalitvi iz jajčeca gre žival skozi pet stadijev ličinke, vsak izmed katerih traja približno en teden (odvisno tudi od temperature - ).

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Spetsrovbärfis ( Swedish )

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Spetsrovbärfis (Picromerus bidens) tillhör familjen bärfisar.

Kännetecken

Spetsrovbärfis har en längd på mellan 10 och 13 millimeter. Den känns lätt igen på halssköldens spetsiga hörn och de gulröda antennerna.

 src=
Spetsrovbärfis suger ut en fjärilslarv

Levnadssätt

Spetsrovbärfisen lever på att suga ut insekter, främst bladbaggar men även andra skalbaggar, fjärilslarver, växtstekellarver och skalbaggslarver. De yngre larverna lever dock på att suga växtsafter. Till skillnad mot nästan alla andra bärfisar så övervintrar spetsbärfisen som ägg och inte som fullvuxna. De fullvuxna djuren ses från början av juli. Honan lägger ägg på trädstammar eller blad.

Utbredning

Spetsrovbärfis finns i större delen av den palearktiska regionen. Den förekommer allmänt i hela Sverige utom i fjällen.

Referenser

  • Coulianos, Carl-Cedric (2012). Bärfisar i Sverige - en fälthandbok. Entomologiska föreningen i Stockholm. ISBN 978-91-978881-1-0

Externa länkar

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Spetsrovbärfis: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

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Spetsrovbärfis (Picromerus bidens) tillhör familjen bärfisar.

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