Comments
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Except for the Suwanee River valley in Florida, Ulmus crassifolia has not been found east of Webster County, Mississippi. It hybridizes with U . serotina .
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Description
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Trees , 24-27 m; crowns rounded to narrow. Bark light brown with shallow ridges and large plates. Wood hard. Branches often with opposite corky wings; twigs reddish brown, pubescent. Buds brown, apex acute, pubescent; scales dark brown, shiny, glabrous. Leaves: petiole ca. 1.5 mm, pubescent. Leaf blade ovate to elliptic, 2.5-5 × 1.3-2 cm, base oblique or rounded to cuneate, margins crenate to doubly serrate, apex obtuse; surfaces abaxially softly pubescent, adaxially harshly pubescent. Inflorescences fascicles, 2-5-flowered, 0.5 cm; pedicel 0.75-1 cm. Flowers: calyx deeply lobed, more than 1/2 its length, lobes 6-9, hairy; stamens 5-6, anthers reddish purple; stigmas white, pubescent, exserted and spreading. Samaras green to tan, elliptic to oval, ca. 0.75-1. cm, pubescent, margins ciliate, cilia ca. 0.5 mm. Seeds somewhat thickened, not inflated. 2 n = 28.
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Distribution
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Ark., Fla., La., Miss., Okla., Tenn., Tex.; n Mexico.
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Flowering/Fruiting
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Flowering late summer-early fall.
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Habitat
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Stream banks, low woods, low hillsides, roadsides, waste places; sometimes shade trees; 0-500m.
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Associated Forest Cover
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On dry limestone hills of the central Texas "cedar brakes,"
cedar elm can be found with Ashe juniper (Juniperus ashei),
live oak (Quercus virginiana), hackberry (Celtis
occidentalis), Shumard oak (Quercus shumardii),
Mohr oak (Q. mohriana), and Durand oak (Q.
durandii). On the floodplains of major rivers, cedar elm is a
minor component of the following forest cover types (6):
Sweetgum-Willow Oak (Society of American Foresters Type 92),
Sugarberry-American Elm-Green Ash (Type 93) and Overcup Oak-Water
Hickory (Type 96).
In addition, a variant of Cedar Elm-Water Oak-Willow Oak (Type 92)
is found on low, indistinct or flattened first bottom ridges with
poorly drained soils. The variant is also of minor importance on
some impervious terrace sites, amounting to high shallow flats.
Other common associates are pecan (Carya illinoensis), eastern
cottonwood (Populus deltoides), red maple (Acer
rubrum), waterlocust (Gleditsia aquatica), honeylocust
(G. triacanthos), persimmon (Diospyros uirginiana),
laurel oak (Quercus laurifolia), water oak (Q.
nigra), winged elm (Ulmus alata), blackgum (Nyssa
sylvatica), boxelder (Acer negundo), and (rarely)
baldcypress (Taxodium distichum).
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Climate
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Cedar elm grows mainly in the Gulf Coastal Plain, which has
relatively mild temperatures throughout the year. The average
January temperature in the region is 8° C (46° F).
Oklahoma and Arkansas average 5° C (41° F), while
temperatures sometimes reach 17° C (63° F) in
southernmost Texas. The average July temperature is 28° C
(82° F) (17).
The five main States in which cedar elm is found have an average
annual rainfall of 1140 mm (45 in). South Texas averages 460 mm
(18 in), while eastern and central Louisiana receive an average
annual rainfall of 1470 mm (58 in). The average number of days
without a killing frost is 236. All of the States have a minimum
growing season of 220 days.
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Damaging Agents
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Cedar elm is susceptible to the Dutch elm
disease caused by the fungus Ceratocystis ulmi, which is
carried chiefly by the native elm bark beetle (Hylurgopinus
rufipes) and also by the smaller European elm bark beetle
(Scolytus multistriatus). The disease does not seem to be as
harmful to cedar elm as to the American elm (Ulmus americana).
The offspring of U. crassifolia x parvifolia
crosses indicated an apparent increase in disease resistance
(14).
A vascular wilt easily confused with Dutch elm disease and harmful
to cedar elm is caused by Ceratocystis ulmi. Again, cedar elm is
not as susceptible to the disease as is American elm. In
Mississippi, only 8.5 percent of 25 large trees 18 cm (7 in) in
d.b.h. and larger and 1 percent of 132 small trees 15 cm (6 in)
in d.b.h. and smaller were affected by the disease, as opposed to
37 percent of the large and 5.7 percent of the small American
elms (8).
