Botanical description: This description covers characteristics that may be relevant to fire ecology and is not meant for identification. Keys for identification are available (e.g., [14,17,56,79]).
Aboveground description: Sacred bamboo is an evergreen, glabrous shrub, growing to about 7 feet (2 m) tall, with relatively slender, unbranched or few-branched stems [26]. It grows in multistemmed clumps (review by [39]), superficially resembling bamboo (Tribe Bambuseae) (review by [50]). Sacred bamboo plants in northern Florida had 1 to 11 stems [12].
Sacred bamboo leaves are approximately 20 inches (50 cm) long and 30 inches (80 cm) wide, compound, alternate, somewhat lacy, and closely arranged near the ends of stems or branches [26]. Flowers are white to pinkish, borne in terminal clusters (review by [50]). Sacred bamboo fruits are red to purplish berries, each containing 1 to 3 seeds [23].
Sacred bamboo fruit.
Belowground description: Sacred bamboo produces a large root mass ([26], personal communications [44,59]), and 1 review states that it has a substantial taproot [34]. There are accounts of sacred bamboo regenerating from rhizomes ([12,18,26], reviews by [39,45]), though 1 flora states that it does not have rhizomes [23]. See Vegetative regeneration for more information on this topic.
Population density and structure: Most sources document sacred bamboo as occurring in a scattered ([12,21], personal communications [21,29,64,66]) or infrequent ([26,56], personal communications [24,49]) distribution, or as growing in small patches (personal communication [54]). Sacred bamboo was infrequent or rare in descriptions of plant communities in Florida ([25], personal communications [42,49]), North Carolina [60,72], Tennessee (personal communications [21,66]), and Virginia (personal communication [75]). On forested slopes in central Tennessee, approximately 25 individual sacred bamboo plants were scattered over a 1,000 ft² (100 m²) area (personal communication [21]). In a second-growth forest in eastern Tennessee, it was estimated that sacred bamboo covered <1% of the 120-acre (50-ha) forest (personal communication [66]).
High densities of sacred bamboo are not well documented, with most reports coming from managers in Florida. Dense monocultures are noted near early introduction sites in northern Florida [12], particularly at some state parks ([12], review by [39], personal communication [33]). At Three Rivers State Park in the north-central Florida panhandle, sacred bamboo occurred in clumps covering approximately 1 acre (0.4 ha) (personal communication [33]). In the same region at Maclay Gardens State Park, some localized populations of sacred bamboo reached "appreciable densities", with 12 to 24 individuals observable within the field of vision inside intact forest stands (personal communication [64]). One manager reported that sacred bamboo populations in Florida may reach a density of up to hundreds of stems per acre if left untreated (personal communication [43]). Sacred bamboo dominated the understory of floodplain forests in southern Georgia (personal communication [29]), and established in high enough densities to block sunlight to native species in slope woodlands in Texas [55].
Life span: It is not known how long most sacred bamboo plants live. Individual plants near homesites in the southern United States were >100 years old [18].
Sacred bamboo is native to Asia, occurring in India, Japan, and China [23]. It was introduced to North America through cultivation as an ornamental [14,23,50,79] in the early 1800s ([12], review by [5]), escaping cultivation in some areas ([14,26,50,74,79], review by [39]). As of this writing (2009), sacred bamboo has a limited distribution in the southeastern United States, occurring from Texas east to Florida and north to Virginia. Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) data from forests in 12 southern states detected it in forests in 9 states, with highest estimated coverage in forests of Tennessee [51].
Estimated acres covered by sacred bamboo in forests in the southern United States, summed from subplots within each state using the Southern Research Station's FIA database from 15 March 2008 [51]. AL AR FL GA KY LA MS NC SC TN TX VA 4,553 470 82 191 0 4,966 1,008 0 674 9,237 1,233 0Because sacred bamboo occurs in plant communities other than forests inventoried by the Southern Research Station, overall state distributional patterns likely differ from those suggested from these data. Plants Database provides a distribution map of sacred bamboo.
Preventing postfire establishment and spread: The little information available regarding sacred bamboo and fire suggests that postfire establishment and spread is likely in areas with existing populations of sacred bamboo, either via vegetative regeneration or by seed. It is likely that top-killed sacred bamboo will sprout following fire (personal communication [33]), though managers should be aware that sprouting after damage may not occur for at least a year (personal communication [49]). Sacred bamboo seedlings from on-site sources may emerge soon after fire (personal communication [33]), though it may be possible for on-site seeds to germinate up to a year following fire because seeds exhibit dormancy ([12], review by [39]). Observations of sacred bamboo taking 18 months to several years to mature ([12], review by [65], personal communication [49]) suggest that managers may have time to eradicate establishing plants prior to new seed production.
It is possible that sacred bamboo may establish in new areas after fire; sacred bamboo seeds may be carried long distances from off-site sources by birds ([52], reviews by [5,34,39], personal communication [43]) or mammals (reviews by [5,39], personal communication [43]).
Because of the potential of delayed response, careful monitoring and follow-up is suggested to reduce the likelihood of sacred bamboo establishment and spread after fire. Preventing invasive plants from establishing in weed-free burned areas is the most effective and least costly management method. This may be accomplished through early detection and eradication, careful monitoring and follow-up, and limiting dispersal of invasive plant seed into burned areas. General recommendations for preventing postfire establishment and spread of invasive plants include:
For more detailed information on these topics see the following publications: [2,6,28,69].
Use of prescribed fire as a control agent: Because there is no published information (2009) regarding the use of fire to control sacred bamboo, the suggestions made in this section should be considered speculative. Observations from northern Florida suggest that repeated fire treatments and follow-up removal of seedlings may be effective in controlling sacred bamboo populations; few sacred bamboo plants were found in an area where surface growth was burned 3 times between 2005 and 2009 and seedlings were killed by managers (personal communication [33]).
It seems likely that the use of prescribed fire without follow-up removal of seedlings would promote sacred bamboo populations, as conditions following prescribed fire seem to favor the emergence of sacred bamboo seedlings (personal communication [33]). However, it is not clear how long seedlings would persist in open conditions; light experiments demonstrated that sacred bamboo seedlings experienced limited growth and potential photoinjury when exposed to >50% light conditions [12]. This topic warrants further study.
Fuels: As of this writing (2009) fuel characteristics of sacred bamboo have not been documented. Fuel characteristics of plant communities could potentially be altered in areas where sacred bamboo establishes in densities and/or growth patterns differing from those of native vegetation, such as where it develops in dense stands ([12,55], review by [39], personal communications [29,33]) or dominates the understory (personal communication [40]). In northern Florida, sacred bamboo was capable of forming a dense, evergreen shrub layer in what was normally an open understory, increasing leaf area index and decreasing percent canopy openness [12].
FIRE REGIMES: It is not known what type of FIRE REGIMES sacred bamboo is best adapted to. Several managers from Florida reported that sacred bamboo occurred in plant communities where fire is infrequent and not a major factor affecting plant community development (personal communications [42,43,49,64]). The Fire Regime Table suggests that plant communities where sacred bamboo establishes tend to experience surface or low-severity fire, though fire-return intervals vary among plant communities. The impacts of sacred bamboo on these FIRE REGIMES is unknown. Find further fire regime information for the plant communities in which this species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under "Find FIRE REGIMES".
Sacred bamboo germination is difficult to induce under artificial conditions (review by [39]). In germination trials, neither treatment with gibberellic acid nor warm stratification improved sacred bamboo seed germination. Cold stratification improved germination rates and shortened germination time [16]. A horticultural handbook states that application of chloroform and leaching broke dormancy in seeds [53]. Sacred bamboo seeds collected in March, April, and May in Georgia exhibited 70% to 80% germination after 6 to 8 weeks [18].
One manager reported sacred bamboo seedlings as the first plants to emerge after prescribed fire in northern Florida (personal communication [33]), suggesting that some aspect of postfire conditions promotes sacred bamboo germination. See Plant response to fire for more information.
General Sacred bamboo occupies several site types. It commonly occurs near human habitations ([20,23,26,50]), roads [19,47], or ruderal areas [14,60], and may spread from these locations into native plant communities (personal communication [33]).
Floras report sacred bamboo occupying woodlands [13,23,26,56], secondary woods [14], and sandy woods [17], as well as floodplains [14,23] or wet, disturbed hammocks [23,79]. See Habitat types and plant communities for specific descriptions of plant communities where sacred bamboo occurs.
Elevation: In the United States, sacred bamboo occurs from 0 to 2,200 feet (0-660 m) [23].
Soil: A review reports that sacred bamboo tolerates a wide range of soil characteristics but prefers moist, well-drained soil [5]. A manual to woody landscaping plants reports that sacred bamboo prefers moist, fertile soil [18]. Reports from Texas suggest that sacred bamboo prefers "reasonably rich" soil and does not thrive in sand (review by [65]), though one flora reports that it occupies sandy woods in north-central Texas [17]. Sites in northern Florida with high densities of sacred bamboo had calcareous, clay-rich, acidic sand, and/or fine sandy loam soils, with pH ranging from 4.5 to 8 [12].