Cedar elm also has been found fairly resistant to Texas root rot
(Phymatotrichum omnivorum) (9), but only slightly
resistant or nonresistant to heartwood decay caused by several
species of Fomes and Polyporus (18). The symptoms of elm phloem
necrosis caused by the mycoplasmalike organism Morsus ulmi have
been suppressed in American and cedar elm by injections of
tetracycline antibiotic (7).
In Texas, Spanish moss (Tilliandsia usneoides) frequently
drapes the branches of cedar elm; it weakens the branches and may
kill the tree (15).
The elm leaf beetle (Pyrrhalta luteola) is hosted by all
species of elm throughout the United States, but it causes only
occasional, slight damage to cedar elm (1).
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Flowering and Fruiting
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Cedar elm flowers from August to
September and fruit ripens from September to October (19).
However, flowering dates have been reported as early as July and
fruiting as late as November (20). When flowers appear in August,
fruit ripens in September, and then a second flowering and
fruiting may occur in October and November, respectively (15).
Flowers are in fascicles of three to five on slender, pubescent
pedicels 8 to 13 mm (0.31 to 0.51 in) long, located in the axils
of the leaves. The hairy, red-to-green calyx is divided beyond
the middle into four to eight equal and acute lobes, and the
stamen is composed of five or six slender filaments and reddish
purple anthers. Flowers are perfect (19).
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Genetics
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Open pollinated hybrids between Chinese elm (Ulmus parvifolia)
and cedar elm (U. crassifolia) have been recorded (14).
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Growth and Yield
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Cedar elm is classified as a medium to
large tree. Reports of height at maturity range from 6 m (20 ft)
in the Edwards Plateau of Texas to near 30 m (98 ft) (2,4). The
national champion big tree from Limestone County, TX, is 28.7 m
(94 ft) tall. Mature trees average approximate 90 cm (36 in) in
d.b.h.
Cedar elm has an unusual cross-section that may be triangular,
almost square, or deeply irregularly scalloped. The annual growth
rings are very indistinct. Thus there may be considerable error
in estimating the average growth rate (3). In the early 1950's
the Southern Forest Experiment Station estimated a volume of
about 5.7 million m³ (1 billion fbm) in the total United
States area (4).
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Reaction to Competition
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The literature contains no
information on tolerance of cedar elm to vegetative competition
or tolerance to shade, drought, or other physiological stresses.
Observation of seedlings and of crown class, however, strongly
suggests that cedar elm should be classed as intermediate in
tolerance to shade.
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Rooting Habit
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The tree is relatively shallow rooted in
early life. It is resistant to root pruning in the nursery. In
later life the trees are moderately tolerant of soil compaction
or disturbance of the root systems (21).
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Seed Production and Dissemination
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The green fruit, or
samara, is oblong and flattened, deeply notched at the apex, 6 to
13 mm (0.25 to 0.5 in) long, and pubescent, especially along the
margins. The seed within is unsymmetrical, acute, and covered
with a dark chestnut-brown coat. Cleaned seeds average 147,700/kg
(67,000/lb). Dissemination is by wind and germination occurs the
following spring.
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Seedling Development
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Air-dried seeds may be stored at 4°
C (39° F) for at least I year. Stratification at 5° C
(41° F) for 60 to 90 days before sowing can improve
germination. The seeds should be covered with soil about 5 mm
(0.2 in) deep. Germination is epigeal. Approximately 5 to 12
percent of the viable seed produce plantable stock (19). The
seedlings can usually be outplanted after one growing season in
the nursery.
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Special Uses
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The seeds are part of the diet of several bird species. In south
Texas, 10 percent of the diet of the plain chachalaca consists of
cedar elm seeds (11). Wild turkey in Texas use elm seeds and buds
for 5 to 10 percent of their diet (12). In addition, squirrels
eat the buds.
Cedar elm is frequently planted as an ornamental shade tree in
Oklahoma and Texas (21).
Cedar elm flowers about the same time as the ragweeds and is known
to cause or to complicate later summer hayfever (5).