Field trials in California demonstrated that sacred bamboo exhibits some degree of salt tolerance; sacred bamboo plants tolerated water with high salt concentrations when water was applied using drip irrigation, but application with a sprinkler caused chlorosis and leaf loss [78].
Topography: In Florida, sacred bamboo frequently occurs around limestone outcroppings (personal communication [43]) or rocky outcrops (personal communication [3]). It also established on wet slopes and ravines in north and north-central Florida (personal communication [41]) and slope woodlands in central Texas [55].
Climate: At sites in northern Florida with high densities of sacred bamboo, mean annual temperature ranged from 67.1 °F to 71.1 °F (19.5 °C-21.7 °C), and mean annual rainfall ranged from 1,330 mm to 1,600 mm [12].
Experiments in New Zealand with sacred bamboo cultivars 'Pygmaea' and 'Fire Power' reported frost hardiness temperatures of 18 °F (-8 °C) and lethal temperatures of 7 °F (-14 °C) [61]. A review reports that sacred bamboo foliage tolerates temperatures as low as 1 °F (-17 °C) and stem loss does not occur until -11 °F (-24 °C). Drought in northern Florida may have caused sacred bamboo to abort inflorescences [12], and cold weather in Washington, DC, top-killed ornamental plants, though they later sprouted from roots [15]. Ornamental plants in Connecticut, Ohio, and Kentucky were considered "dieback" shrubs. One ornamental plant in Louisville, Kentucky was top-killed following temperatures as low as -24 °F (-31 °C) in January but sprouted and grew 3 feet (1 m) tall by September [18].
Impacts: Several sources report that sacred bamboo may replace native species ([12,55], reviews by [34,39,45,65], personal communications [3,43,59,64]), though some managers report that native plant exclusion has not occurred as of 2009 ([21], personal communications [33,54,59,66]).
Sacred bamboo may impact several species of concern, particularly in Florida. In upland mixed forest plant communities at Florida Caverns State Park, sacred bamboo poses a threat to species listed as endangered in Florida, including spoonshape Barbara's buttons (Marshallia obovata), Flyr's nemesis (Brickellia cordifolia), cream ticktrefoil (Desmodium ochroleucum), and spiked crested coralroot (Hexalectris spicata). In calcareous bluff plant communities in Florida, sacred bamboo may potentially exclude the state-endangered red columbine (Aquilegia canadensis), mayapple (Podophyllum peltatum), eastern false rue anemone (Enemion biternatum), Allegheny-spurge (Pachysandra procumbens), and the rare oakleaf hydrangea (Hydrangea quercifolia) (personal communication [3]). In Tom Brown Park, Florida, sacred bamboo may prevent regeneration and growth of the state-endangered October lady's tresses (Spiranthes ovalis var. ovalis) orchid, which prefers open understory conditions [12]. Sacred bamboo also occurs around limestone outcroppings in Florida, where it competes with and may shade out rare natives such as the Marianna columbine (A. canadensis var. australis) and eastern false rue anemone (personal communication [43]). In Tennessee, sacred bamboo occurred in a late-successional ravine plant community with the federally threatened largeflower skullcap (Scutellaria montana), though as of 2009, sacred bamboo was not established to an extent that it was excluding other understory plants (personal communication [21]).
Control: In all cases where invasive species are targeted for control, no matter what method is employed, the potential for other invasive species to fill their void must be considered [7]. Control of biotic invasions is most effective when it employs a long-term, ecosystem-wide strategy rather than a tactical approach focused on battling individual invaders [46].
Sacred bamboo exhibits several characteristics that may complicate control efforts. A manual to woody landscaping plants reports that "once established they are forever, possibly one of the most durable broadleaf evergreens" [18]. Extensive root systems (review by [65], personal communications [24,44,64]) may make removal difficult, particularly as sacred bamboo may sprout following damage or treatment ([15,18], review by [5], personal communications [24,49,59]), with sprouting potentially delayed as long as a year (personal communication [49]). Sacred bamboo also produces abundant seed crops (personal communication [41]), and seeds may remain on plants for several months (review by [45]) or remain dormant in the soil for at least a year ([12], review by [39]). Seedlings may also be abundant (personal communication [33]). Individual plants may be difficult to locate amidst other vegetation or topographical features (personal communications [3,33,43,64]). Consequently, some managers recommend that search efforts take place in winter, when the evergreen leaves and bright berries of sacred bamboo are readily visible (personal communications [3,43]).
One manager suggested that control measures are temporary and may even promote sacred bamboo, as sprouting from extensive root systems may allow it to "rebound" more quickly than surrounding native vegetation (personal communication [44]). Managers suggest that revisitation and follow-up treatments are often necessary to effectively control sacred bamboo (personal communications [24,33,41,49,59,64]).
Fire: For information on the use of prescribed fire to control this species, see Fire Management Considerations.
Prevention: One of the easiest ways to prevent future establishment and spread of sacred bamboo is to avoid planting it. Sacred bamboo is 1 of the 3 most commercially valuable plants to nursery operators in Florida [4]. In 2004, the maximum annual sales of sacred bamboo reported by a single grower was $30,000, while the mean annual sales for 141 Florida nurseries was $3,200 [77]. Sacred bamboo cultivars that do not produce seed (review by [45]), viable seed [12], or bird-dispersed fruit (review by [39]) may be suitable alternatives for ornamental growers. In Texas, suggested alternatives to sacred bamboo include Texas barometer bush (Leucophyllum frutescens), wild crapemyrtle (Malpighia glabra), autumn sage (Salvia greggi), and doctorbush (Plumbago scandens) (review by [65]).
It is commonly argued that the most cost-efficient and effective method of managing invasive species is to prevent their establishment and spread by maintaining "healthy" natural communities [46,58] (e.g., avoid road building in wildlands [68]) and by monitoring several times each year [32]). Managing to maintain the integrity of the native plant community and mitigate the factors enhancing ecosystem invasibility is likely to be more effective than managing solely to control the invader [31].
Weed prevention and control can be incorporated into many types of management plans, including those for logging and site preparation, grazing allotments, recreation management, research projects, road building and maintenance, and fire management [69]. See the Guide to noxious weed prevention practices [69] for specific guidelines in preventing the spread of weed seeds and propagules under different management conditions.
Cultural control:No information is available on this topic (2009).
Physical or mechanical control: Several sources suggest hand-pulling may be effective for controlling sacred bamboo seedlings ([12], review by [34], personal communication [54]) or small populations (review by [45]). In northern Florida, there was no sign of growth or sprouting 360 days after seedlings were hand-pulled [12]. At Three Rivers State Park in the north-central Florida panhandle, hand-pulling was considered the best method for controlling sacred bamboo (personal communication [33]). Digging out large plants may be difficult because of deep taproots (review by [34]), and physical control may be hampered by the potential sprouting of root fragments (reviews by [45,65]). Frequent mowing may be effective at controlling sacred bamboo, though plants may continue to spread rhizomatously (review by [45]).
Because sacred bamboo produces abundant seed crops (personal communication [41]) and seeds remain on the plant for several months, care must be exercised to prevent seed spread and dispersal during the removal process (review by [45]). Ideally, physical or mechanical control should occur before seeds are produced. To prevent spread, seeds should be collected and destroyed (reviews by [38,65]).
Biological control: Biological control of invasive species has a long history that indicates many factors must be considered before using biological controls. Refer to these sources: [71,76] and the Weed control methods handbook [67] for background information and important considerations for developing and implementing biological control programs.
As of this writing (2009) there were no biological control programs identified for the control of sacred bamboo. Sacred bamboo plants are susceptible to scale and mites. Leaf spot diseases often cause lower leaves to drop in humid areas. Such diseases are most severe on plants grown in partial shade where foliage is consistently damp (review by [65]).
Chemical control: Herbicides are effective in gaining initial control of a new invasion or a severe infestation, but they are rarely a complete or long-term solution to weed management [10]. See the Weed control methods handbook [67] for considerations on the use of herbicides in natural areas and detailed information on specific chemicals.
Several sources report that sacred bamboo may be controlled using herbicides ([12], reviews by [5,38], personal communications [3,24,29,41,43,49,59]), though direct application may be time consuming and labor intensive (personal communication [43]). Repeated applications may be necessary in areas with high density (review by [65]) and to prevent sprouting following treatment (personal communications [24,49,59,64]). At Three Rivers State Park, Florida, 1 manager noted that while sacred bamboo stems died back as a result of herbicide application, the root systems were large from many years of past growth and often sent up new stems in the growing season following treatment (personal communication [64]). One year after basal bark herbicide application to sacred bamboo in northern Florida, there was no evidence of sprouting or production of new rhizomes [12].
Several sources recommend herbicide application to cut stems of sacred bamboo (reviews by [34,65], personal communications [24,29,33]), though follow-up treatment may be necessary due to root sprouting following control efforts (personal communication [24]).
Integrated management: No information is available on this topic.
Though sacred bamboo seeds are dispersed by birds and mammals, there is little evidence to suggest that it is an important species for wildlife in North America. Sacred bamboo is poisonous to livestock and other domestic animals.
Palatability and/or nutritional value: Sacred bamboo fruits are edible to birds ([52], reviews by [5,34,39], personal communication [43]) and mammals (reviews by [5,39], personal communication [43]). Fruits contain 42% water and 5% protein, provide 4.42 kcal/g, and have a low pulp to seed ratio [48]. Sacred bamboo leaves collected in Arizona had a protein content of 9.9% [11].
Sacred bamboo foliage and fruit are poisonous to some animals. Sacred bamboo foliage contains cyanogenic glycosides [8,18], which are poisonous to all animals, particularly ruminants [9]. Small amounts of foliage are hazardous to cattle [8], and animals may become comatose 5 to 10 minutes after the first signs of poisoning appear [9]. A puppy had a seizure after eating sacred bamboo foliage [18]. Sacred bamboo berries are toxic to cats and some grazing animals (review by [65]).
Cover value: No information is available on this topic (2009).
Sacred bamboo occurs in several plant communities in the southeastern United States. High densities of sacred bamboo are reported in upland hardwood and upland mixed forests in northern Florida, floodplain forests in Georgia, and slope woodlands in Texas. There is little published information regarding sacred bamboo occurrence, and most information presented here is from individual observations; it is likely that sacred bamboo occurs in plant communities not described here. The following descriptions of plant communities where sacred bamboo occurs are organized by state.
Florida: Several sources describe sacred bamboo in upland hardwood forests in Florida ([12], personal communications [3,42,43]).
Sacred bamboo was frequent in undisturbed and disturbed upland hardwood forests in northern Florida. Undisturbed upland hardwood forests contained southern magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora), southern redcedar
(Juniperus silicicola), water oak (Q. nigra), sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), spruce pine (Pinus glabra), and hickories (Carya spp.). Disturbed upland hardwood forests contained similar overstory species but had a more developed understory, including the nonnative species Chinese privet
(Ligustrum sinense), autumn-olive (Elaeagnus umbellata), and coral ardisia
(Ardisia crenata) [12].
Sacred bamboo also occurs in upland mixed forests in Florida ([12],
personal communications [3,42,64]).
Sacred bamboo occurred in high densities in disturbed upland mixed forests in northern Florida, where dominant overstory species included sweetgum, red maple (Acer rubrum), boxelder (A. negundo), water oak, swamp chestnut oak (Q. michauxii), and Carolina laurelcherry (Prunus caroliniana), with some loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) and longleaf pine (P. palustris). The forest had numerous streams and was frequently flooded [12]. In the same region, sacred bamboo
occurred sporadically with Chinese privet and glossy privet (L. lucidum) in upland mixed forest
(personal communication [3]).
Sacred bamboo also occurs in mesic hammock plant communities in Florida ([25],
personal communications [42,49]). In the north-central
panhandle of Florida, sacred bamboo was infrequent in mesic hammock plant communities with a canopy of live oak
(Q. virginiana), laurel oak (Q. laurifolia), sweetgum, white ash, pignut hickory, and southern magnolia (personal communication [49]). On the Florida panhandle, sacred
bamboo was infrequent in second-growth hammock forests dominated by Darlington oak (Q. hemisphaerica), spruce pine, and American beech (Fagus grandifolia) [25].
Managers in Florida describe sacred bamboo in a variety of other plant communities (personal communications [3,42,43,64]).
Sacred bamboo occurs in slope forest [42,43,64],
seepage slope [42], floodplain forest [3,42],
bottomland forest [64], maritime hammock [42],
and calcareous bluff plant communities [3,43] in Florida.
There are isolated invasive plant inventory records of sacred bamboo occurring in xeric hammock, sandhill, upland pine forest, and mesic flatwood plant communities [42].
Georgia: In southern Georgia, sacred bamboo was dominant
in a floodplain forest and widespread but scattered in most forested areas close to human habitations near Atlanta (personal communication [29]). Sacred bamboo also occurred
in southern mixed hardwood (or hammock) forests along riparian corridors. Species composition and dominance were highly variable, though pines (Pinus spp.), oaks (Quercus spp.), sugarberry
(Celtis laevigata), American elm (Ulmus americana), and sugar maple (A. saccharum) were characteristic species [27]. In southwestern Georgia,
sacred bamboo occurred at old home sites within the longleaf pine-pineland threeawn (Aristida stricta)
plant community [20].
Louisiana: In southeastern Louisiana, sacred bamboo occurred in a shady alluvial forest near a forested wetland (personal communication [21]).
North Carolina: Sacred bamboo occurred infrequently in
urban riparian mixed hardwood forests in central North Carolina. Dominant canopy species included American sycamore
(Platanus occidentalis), red maple (Acer rubrum), yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), sweetgum, oaks, and hickories. Many other nonnative species were present, most notably English ivy
(Hedera helix) and Japanese stiltgrass (Microstegium vimineum)
[72]. In south-central North Carolina, sacred bamboo occurred rarely
in ruderal habitats within longleaf pine-pineland threeawn plant communities [60].
Tennessee: In central Tennessee, sacred bamboo was scattered throughout calcareous oak-hickory-juniper (Juniperus spp.) plant communities on limestone slopes and limestone bluffs. It also occurred in urban thickets surrounding residential areas, as well as open areas (e.g., along fencerows). In eastern Tennessee near Knoxville, sacred bamboo occurred in rocky, shady forests containing acidophilic oaks and hickories, yellow-poplar, and blueberry (Vaccinium sp.) in the understory
(personal communication [21]).
Sacred bamboo was a scattered and infrequent species in the Maryville College Woods, a second-growth forest in eastern Tennessee. Community dominants included southern red oak (Q. falcata), pignut hickory (Carya glabra), mockernut hickory (C. tomentosa), yellow-poplar, black tupelo (Nyssa sylvatica),
and sugar maple, with flowering dogwood (Cornus florida) common in the understory. The forest was
considered heavily disturbed and contained many nonnative species in addition to sacred bamboo (personal communication [66]).
In Tennessee, sacred bamboo occurred in a late-successional, shaded ravine oak-hickory plant community
(personal communication [21]) and was infrequent in
"secondary growth" mixed-hardwood forests
(personal communication [24]).
Texas: Sacred bamboo established in limestone canyonlands
in central Texas, blocking sunlight to other plants in rich, diverse slope woodlands [55].
Virginia In Virginia, sacred bamboo occurred infrequently
in urban forests, with no reports of establishment in rural forests (personal communication [75]).
As of this writing (2009) little information was available regarding favorable conditions for sacred bamboo seedling establishment and plant growth.
Establishment: Several sources report that seedlings are often located in the vicinity of mature plants [12,21,23] or former planting sites ([12,50], personal communications [29,33,64]). One flora notes that mature plants may be found far from areas of cultivation in the southeastern United States [23].
One manager reported sacred bamboo seedlings as the first plants to emerge after prescribed fire in northern Florida, suggesting the potential for sacred bamboo establishment in burned areas. It is not known if seedlings would persist in burned areas because managers killed them soon after emergence (personal communication [33]). See Plant response to fire for more information.
Growth: Sacred bamboo is described as a slow-growing plant [16], with one source suggesting it takes "years" to reach maturity (personal communication [49]). In northern Florida, the growth and structure of sacred bamboo populations varied at 3 upland forest and upland mixed forest sites, though reproductive output, quantified in terms of inflorescences and seedlings near mature plants, was similar [12].
Plant characteristics for wild populations of sacred bamboo plants >12 inches (30 cm) tall at 3 sites in northern Florida [12] Mean stem height (cm)* 91.6 Mean crown width (cm)* 79.4 Mean crown depth (cm)* 46.4 Mean number of stems/plant* 3.1 Mean number of leaves/plant* 5.6 Mean number of seedlings within 25 cm of plant 4.9 Mean number of inflorescences 1.1 *characteristic was significantly different between the 3 sites (P<0.05)Some data suggest that light levels influence sacred bamboo growth. In wild populations in northern Florida, sacred bamboo plants produced wider and thinner leaves in shady sites compared to more open sites. Experiments with sacred bamboo seedlings suggest that high-light conditions (>50% light) limit growth and may cause photoinjury [12]. See Successional status for more information on this topic.
Successional stage and light preference: The few reports of sacred bamboo occurring in native plant communities suggest that it rarely occurs in early succession, as most observations are from mid- to late-successional plant communities. Sacred bamboo occurred in late-successional ravine communities in Tennessee (personal communication [21]) as well as undisturbed upland hardwood forests in northern Florida. It also occurred in disturbed upland hardwood and upland mixed forests in northern Florida [12], second-growth hammock forests on the Florida panhandle [25], and second-growth oak-hickory forest (personal communication [66]) and "secondary" mixed-hardwood forest (personal communication [24]) in Tennessee.
The prevalence of sacred bamboo in mid- and late-successional plant communities may be related to light tolerance. Sacred bamboo occurs in both high and low light conditions. Several sources report sacred bamboo as shade tolerant ([18,21], reviews by [5,39,50,62,65], personal communications [33,43]), occurring under forest canopies (reviews by [50,65], personal communication [43]). In eastern Tennessee near Knoxville, sacred bamboo usually occurred in rocky, shady woods. It was also found in shady alluvial forest in southeastern Louisiana (personal communication [21]). In Florida, sacred bamboo occurred in the understory of upland hardwood forest, slope forest, and bluff plant communities, and was not observed growing in full sun (personal communication [43]).