The wood is known for its great strength and exceptionally good
shock resistance. Its specific gravity and shrinkage are quite
similar to those of rock elm (Ulmus thomasii) (4).
Because their wood is anatomically similar, cedar elm, rock elm,
winged elm, and September elm (U. serotina) are all
classified as "rock elm." They are most easily
distinguished by differences in the ultraviolet fluorescence of
the aqueous extracts of the heartwood (16).
Because of its similarity to rock elm, cedar elm can be used as a
substitute for rock elm (4). It is most suitable for the
manufacturing of furniture and fence posts. The wood also is
excellent for steam bending and therefore is used to make
containers such as boxes, baskets, crates, and barrels. Other
products made from the wood include caskets and dairy, poultry,
and apiary supplies.
Cedar elm leaves can be used as indicators of the severity of air
pollution. The sulfate content of leaf samples shows the
long-term exposure to sulfur dioxide, which is related to overall
pollution levels (13).
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Vegetative Reproduction
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Cedar elm is commonly grown from
seed. Though no reference is made to species in the literature,
cedar elm can probably be propagated vegetatively like other elms
by layering, air-layering, and from greenwood cuttings.
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Brief Summary
provided by Silvics of North America
Ulmaceae -- Elm family
John J. Stransky and Sylvia M. Bierschenk
Cedar elm (Ulmus crassifolia) grows rapidly to medium or
large size in the Southern United States and northeastern Mexico,
where it may sometimes be called basket elm, red elm, southern
rock elm, or olmo (Spanish). It usually is found on moist,
limestone soils along water courses with other bottomland trees,
but it also grows on dry limestone hills. The wood is very
strong; the lumber is mixed with other southern elm species and
sold as rock elm. Its seeds are eaten by several species of
birds. Within its range, cedar elm is often planted as an
ornamental shade tree. It has the smallest leaves of any native
elm and is one of two that flower in the fall.
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Distribution
provided by Silvics of North America
Cedar elm can be found from extreme southwestern Tennessee,
Arkansas, and eastern and southern Oklahoma; south to central and
southern Texas into the adjacent northeastern Mexican states of
Nuevo Leon and Tamaulipas (15); and east to Louisiana and western
Mississippi. There is an isolated population in northern Florida
(5,10).
-The native range of Cedar elm.
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Ulmus crassifolia
provided by wikipedia EN
Ulmus crassifolia Nutt., the Texas cedar elm or simply cedar elm, is a deciduous tree native to south-central North America, mainly in southern and eastern Texas, southern Oklahoma, Arkansas, and Louisiana, with small populations in western Mississippi, southwest Tennessee, and north-central Florida;[2] it also occurs in northeastern Mexico.[3][4] It is the most common elm tree in Texas. The tree typically grows well in flat valley bottom areas referred to as cedar elm flats. The common name cedar elm is derived from the trees' association with juniper trees, locally known as cedars.[5]
Description
The cedar elm is a medium to large deciduous tree growing to 24–27 m tall with a rounded crown. The leaves are small, 2.5–5 cm long by 1.3–2 cm broad, with an oblique base, and distinguish it from Ulmus serotina with which it readily hybridizes in the wild. Leaf fall is late, often in early winter. The wind-pollinated apetalous perfect flowers are produced in the late summer or early fall; they are small and inconspicuous, with a reddish-purple color, and hang on slender stalks a third to a half inch long. The fruit is a small winged samara 8–10 mm long, downy on both surfaces at first, maturing quickly after the flowering in late fall.[6][7][8]
U. crassifolia foliage, Botanischer Garten, Berlin-Dahlem
Pests and diseases
Cedar elm is susceptible to Dutch elm disease (DED), though less so than American elm, and moderately damaged by the elm leaf beetle Xanthogaleruca luteola. The tree also suffers from a vascular wilt, the symptoms often confused with those of DED.
Cedar elms are very susceptible to mistletoe. Mistletoe is a parasite that roots itself into the vascular system of the tree, thus stealing valuable nutrients and water. In some cases, if not removed, the parasite can be devastating to large sections of trees and even fatal. They create club-like branches that die out at the ends. These "club" branches create openings for future pests such as the elm beetles and carpenter ants. No treatments are known to be safe enough to kill mistletoe without killing the tree. Removing the mistletoe manually is not a guarantee, but it is the best-known method for control.