Though most reports of sacred bamboo describe it as occurring in shady areas, it may grow in full sun ([18], reviews by [39,62,65]), near forest edges (reviews by [5,50,65], personal communication [24]), or in open areas (personal communication [24]) like along fencerows (personal communication [21]).
To examine sacred bamboo's ability to tolerate open conditions and potentially establish in plant communities with high light levels, a series of growth experiments used various light levels to simulate light conditions in several Florida plant communities. Light levels ranged from 8% to 100%. Sacred bamboo plants were able to produce new leaf phenotypes to maximize light capture and photosynthetic rates in response to low-light conditions. Year-old plants acclimated to situations with 8% to 100% light, with photosynthetic capacity increasing as the amount of available light increased (P≤0.05). Year-old plants showed no sign of photoinjury. Seedlings flourished in 8% to 50% light but were unable to acclimate to full sun conditions and may have experienced photoinjury. The results of this experiment suggest that light may limit sacred bamboo seedling establishment and growth in open areas and prairies but not in most other Florida plant communities. Older plants may tolerate high light conditions. Because this study did not address light preferences or other conditions needed for successful germination, the ability of sacred bamboo to establish in native plant communities with different light conditions is not clear [12].
Disturbance: Sacred bamboo may establish in disturbed areas, including disturbed forests ([12,23,79], personal communication [66]), along roadsides [19,47], or in other ruderal areas [14,60]. It is not clear what disturbance processes or characteristics sacred bamboo may respond to.
Sacred bamboo tolerates flooding. Sacred bamboo may occupy floodplain ([12,14,23], reviews by [5,39], personal communications [3,29,42]), bottomland (personal communication [64]), or wetland (review by [1]) sites throughout its North American range, though it was not observed in sites with excessively waterlogged soils north of Tallahassee, Florida (personal communication [64]). Sacred bamboo densities are high in forests in northern Florida where flooding is a common disturbance [12]. One review reported that sacred bamboo withstood flooding for most of one growing season [73]. In California, a sacred bamboo plant survived 37 days of partial submersion to a maximum water depth of 6 inches (15 cm) in the growing season (Harris and others 1975 cited in [73]).
Successional role: Though sacred bamboo may dominate forest understories where it occurs (personal communication [40]) and impact native species ([55], personal communication [64]), it not clear whether or not it would alter successional pathways. In situations where sacred bamboo suppresses native species or prevents their establishment, it is possible that successional pathways may be altered. In some areas where it is established in northern Florida, sacred bamboo formed a dense, evergreen shrub layer in what was normally an open understory and altered light availability to other subcanopy plants. In temperate hardwood and broad-leaved evergreen forests, leaf area index increased and percent canopy openness decreased with the inclusion of sacred bamboo foliage in measurements. The author hypothesized that this alteration in light availability impacted the recruitment and regeneration of native understory species, though she did not study this topic specifically [12]. Also in Florida, one manager reported that much of sacred bamboo's impact on native vegetation appeared to be a preemption of available space and the subsequent prevention of recruitment of native species (personal communication [64]). In slope woodlands in central Texas, the foliage of sacred bamboo blocked sunlight from reaching the woodland floor, suppressing native plant species [55].
Sacred bamboo appears to have the capacity for vegetative regeneration, but the prevalence of this strategy is not well documented. Managers in both Florida (personal communication [49]) and Tennessee (personal communication [21]) observed that reproduction by seed was a much more common and likely form of reproduction than vegetative spread.
Several sources report that sacred bamboo is rhizomatous ([12,18,26], reviews by [39,45]), while 1 flora reports that rhizomes are absent [23]. Sacred bamboo populations in Tennessee did not appear to be rhizomatous, as plants did not appear to be growing in clonal patches and seedlings had no apparent underground connection to mature plants (personal communication [21]).
Several sources suggest that sacred bamboo may regenerate vegetatively by sprouting (review by [5]), particularly from the roots ([12,15], reviews by [50,65], personal communications [24,64]). Root sprouting may occur after control treatments (personal communications [24,64]) or top-kill from freezing temperatures [15,18]. Top-killed sacred bamboo sprouted from the base following winter, spring, and summer prescribed fire treatments in Florida (personal communication [33]) (See Plant response to fire for more information). One manager observed that sprouting may occur a year after damage (personal communication [49]).
In northern Florida, the accumulation of sand and litter around the base of sacred bamboo plants in a flood-prone area caused several plants to form adventitious roots. The author reported that the formation of such roots was not a generally recognized characteristic of sacred bamboo [12].
Nandina domestica ye una especie de parrotal perteneciente a la familia de les berberidáceas.
Ye una especie del xéneru Nandina. Ye nativa del este d'Asia dende l'Himalaya hasta Xapón.
Ye un parrotal erecto qu'algama los 2 metros d'altor con numberosos tarmos ensin cañes que crecen dende'l raigañu. Les fueyes son perennes (delles vegaes caduques en rexones fríes), de 50-100 cm de llargor, bi o tripinnadas con nales individuales de 4-11 cm × 1,5-3 cm. Les fueyes nueves en primavera tán brillantemente coloriaes de rosa o colloráu que darréu se vuelven verdes; les fueyes madures vuelven a el color coloráu o púrpura antes de la so cayida. Les flores son de color blancu que se producen pel branu nuna agrupación cónica sobre la xamasca. El frutu ye una baga de brillosu color coloráu de 5-10 mm de diámetru que cai a finales de seronda y de cutiu caltiense mientres l'iviernu.
Ye llargamente cultivada en xardinos como planta ornamental especialmente en Xapón onde ye bien apreciada. Naturalizóse nel este de Norteamérica.
Nandina domestica ye una especie de parrotal perteneciente a la familia de les berberidáceas.
Ev nandinası (lat. Nandina domestica) — zirinckimilər fəsiləsinin nandina cinsinə aid bitki növü. Cinsin yeganə təmsilçisidir.
Təbiətdə növün arealı Çin və Yaponiyanı əhatə edir. Şimali Amerikada mədəni şəraitdə becərilir.
Hündürlüyü 5-6 m-ə çatan, silindrik, zərif çətirli və düz dayanan, az budaqlanan yan zoğlu həmişəyaşıl ağac və ya koldur. Zoğların qabığı açıq qonur-bənövşəyi, sonradan boz-qonur, uzununa şırımlıdır. Kök sistemi uzun deyil. Tumurcuqların uzunluğu 1 sm, biz, yanlardan yapışıqlı, yaşılımtıl-qonur və ya qırmızımtıl pulcuqlu, paralel damarcıqlıdır. Yarpaqların uzunluğu 30-40 sm olub, budaqların yuxarı hissəsində yığılmışdır, ümumi görünüşü üçkünc, mürəkkəb, cüt olmayan-lələkvaridir. Xırda yarpaqları parlaq, rombvari, lansetvari, ucu biz, uzunluğu 10 sm-dək, eni 2,5 sm olub, tünd-yaşıldır. Payızda qırmızı-qonur və qırmızı olur, yazda qonurlaşır. Saplaqların uzunluğu 10-15 sm, bünövrəsi enli, xırda yarpaqların saplaqlarının uzunluğu isə 1-3 sm-dir. Çiçək qrupunun uzunluğu 20-40 sm olan, uc süpürgədir. Çiçəklərin diametri 6 mm, spiral yerləşmiş 3 sarı-ağ ləçəklər kasayarpaqlarını əmələ gətirir, nektarlıqları 3 və ya 6 ədəddir. Giləmeyvələri parlaq qırmızı, bəzən ağ, diametri 8 mm olub, ucu bizdir. İyun-iyulda çiçəkləyir. Sentyabr-oktyabrda meyvə verir. Oduncağı sarımtıl-qonurdur. Toxumla, kök zoğları, qələmlərlə və calaqla çoxaldılır.
Rütubət və işıqsevən bitkidir. Dağ yamaclarında bitir.
Abşeronda, Gəncədə, Sumqayıtda və digər şəhər və rayonlarda mədəni şəraitdə park və bağlarda becərilir.
Dekorativ bitkidir. Qrup və tək əkinlərdə istifadə edilir.
Ev nandinası (lat. Nandina domestica) — zirinckimilər fəsiləsinin nandina cinsinə aid bitki növü. Cinsin yeganə təmsilçisidir.
Der Himmelsbambus (Nandina domestica), auch Nandine genannt, hat mit Bambus (Unterfamilie der Süßgräser) außer dem Namen nichts zu tun, sondern ist ein Strauch aus der Familie der Berberitzengewächse (Berberidacea). Er ist die einzige Art in der Gattung Nandina in der Unterfamilie Nandinoideae in der monotypischen Tribus Nandineae.[1]
Der Himmelsbambus stammt aus Höhenlagen zwischen 0 und 600 m über Meer in Japan, Zentral-China und Indien. Er ist vor allem an Flussufern und Straßenrändern zu finden. Die Art und ihre Sorten finden als Ziersträucher Verwendung.
Im Süden der USA wird der Himmelsbambus als invasive Pflanze betrachtet.
Der deutsche Name Himmelsbambus bezieht sich auf die häufige Verwendung der Pflanze in Tempelgärten Japans, der wissenschaftliche Name Nandina scheint eine Verballhornung des japanischen Namens (in der lateinischen Version) Nanten Zoku zu sein.
Der Himmelsbambus ist ein immergrüner, unbewehrter Strauch oder Zwergstrauch mit straff aufrechten, kaum verzweigten rohrartigen Zweigen. Er ist mehrstämmig und erreicht Wuchshöhen von bis zu 2–2,5 Meter. Die Laubblätter, beim Austreiben rot, verfärben sich später oberseits frischgrün und unterseits hellgrün; die Herbstfärbung reicht von intensiv Gelb über Orange zu Purpur. Ohne abzufallen, verfärben sich die Blätter im Frühjahr wieder grün.
Die wechselständigen und gestielten, stängelumfassenden Laubblätter sind zwei- bis dreifach gefiedert und 30 bis über 60 cm lang. An den Seitenachsen der 1. bis 3. Ordnung sind Pulvini ausgebildet. Die fast sitzenden, ganzrandigen, ledrigen, kahlen Blättchen sind eiförmig bis elliptisch oder eilanzettlich, spitz bis zugespitzt, stachelspitzig[2] und bis über 9 Zentimeter lang. Nebenblätter sind nicht vorhanden.
Im Sommer (Juni bis Juli) erscheinen die bis zu 35 Zentimeter langen, endständigen, aufrechten und vielblütigen, rispigen Blütenstände. Je gestielter, zwittriger und duftender Blüte mit doppelter Blütenhülle gibt es spiralig an einer zylindrischen Blütenachse angeordnet, in mehreren Kreisen viele Blütenhüllblätter. Es sind viele, rosa bis weiße, ungleiche, nach innen längere, dachige Kelchblätter (bis 30) in mehreren Kreisen und sechs cremefarbene bis weiße, ausladende bis zurückgelegte Kronblätter ausgebildet. Es sind sechs kurze, fast sitzende Staubblätter mit länglichen Antheren und ein oberständiger, einkammeriger Stempel mit kurzem Griffel und kugeliger, geteilter Narbe vorhanden.
Im Herbst werden kugelige, leuchtend rote, glatte und lang haltende Beeren mit Griffelresten sowie 6 bis 9 mm Durchmesser gebildet, die ein bis drei graue bis bräunliche, etwa 4–5 mm große Samen enthalten. Die Pflanze ist giftig.
Die Chromosomenzahl beträgt 2n = 20.[3]
Die Vermehrung erfolgt durch Aussaat oder durch Stecklinge sowie mit Ausläufern.[4]
Der in Mitteleuropa bedingt winterharte Himmelsbambus bevorzugt einen leicht schattigen Standort und fruchtbaren Boden. Grundsätzlich gedeiht er aber auch an einem sonnigen Standort. Problematisch ist nur die Wintersonne bei strengem Frost. Er wird selten als Freilandpflanze, öfter als Kübelpflanze gehalten. Insbesondere im Oberrheintal oder in Weinbaugebieten ist ein Auspflanzen jedoch kein Problem, da er bis −15 Grad durchaus tolerieren kann.
Es sgibt einige Zuchtformen, etwa 40.[5]
Die Sorte 'Nana' ist ein Zwergform des Strauchs, deren Blätter sich im Herbst und Winter scharlachrot bis tiefrot verfärben. Sie ist auch unter den Namen 'Compacta' oder 'Pygmaea' bekannt.
'Firepower' ('Fire Power', Dwarf Nandia), trägt im Winter rosa bis rote Blätter und wird nur bis etwa 1 Meter hoch.
'Harbor Dwarf', bleibt nur klein, breitet sich über Rhizome aus und eignet sich als Bodendecker.
'Richmond', eine in Neuseeland gezüchtete Sorte.
'Umpqua Chief', wird bis zu 2 Meter hoch.
'Alba' ('Aurea')m mit hellgelben Früchten.
'Gulf Stream', bleibt relativ klein, etwas größer als 'Firepower'.
'Atropupurea Nana', entwickelt kein Blüten und ist sehr klein.
'San Gabriel' ('Filamentosa'), ein Zwergstrauch mit linealischen Blättchen.
Die Beschreibung der Gattung Nandina erfolgte durch die Erstbeschreibung der Art Nandina domestica durch Carl Peter Thunberg im Jahr 1781.
Der Himmelsbambus (Nandina domestica), auch Nandine genannt, hat mit Bambus (Unterfamilie der Süßgräser) außer dem Namen nichts zu tun, sondern ist ein Strauch aus der Familie der Berberitzengewächse (Berberidacea). Er ist die einzige Art in der Gattung Nandina in der Unterfamilie Nandinoideae in der monotypischen Tribus Nandineae.
Nandina es un género monotípico de plantas arbustivas perteneciente a la familia Berberidaceae.[1] Su única especie aceptada es Nandina domestica, el Bambú sagrado.
Es un arbusto perennifolio erecto de hasta 3 m de altura, glabro y poco ramificado. Tiene hojas pecioladas alternas de 50-100 cm de largo; son compuestas (dos o tres veces pinnadas) con folíolos, elípticos a ovados o lanceolados y de márgenes enteros, de 2-10 cm de largo por 0,5-2 cm ancho y con los peciolos y peciolulos hinchados en sus bases. Son de color verde oscuro por la haz y de un verde muy pálido por el envés; son frecuentemente teñidas de rojo cuando muy jóvenes o viejas. Las inflorescencias son panículas axilares o terminales erectas con numerosas flores hermafroditas trimeras pediceladas con numerosos sépalos ovado-oblongos de color blanco rosado e imbricados espiralmente y 6 pétalos oblongos de 4 por 2,5 mm, blancos, patentes al principio y luego retrorsos. El androceo tiene 6 estambres con anteras dehiscentes por hendiduras longitudinales, mientras el gineceo tiene el ovario de forma elipsoide con estilo corto. Los frutos son bayas globosas de 5-10 mm de diámetro y de un color rojo brillante hasta violáceo oscuro cuando maduros, con 1-4 semillas discoidales. [2][3][4]
Es una especie originaria del este de Asia, desde el Himalaya hasta Japón. Crece en riberas de arroyos de bosques de montaña, borde de carreteras, etc..., en altitudes inferiores a los 1000 m. Introducida y cultivada como ornamental en casi todo el mundo.[3]
Todas las partes de la planta son venenosas (contiene ácido cianhídrico) y podría llegar a ser fatal si se ingiere. La planta se coloca en Toxicidad Categoría 4, la categoría "generalmente se considera no tóxico para los seres humanos,"[5] Sin embargo, las bayas se consideran tóxicas para los gatos y los animales de pastoreo.[6] Las bayas también contienen alcaloides tales como nantenina, que se utiliza en la investigación científica como un antídoto contra la MDMA (3,4-metilendioximetanfetamina), droga usualmente conocida como éxtasis).[7][8] Las aves generalmente no se ven afectados por estas toxinas, y dispersarán las semillas a través de sus excrementos. Sin embargo, el consumo excesivo de los granos puede matar aves como Bombycilla cedrorum.[9]
El género Nandina y su única especie, Nandina domestica, fueron creados y descritos por Carl Peter Thunberg y publicados en Nova Genera Plantarum, vol. 1, p. 14[1], 1781.[10]
Han sido descritas 3 especies más: Nandina denudata Lavallée, Nandina tomentosa Wehmer y Nandina tsermonanten Hassk., pero no están todavía formalmente aceptadas como taxones válidos.[1]
El género está ocasionalmente considerado como perteneciente a una familia separada, Nandinaceae.[3]
Número de cromosomas: 2n = 20.[3]
Nandina es un género monotípico de plantas arbustivas perteneciente a la familia Berberidaceae. Su única especie aceptada es Nandina domestica, el Bambú sagrado.
Nandina domestica edo nandina Berberidaceae familiako landare loreduna da, ekialdeko Asian jatorria duena[1]. Nandina generoaren espezie bakarra da.
Artikulu hau biologiari buruzko zirriborroa da. Wikipedia lagun dezakezu edukia osatuz. Nandina domestica edo nandina Berberidaceae familiako landare loreduna da, ekialdeko Asian jatorria duena. Nandina generoaren espezie bakarra da.
Bambou sacré, Bambou céleste, Bambou merveilleux
Le Bambou sacré (Nandina domestica) est une espèce de plantes arbustives de la famille des Berberidaceae. C'est la seule espèce actuellement acceptée dans le genre Nandina.
On l'appelle également « Bambou céleste », « Bambou merveilleux », « Bambou de la Félicité » ou « Nandine domestique ».
Ce sont des arbustes originaires d'Asie de l'Est, de l'Himalaya et du Japon. Le nom du genre vient du japonais nanten (南天?) qui désigne ces plantes au Japon. L'appellation de « Bambou céleste » est un calque du nom chinois de la plante (天竹, tiān zhú). Malgré ce nom, elle n'a aucun rapport avec les bambous véritables.
Nandina domestica est une espèce d'arbustes à croissance lente mesurant jusqu'à 2 m de hauteur. A port érigé, elle est composée de nombreuses tiges non ramifiées émanant directement des racines, structure qui rappelle celle du bambou. L'écorce de son tronc prend rapidement un aspect âgé.