Cedar elms are known to be highly immune to Texas root rot caused by the fungus Phymatotrichopsis omnivora. Because of this, it is usually planted in regions where P. omnivora is prevalent, since the closely related lacebark elm is highly susceptible and easily killed by the fungus.
Cultivation
U. crassifolia is extremely rare in cultivation in Europe[8] and Australasia.[9] Specimens were supplied by the Späth nursery of Berlin from the late 19th century.[10] Henry (1913) and Bean (1988) note that it does not thrive in northern Europe, where the branchlets often die back.[8][11] Three trees supplied by Späth to the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh in 1902 as U. crassifolia may survive in Edinburgh, as it was the practice of the garden to distribute trees about the city (viz. the Wentworth elm).[12]
Notable trees
The US national champion, measuring 37 m high in 2001, grows in the Meeman-Shelby Forest State Park, Tennessee.[13][1]
Cultivars
Hybrids
Accessions
North America
-
Arnold Arboretum, US. Acc. nos. 511–2002, 758–86, both wild collected
-
Chicago Botanic Garden, US. No details available.
-
Bartlett Tree Experts, US. Acc. no. 90–1243, unrecorded provenance.
-
Morton Arboretum, US. Acc. no. 385–68,[14] 14-86
-
New York Botanical Garden, US. Acc. no. 79617, unrecorded provenance.
-
U S National Arboretum,[15] Washington, D.C., US. Acc. no. 37834
Europe
Australasia
- Manukau Cemetery & Crematorium, Auckland, New Zealand. No details available.
Nurseries
North America
Widely available
Europe
Australasia
None known.
References
-
^ Barstow, M. (2017). "Ulmus crassifolia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T61966946A61966949. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T61966946A61966949.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
-
^ "Map: Ulmus crassifolia". Efloras.org. Retrieved 2013-09-01.
-
^ Todzia, C. A. & Panero, J. L. (2006). A new species of Ulmus (Ulmaceae) from southern Mexico and a synopsis of the species in Mexico. Brittonia, Vol 50, (3): 346
-
^ Todzia, Carol A.; Panero, José L. (1998). "A New Species of Ulmus (Ulmaceae) from Southern Mexico and a Synopsis of the Species in Mexico". Brittonia. 50 (3): 343–347. doi:10.2307/2807778. JSTOR 2807778. S2CID 21320752.
-
^ "The many beneficial traits of cedar elm". 22 February 2011.
-
^ "Ulmus crassifolia in Flora of North America @". Efloras.org. Retrieved 2013-09-01.
-
^ "Plants Profile for Ulmus crassifolia (cedar elm)". Plants.usda.gov. Retrieved 2013-09-01.
-
^ a b c Elwes, H. J. & Henry, A. (1913). The Trees of Great Britain & Ireland, Vol. VII, p.1929. Republished 2004 Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9781108069380
-
^ Wilcox, Mike; Inglis, Chris (2003). "Auckland's elms" (PDF). Auckland Botanical Society Journal. Auckland Botanical Society. 58 (1): 38–45.
-
^ Späth, L., Catalogue 104 (1899–1900; Berlin), p.133
-
^ Bean, W. J. (1988) Trees and shrubs hardy in Great Britain, 8th edition, Murray, London
-
^ Accessions book. Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. 1902. pp. 45, 47.
-
^ American Forests. (2012). The 2012 National Register of Big Trees.
-
^ "Ulmus crassifolia at Morton Arboretum". Cirrusimage.com. 2010-05-06. Retrieved 2013-09-14.
-
^ Ramon Jordan. "US National Arboretum". Usna.usda.gov. Retrieved 2013-09-01.
-
^ "English". Arboretum-waasland.be. Retrieved 2013-09-01.
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Ulmus crassifolia: Brief Summary
provided by wikipedia EN
Ulmus crassifolia Nutt., the Texas cedar elm or simply cedar elm, is a deciduous tree native to south-central North America, mainly in southern and eastern Texas, southern Oklahoma, Arkansas, and Louisiana, with small populations in western Mississippi, southwest Tennessee, and north-central Florida; it also occurs in northeastern Mexico. It is the most common elm tree in Texas. The tree typically grows well in flat valley bottom areas referred to as cedar elm flats. The common name cedar elm is derived from the trees' association with juniper trees, locally known as cedars.
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