C'est une espèce généralement dioïque mais des plants hermaphrodites existent.
Les feuilles sont persistantes (parfois caduques dans les zones froides), 50-100 cm de long, bi à tri-pennées, avec des folioles de 4-11 cm de long et 1.5-3 cm de large. Au printemps, les jeunes feuilles sont de couleurs vives rose à rouge avant de virer au vert ; les vieilles feuilles deviennent rouges ou violet à nouveau avant de tomber.
Les fleurs sont de couleur blanche, elles apparaissent au début de l'été en grappes coniques au-dessus du feuillage.
Le fruit est une baie rouge vif de 5 à 10 mm de diamètre mature en fin d'automne et souvent persistante en hiver.
Port de la plante
Feuillage classique
Variété à feuillage coloré
Inflorescence
Baies
Cette plante ornementale peut être confondue notamment avec un autre arbuste à baies rouges hivernales, le Baie corail (Ardisia crenata), mais l'examen attentif du feuillage et des fleurs permet aisément de différencier ces deux espèces.
Elle est naturalisée dans certaines parties de l'Est de l'Amérique du Sud. Dans le Sud-Est des États-Unis, elle est considérée par beaucoup comme une espèce invasive.
Elle est rustique jusqu'à −15 °C (Zone USDA 7). Elle apprécie un sol neutre à légèrement acide, une exposition lumineuse et supporte mal les emplacements venteux.
Elle peut être multipliée par semis, par bouturage ou par récupération des drageons.
Ces arbustes peuvent être sujets aux attaques de cochenilles, surtout en ville. Une virose (virus mosaïque) rend les folioles étroits et difformes.
Le Bambou sacré est largement cultivé dans les jardins comme plante ornementale ou en bonsaï ; plus de 60 cultivars ont été nommés au Japon, où l'espèce est particulièrement populaire.
Le bois aromatique et à grain fin de cet arbuste servait à la fabrication des baguettes de table, en Chine et à la confection d'ikebana au Japon.
Aucune partie de la plante n'est comestible[1] : les baies sont toxiques car elles contiennent un alcaloïde, la nandinine, et toutes les parties de la plante contiennent des hétérosides cyanogénétiques toxiques[1]. Les oiseaux ne sont pas affectés, sauf en cas d'ingestion massive[2], et dispersent les graines par l'intermédiaire de leurs déjections.
Dans certains pays asiatiques, des vertus médicinales sont attribuées au nandina : en décoction les racines et les tiges seraient des sédatifs léger et seraient capables de faire tomber la fièvre ; d'apaiser la toux en cas de grippe, bronchite, coqueluche ; de tonifier l'estomac ; de diminuer la diarrhée après une indigestion ou une gastro-entérite ; de fortifier les muscles endoloris après une blessure[3]. Toutefois des intoxications ont été rapportées à la suite d'une consommation trop importante[1].
Le Bambou sacré est le symbole de la purification chez les taoïstes qui le considèrent comme une plante sacrée et le plantent autour de leur temple.
Bambou sacré, Bambou céleste, Bambou merveilleux
Le Bambou sacré (Nandina domestica) est une espèce de plantes arbustives de la famille des Berberidaceae. C'est la seule espèce actuellement acceptée dans le genre Nandina.
On l'appelle également « Bambou céleste », « Bambou merveilleux », « Bambou de la Félicité » ou « Nandine domestique ».
Ce sont des arbustes originaires d'Asie de l'Est, de l'Himalaya et du Japon. Le nom du genre vient du japonais nanten (南天?) qui désigne ces plantes au Japon. L'appellation de « Bambou céleste » est un calque du nom chinois de la plante (天竹, tiān zhú). Malgré ce nom, elle n'a aucun rapport avec les bambous véritables.
Nandina domestica (Thunb., 1781), comunemente nota come Nandina o Bambù sacro, è una pianta appartenente alla famiglia delle Berberidaceae, originaria dell'Estremo Oriente[1], dove si ritrova dall'Himalaya fino al Giappone. È l'unica specie inclusa all'interno del genere Nandina[2].
È un arbusto eretto sempreverde alto fino a 2 m che forma numerosi rami a partire dalla base. Le foglie sono lucide e possono essere decidue in zone in cui l'inverno è particolarmente freddo. Esse sono composte, imparipennate e lunghe dai 50 ai 100 cm, bi e tripennate, individualmente lunghe dai 4 agli 11 cm e larghe da 1,5 cm a 3 cm. Le giovani foglie sono di un colore che va dal rosa pallido al rosso, prima di diventare verdi; quelle vecchie da verdi diventano rosse o viola e poi cadono. I fiori sono bianchi e appaiono ad inizio estate raggruppati su di un'infiorescenza. I frutti sono bacche rosso brillante di 5–10 mm di diametro che maturano nel tardo autunno e generalmente persistono per tutto l'inverno.
Tutte le parti della pianta sono tossiche in quanto contengono acido cianidrico e in certe quantità potrebbero essere fatali per ingestione. La pianta è considerata come non mortale per l'uomo, tuttavia le bacche possono essere pericolose per gatti e animali da pascolo. Le bacche contengono anche alcaloidi come la nantenina, una molecola che blocca gli effetti della MDMA negli animali[3][4]. Gli uccelli solitamente non sono affetti da queste tossine e contribuiscono alla dispersione dei semi della pianta attraverso i loro escrementi. Tuttavia, un consumo eccessivo di bacche può portare alcuni uccelli alla morte[5].
Coltivata in Cina e Giappone per secoli, è stata importata nei giardini occidentali da William Kerr, che la portò a Londra dopo la sua prima spedizione nel Guangdong, nel 1804[6]. Gli inglesi, insicuri sulla resistenza della pianta al freddo, tenevano la pianta in serra inizialmente. Il nome scientifico le è stato assegnato da Carl Peter Thunberg ed è la versione latinizzata del nome giapponese della pianta, nan-ten' o nán-tiān (南天 )[7].
La Nandina è largamente coltivata nei giardini come pianta ornamentale. Più di 65 cultivar sono state prodotte in Giappone, dove la specie è particolarmente popolare e dove esiste una società nazionale dedicata alla pianta.
La Nandina è un arbusto rustico, che tollera bene il freddo invernale. Cresce bene in posizione ombreggiata o soleggiata, anche se in carenza di luce tende a non fiorire e le foglie si colorano di verde scuro. Si sviluppa praticamente in qualsiasi terreno, purché ben drenato. Tollera bene la siccità e non richiede particolari cure né potature importanti[8].
Nandina domestica (Thunb., 1781), comunemente nota come Nandina o Bambù sacro, è una pianta appartenente alla famiglia delle Berberidaceae, originaria dell'Estremo Oriente, dove si ritrova dall'Himalaya fino al Giappone. È l'unica specie inclusa all'interno del genere Nandina.
Nandina domestica is een struik uit de berberisfamilie (Berberidaceae), de enige soort van het geslacht Nandina, afkomstig uit Zuidoost-Azië, Japan en de Himalaya. De plant wordt in Nederland ook wel 'Hemelse bamboe' genoemd.
Ondanks de naam is Nandina domestica geen bamboesoort. Het betreft een opgaande heester die in China en Japan tot 2 meter hoog wordt, maar die in Nederland een hoogte van maximaal 1,5 meter bereikt. De plant maakt vanuit de bodem nieuwe spruiten aan en vertakt zich niet. De glanzende bladeren zijn in principe groenblijvend (alhoewel Nandina in koudere gebieden ook wel blad verliest). De bladeren zijn 50 tot soms 100 centimeter lang en bestaan uit meerdere subbladeren van 15 centimeter lang en 3 centimeter breed. Jonge bladeren zijn helderrood, worden daarna groen, maar verkleuren later wederom naar rood. De struik vormt in de lente trossen kleine witte bloemen, waaruit later kleine helderrode bessen ontstaan die de hele winter aan de struik blijven zitten.
Nandina domestica werd al eeuwen in Chinese en Japanse tuinen toegepast toen de Engelsman William Kerr - die in de Chinese provincie Kanton werkzaam was - de struik in 1804 naar Londen stuurde. Aanvankelijk bestonden twijfels over de winterhardheid van de plant, zodat men de struik aanvankelijk vooral in kassen dan wel in potten kweekte. Tegenwoordig wordt Nandina ook in tuinen aangeplant; de plant is goed winterhard tot -12C. De meeste Nederlandse winters komt de struik goed door, maar in incidentele gevallen is bescherming met noppenfolie aan te raden. In Japan is de plant zeer populair; daar kunnen tuiniers kiezen uit zo'n 65 cultivars.
In Nederland wordt Nandina relatief weinig toegepast in tuinen. De struik is geschikt voor een lichte plaats in de halfschaduw en neemt genoegen met weinig zorg. De plant vermeerdert zich door worteluitlopers, reden waarom Nandina in Florida als een invasieve plant wordt beschouwd die inheemse soorten zou kunnen verdringen. In Nederland worden geen problemen op dit vlak gerapporteerd.
Nandina domestica is een struik uit de berberisfamilie (Berberidaceae), de enige soort van het geslacht Nandina, afkomstig uit Zuidoost-Azië, Japan en de Himalaya. De plant wordt in Nederland ook wel 'Hemelse bamboe' genoemd.
Nandina domowa[3][4] (Nandina domestica) – gatunek krzewu z monotypowego rodzaju Nandina Thunberg, Nov. Gen. Pl. 14. 1781[5]. Występuje w Azji wschodniej i południowej – w Chinach, Japonii i Indiach, poza tym szeroko rozprzestrzeniony jako roślina ozdobna. W różnych miejscach o ciepłym klimacie dziczeje i jest inwazyjna (np. w południowych Stanach Zjednoczonych)[6]. Rośnie w lasach, w dolinach rzek na terenach zalewowych, zdziczała w pobliżu dawnych osiedli ludzkich[6]. Nandina jest trująca dla zwierząt domowych[7] – zawiera glikozydy cyjanogenne i toksyczne alkaloidy[8].
Nandina kwitnie w czerwcu (czasem od maja[3]), owoce dojrzewają w sierpniu i wrześniu[3], utrzymują się do wiosny[10]. Rozprzestrzenia się za pomocą odrostów korzeniowych, nasiona rozsiewają (także na dłuższe dystanse) zwierzęta żywiące się owocami (ptaki i ssaki)[9][7]. W Stanach Zjednoczonych, gdzie nandinia domowa rozprzestrzeniła się jako gatunek inwazyjny, owoce tej rośliny przyciągają na przykład drozdy[11], przedrzeźniacze oraz jemiołuszki cedrowe (Bombycilla cedrorum). W kwietniu 2009 roku w Georgii znaleziono dziesiątki martwych jemiołuszek cedrowych; przyczyną ich śmierci było zatrucie wskutek zjedzenia zbyt dużych ilości owoców nandinii domowej. Wywołała u padłych ptaków przekrwienie oraz krwawienia organów wewnętrznych, w tym tchawicy i płuc[8].
Nandina rośnie w lasach aluwialnych i dobrze znosi okresowe zalanie. W miejscach występowania może zdominować podszyt[7]. W przypadku uszkodzeń mrozowych lub zgryzienia dobrze regeneruje się i odnawia z korzeni[7]. Może utrzymywać się w podszycie przez wiele lat w postaci juwenilnej[9]. Na obszarach, gdzie jest gatunkiem inwazyjnym, nandina tworząc zwarte zarośla powoduje ustępowanie i zanik rodzimej pokrywy roślinnej[12]. Na stanowiskach cienistych pędy są wydłużone i słabo ulistnione, na stanowiskach słonecznych roślina jest gęsto ulistniona i silnie krzaczasta[13].
Głównym alkaloidem występującym w owocach jest nantenina[14]. Z kultur tkankowych wyizolowano 12 alkaloidów należących do protoberberyn oraz manoflorynę[15]. Roślina wytwarza także glikozydy cyjanogenne. Potencjał wytwarzania HCN określono w pąkach na 205, a w owocach 0,28 μmol HCN/g świeżej masy[16].
Gatunek i rodzaj zaliczany bywał do monotypowej rodziny Nandinaceae (Takhtajan, Divers. Classific. Fl. Pl. 1997) lub podrodziny Nandinoideae (Loconte w Kubitzkim et al., Fam. Gen. Vasc. Pl. 2: 147-151. 1993)[1][5].
Rodzaj należy do podrodziny Nandinoideae, rodziny berberysowatych (Berberidaceae) zaliczanej do jaskrowców (Ranunculales)[1].
Znanych jest kilkadziesiąt odmian ozdobnych w tym karłowych, pstrolistnych i silnie, czerwono wybarwionych. Do najbardziej rozpowszechnionych w uprawie należą[3]:
Gatunek rozprzestrzeniany jako roślina ozdobna od początków XIX wieku[9][7]. Uprawiany jest w ogrodach naturalistycznych o charakterze leśnym, nieformalnych oraz w żywopłotach[10]. W Stanach Zjednoczonych, zwłaszcza na południowym wschodzie, nandina sadzona jest wzdłuż dróg na odcinkach dojazdowych do miast[4]. Walorem ozdobnym krzewu są barwne i zimozielone liście, efektowne kwitnienie i owocowanie, przy czym rośliny dobrze owocują, gdy rosną w większej grupie (zalecane są do nasadzania w większych grupach)[10]. Krzew spopularyzowany został z powodu łatwości uprawy i rozmnażania[12]. W krajach o chłodniejszym klimacie gatunek ten stosowany jest w ogrodach zimowych, do dekoracji tarasów i balkonów[4].
Ścięte pędy z owocami stosowane są jako dekoracja w okresie bożonarodzeniowym. Jaskrawe owoce utrzymują się na pędach przez długie miesiące po ścięciu. Stosowane były także do ozdabiania grobów na cmentarzach w południowych stanach USA[13]. W Chinach pędy nandiny stosowane są podczas rytuałów religijnych. W Japonii krzewy te mają przynosić szczęście i jako takie sadzone są często po lewej stronie przy wejściu na posesję. Noworoczna ozdoba z pędów nandiny, bambusów i sosny symbolizuje w Japonii długie życie[17]. Twarde, sprężyste i proste pręty nandiny służą do wyrobu pałeczek, zalecanych zwłaszcza dzieciom i młodzieży jako działające przeciw opryszczce[17].
Roślina była także uprawiana jako lecznicza[7]. Od wielu lat w Japonii wykorzystywana jest jako środek na kaszel i trudności w oddychaniu. Badania potwierdzają rozkurczające działanie ekstraktu na mięśnie gładkie dróg oddechowych[18]. Aromatyczne pędy stosowane były jako szczoteczki do zębów. W Chinach nandina stosowana była jako naturalny środek ochrony roślin przed mszycami[7].
W obszarach, gdzie gatunek jest inwazyjny zaleca się stosowanie do upraw odmian nie zawiązujących owoców, a najlepiej stosowanie w nasadzeniach gatunków rodzimych[12].
Nandina uprawiana jest w strefach mrozoodporności 6–9. Najlepiej rośnie w pełnym słońcu i w półcieniu, ale jest tolerancyjna i utrzymuje się także w cieniu (wówczas liście słabo się przebarwiają[3]). Krzew tolerancyjny jest też na różne typy gleb, choć preferuje gleby próchniczne[10], żyzne[4]. Roślina najlepiej rośnie umiarkowanie podlewana, przy wilgotności wynoszącej 70–80%[4]. W warunkach klimatycznych Europy Środkowej zalecana jest do uprawy w pojemnikach przechowywanych zimą w jasnych i chłodnych pomieszczeniach (od 1 do 10 °C)[3][4]. Rozmnaża się z nasion i sadzonek pędowych od wiosny do połowy jesieni[4]. Bardzo dobrze znosi przesadzanie i przycinanie pędów. Przycinanie wskazane jest w celu poprawy wyglądu krzewu, zwłąszcza po przeniesieniu z miejsca zacienionego na bardziej słoneczne[13].
Na obszarach, gdzie gatunek jest inwazyjny zwalczany jest mechanicznie i chemicznie. Podczas usuwania mechanicznego konieczne jest drobiazgowe wydobycie pędów wraz z korzeniami i ponawianie zabiegów przez kilka lat. Skuteczne jest też stosowanie herbicydów na bazie glifosatu. Nie są znane biologiczne metody zwalczania tego gatunku[12].
Nandina domowa (Nandina domestica) – gatunek krzewu z monotypowego rodzaju Nandina Thunberg, Nov. Gen. Pl. 14. 1781. Występuje w Azji wschodniej i południowej – w Chinach, Japonii i Indiach, poza tym szeroko rozprzestrzeniony jako roślina ozdobna. W różnych miejscach o ciepłym klimacie dziczeje i jest inwazyjna (np. w południowych Stanach Zjednoczonych). Rośnie w lasach, w dolinach rzek na terenach zalewowych, zdziczała w pobliżu dawnych osiedli ludzkich. Nandina jest trująca dla zwierząt domowych – zawiera glikozydy cyjanogenne i toksyczne alkaloidy.
Nandina domestica (nam thiên trúc), là một loài cây bụi có thân dạng rễ mút, thuộc họ Hoàng mộc (Berberidaceae); và nó thuộc về chi độc (một) loài có danh pháp Nandina. Nó có nguồn gốc ở miền đông châu Á, từ khu vực Himalaya kéo dài về phía đông tới Nhật Bản. Mặc dù tên gọi có từ trúc, nhưng nó không có quan hệ họ hàng gì với tre, trúc.
Nó là một loại cây bụi mọc thẳng, cao tới 2 m, với hàng loạt các thân, thường không tạo nhánh, mọc lên từ rễ. Lá thường xanh (đôi khi là sớm rụng trong các khu vực lạnh hơn), dài 50–100 cm, là loại lá lông chim phức đôi hay ba, với các lá chét dài khoảng 4–11 cm và rộng 1,5–3 cm. Các lá non về mùa xuân có màu hồng nhạt hay đỏ trước khi chuyển thành màu xanh lục; các lá già chuyển màu thành đỏ hay tía trước khi rụng. Hoa màu trắng, mọc vào đầu mùa hè thành cụm hình nón cao trên tán lá. Quả là loại quả mọng màu đỏ tươi, đường kính 5–10 mm, chín vào cuối mùa thu và thường là tồn tại suốt cả mùa đông.
Nó được trồng khá rộng rãi trong vườn dưới vai trò của một loại cây cảnh; trên 60 giống đã được đặt tên tại Nhật Bản, là khu vực mà loài này rất phổ biến. Nó đã được đưa vào Bắc Mỹ và đã thích nghi với môi trường sinh sống mới tại khu vực miền đông.
Nandina domestica (nam thiên trúc), là một loài cây bụi có thân dạng rễ mút, thuộc họ Hoàng mộc (Berberidaceae); và nó thuộc về chi độc (một) loài có danh pháp Nandina. Nó có nguồn gốc ở miền đông châu Á, từ khu vực Himalaya kéo dài về phía đông tới Nhật Bản. Mặc dù tên gọi có từ trúc, nhưng nó không có quan hệ họ hàng gì với tre, trúc.
Nó là một loại cây bụi mọc thẳng, cao tới 2 m, với hàng loạt các thân, thường không tạo nhánh, mọc lên từ rễ. Lá thường xanh (đôi khi là sớm rụng trong các khu vực lạnh hơn), dài 50–100 cm, là loại lá lông chim phức đôi hay ba, với các lá chét dài khoảng 4–11 cm và rộng 1,5–3 cm. Các lá non về mùa xuân có màu hồng nhạt hay đỏ trước khi chuyển thành màu xanh lục; các lá già chuyển màu thành đỏ hay tía trước khi rụng. Hoa màu trắng, mọc vào đầu mùa hè thành cụm hình nón cao trên tán lá. Quả là loại quả mọng màu đỏ tươi, đường kính 5–10 mm, chín vào cuối mùa thu và thường là tồn tại suốt cả mùa đông.
Nuôi trồngNó được trồng khá rộng rãi trong vườn dưới vai trò của một loại cây cảnh; trên 60 giống đã được đặt tên tại Nhật Bản, là khu vực mà loài này rất phổ biến. Nó đã được đưa vào Bắc Mỹ và đã thích nghi với môi trường sinh sống mới tại khu vực miền đông.
南天竹，又名南天竺（學名：Nandina domestica），属小檗科南天竹属，原產於中國、日本。
常綠灌木，茎少分枝；2～3回羽状复叶，椭圆状披针形的叶子互生，冬季常变红色；春夏季开白花，圆锥花序；果实为球形，熟时为红色，宿存。
其全株有毒。若误食会产生全身兴奋、脉搏不稳、血压下降、肌肉痉挛、呼吸麻痹、意识模糊等症状。
在日本，南天竹有消災解厄的意涵，是受歡迎的年花之一。日本战国时期的武士出征前会把南天竹的叶子和盔甲保存在一起，并将南天竹枝折下插在地面，祈求出征顺利。
这是一篇與植物相關的小作品。你可以通过编辑或修订扩充其内容。 
分類（APG III） 界 : 植物界 Plantae 階級なし : 被子植物 Angiosperms 階級なし : 真正双子葉類 Eudicots 目 : キンポウゲ目 Ranunculales 科 : メギ科 Berberidaceae 亜科 : ナンテン亜科 Nandinoideae 属 : ナンテン属 Nandina 種 : ナンテン N. domestica 学名 Nandina domesticaナンテン（南天、学名：Nandina domestica）は、メギ科ナンテン属の常緑低木。
和名の由来は、漢名の「南天燭」の略。南天の花は、仲夏の季語。実は三冬の季語。
高さは2m位、高いもので4〜5mほど。幹の先端にだけ葉が集まって付く独特の姿をしている。葉は互生し、三回羽状複葉で、小葉は広披針形で先端が少し突きだし、革質で深い緑色、ややつやがある。
先端の葉の間から、花序を上に伸ばし、初夏に白い花が咲き、晩秋から初冬にかけて赤色（まれに白色）の小球形の果実をつける。
樹型、株立ちする
上部の幹
上部の幹と葉
中国原産。日本では西日本、四国、九州に自生しているが、古くに渡来した栽培種が野生化したものだとされている。東北、中部、東日本でもみられる。 山口県萩市川上の「川上のユズおよびナンテン自生地」は、国の天然記念物（1941年指定）[2]。
庭木としてや玄関前などに植えられることが多い。
江戸時代に様々な葉変わり品種が選び出され、盛んに栽培された。古典園芸植物として現在もその一部が保存栽培されている。錦糸南天等とよばれる。園芸種のオタフクナンテンは葉が紅葉しやすく真夏でも赤い葉を付ける。実がつかないのが特徴で、高さも50cm程度しか伸びないので、下草などと一緒に庭園によく使用される。葉がやや円形なので別名オカメナンテンとも呼ばれる。
稀に太く育ったものは、幹を床柱として使うことがあり、鹿苑寺（金閣寺）の茶室、柴又帝釈天の大客殿などで見られる。
音が「難転」即ち「難を転ずる」に通ずることから、縁起の良い木とされ、鬼門または裏鬼門に植えると良いなどという俗信がある。福寿草とセットで、「災い転じて福となす」ともいわれる。また、江戸の百科事典「和漢三才図会」には「南天を庭に植えれば火災を避けられる」とあり、江戸時代はどの家も「火災除け」として玄関前に植えられた[3]。赤い色にも縁起が良く厄除けの力があると信じられ、江戸後期から慶事に用いるようになった[3]。トイレの前にも「南天手水」と称し、葉で手を清めるためなどの目的で植えられた[3]。
葉は、南天葉（なんてんよう）という生薬で、健胃、解熱、鎮咳などの作用がある。葉に含まれるシアン化水素は猛毒であるが、含有量はわずかであるために危険性は殆どなく、食品の防腐に役立つ。このため、彩りも兼ねて弁当などに入れる。熊本県旧飽田町(現熊本市)では、すり潰したナンテンの葉の汁を濾したものを小麦粉の生地に加えた麺料理「しるかえ」を作る。[4][5]もっとも、これは薬用でなく、食あたりの「難を転ずる」というまじないの意味との説もあり[6]、当初から、殺菌効果があると分かって赤飯に添えられたり、厠（手洗い）の近くに植えられたのかは定かではない。
南天実に含まれる成分としては、アルカロイドであるヒゲナミン、イソコリジン、ドメスチン（domesticine）、プロトピン、ナンテニン（nantenine：o- methyldomesticine）、ナンジニン（nandinine）、メチルドメスチン、配糖体のナンジノシド（nandinoside）などの他、リノリン酸、オレイン酸が知られている。鎮咳作用をもつドメスチンは、多量に摂取すると知覚や運動神経の麻痺を引き起こすため、素人が安易に試すのは危険である。また、近年の研究でナンテニンに気管平滑筋を弛緩させる作用があることが分かった[7]。また、ナンジノシドは抗アレルギー作用を持ち、これを元にして人工的に合成されたトラニラストが抗アレルギー薬及びケロイドの治療薬として実用化されている[8]。
この項目は、植物に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めています（プロジェクト:植物／Portal:植物）。 銘木 唐木 狭義のシタン（紫檀）
남천(南天, 영어: nandina, sacred bamboo 또는 heavenly bamboo)은 매자나무과에 속하는 나무로 남천속에 속하는 유일한 종이다. 남천촉, 남천죽이라고도 부른다.
히말라야에서 일본에 이르는 동아시아 원산이며 반상록(semi-evergreen) 떨기나무이다. 가을에 붉게 드는 단풍과 겨우내 달려 있는 붉은 열매가 아름다워 남부 지방에서 정원이나 공원에 관상수로 심어 기른다. 3m까지 자라며 추위에 약하다. 나무껍질은 회갈색으로 세로로 얕게 갈라진다. 잎은 어긋나고 길이 30~50cm의 3회깃꼴겹잎이며 작은 잎은 길이 3~10cm에 타원 모양의 피침형으로 가죽질이며 가장자리가 밋밋하다. 6~7월에 줄기 끝에서 길이 20~30cm의 원추꽃차례에 자잘한 흰색 꽃이 달린다. 열매는 장과로 둥글며 10월에 붉게 익는다.변종으로 열매가 황백색으로 익는 노랑남천(N. domestica var. leucocarpa)이 있다.
열매와 줄기, 잎을 약재로 쓴다. 생약으로 열매를 쓰며 남천실이라고 한다. 도메스틴, 이소코리딘 등의 알칼로이드를 함유하고 있다.[1] 백일해, 천식과 같은 병 때문에 생기는 기침을 잦게 하는 데 쓰고, 잎은 강장제로 쓴다. 편도선염이나 구내염, 치통, 인두염 등에는 말린 남천잎 3~5g을 100ml의 물과 함께 달여 반 정도 된 액을 식혀서, 수시로 목 양치질을 하면 효과가 좋다.
원추꽃차례로 핀 꽃
3회깃꼴겹잎
열매
남천(南天, 영어: nandina, sacred bamboo 또는 heavenly bamboo)은 매자나무과에 속하는 나무로 남천속에 속하는 유일한 종이다. 남천촉, 남천죽이라고도 부른다.
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