Nile region, Mediterranean region, Eastern desert, Res Sea coastal strip, Gebel Elba and Sinai (St.Katherine).
Europe, Mediterranean region, Southwest Asia, Naturalized in Temperate regions.
Matallums, bufallums, apagallums o ravenissa (Sisymbrium irio) és una espècie de planta de la família de les brassicàcies.
És una planta Mediterrània, originària d'Europa meridional i Àfrica del Nord. Actualment s'ha estès per tot el món i en alguns llocs es considera una mala herba.[1]
El matallums és una espècie d'ambients ruderals i arvenses, molt comuna en terrenys pertorbats, com erms urbans, vores de camins i runes. Creix també sovint sota els murs, a la vora de les cases i entre les deixalles i escombreries.[2]
És una planta herbàcia anual o biennal i teròfita. La mata té les tiges dretes i llises i fa uns 90 cm d'alçada. Les fulles són tendres i molt retallades. Floreix gairebé tot l'any, especialment a l'hivern i a la primavera.
Les flors del matallums són groc pàl·lid i petites i el raïm a la corona de la tija creix a mesura que van madurant les flors. El fruits són llargs, prims, drets i en siliqua.[3] Els fruits immadurs sobrepassen les flors que tenen just a sobre.
El matallums pot coexistir amb altres espècies de Sisymbrium i sovint es troba entre elles. Tot i que es podria confondre amb aquestes, la característica de l'extrema llargària dels fruits fa que hom pugui distingir aquesta herba fàcilment.[4]
El nom vulgar d'aquesta planta es deu al fet que la corona de la tija té una forma vagament cònica i en la imaginació popular hom deia que es semblava a un "matallums" o "bufallums". Aquest és un instrument que antigament es feia servir per apagar els ciris i els llums d'oli.[5]
Aquesta planta s'utilitzava a la medicina tradicional casolana com a antiescorbútic.
Matallums, bufallums, apagallums o ravenissa (Sisymbrium irio) és una espècie de planta de la família de les brassicàcies.
Planhigyn blodeuol bychan yw Roced Llundain sy'n enw benywaidd. Mae'n perthyn i'r teulu Brassicaceae. Yr enw gwyddonol (Lladin) yw Sisymbrium irio a'r enw Saesneg yw London-rocket.[1] Ceir enwau Cymraeg eraill ar y planhigyn hwn gan gynnwys Berwr Caersalem, Berwy Caersalem.
Mae'r dail ar ffurf 'roset' a chaiff y planhigyn ei flodeuo gan wenyn.
Planhigyn blodeuol bychan yw Roced Llundain sy'n enw benywaidd. Mae'n perthyn i'r teulu Brassicaceae. Yr enw gwyddonol (Lladin) yw Sisymbrium irio a'r enw Saesneg yw London-rocket. Ceir enwau Cymraeg eraill ar y planhigyn hwn gan gynnwys Berwr Caersalem, Berwy Caersalem.
Mae'r dail ar ffurf 'roset' a chaiff y planhigyn ei flodeuo gan wenyn.
Die Glanz-Rauke (Sisymbrium irio), auch Schlaffe Rauke genannt, ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Rauken (Sisymbrium) innerhalb der Familie der Kreuzblütengewächse (Brassicaceae).[1] Sie ist in Eurasien und Nordafrika weitverbreitet.
Die Glanz-Rauke ist eine frischgrüne, überwinternd grüne, einjährige krautige Pflanze, die Wuchshöhen von 10 bis 50 Zentimetern erreicht.[1] Der selbständig aufrechte Stängel ist verzweigt. Die Laubblätter besitzen ein bis sechs gezähnte, fiederteilige bis -spaltige Abschnitte sowie einen größeren, spießförmigen Endabschnitt.[1]
Die Blütezeit reicht in Mitteleuropa von Mai bis Juni. Der schirmtraubige Blütenstand enthält viele Blüten. Die zwittrigen Blüten sind vierzählig. Die vier Kelchblätter sind 2 Millimeter lang und ungehörnt.[1] Die blassgelben vier Kronblätter sind 2 bis 4 Millimeter lang.[1] Die Staubblätter sind 0,7 Millimeter lang.[1]
Die jungen Schoten überragen die Blüten beträchtlich, später sind sie 3 bis 5 Zentimeter lang und stehen auf 5 bis 10 Millimeter langen, dünnen Stielen.[1]
Chromosomengrundzahl beträgt x = 7[1]; es liegt Diploidie vor, also liegt 2n = 14 vor.[2]
Die Glanz-Rauke enthält in den Samen fette Öle, die relativ reich an Erucasäure sind.
Bei der Glanz-Rauke handelt es sich um einen Therophyten.[1]
Die Glanz-Rauke ist von Europa über West- bis Zentralasien und in Nordafrika weitverbreitet. Sie ist beispielsweise in den USA, in Südamerika und Australien ein Neophyt.[2]
In Mitteleuropa tritt die Glanz-Rauke nur unbeständig auf; gelegentlich findet man sie beispielsweise im Rhein-Main-Gebiet, am Oberrhein, im Wallis, im Wiener Becken und am Alpenfuß. Sie wächst hier in Gesellschaften des Verbands Sisymbrion.[3] In Südeuropa ist sie eine Charakterart des Verbands Hordeion.[3]
Die Glanz-Rauke gedeiht am besten auf lockeren Sand- oder Lehmböden, die basen- und stickstoffreich sein sollten. Sie besiedelt freie Standorte in Hafenanlagen und im Bereich von Güterbahnhöfen in Gegenden mit milden Wintern und trockenen und warmen Sommern.
Die Glanz-Rauke (Sisymbrium irio), auch Schlaffe Rauke genannt, ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Rauken (Sisymbrium) innerhalb der Familie der Kreuzblütengewächse (Brassicaceae). Sie ist in Eurasien und Nordafrika weitverbreitet.
Sisymbrium irio, London rocket, is a flowering plant in the cabbage family which is native to the Middle East, north Africa and southern Europe, and which has spread widely around the world as an invasive plant of dry, disturbed land in towns, deserts and farmland. It has traditionally been used as a medicinal herb for a variety of ailments. Its English common name originated when it flourished after the Great Fire of London in 1666, although it is not native to Britain and it does not tend to persist there.
London rocket is a winter annual herb which is very variable in size. It can grow to be a large, leafy plant as much as 130 cm tall in Britain,[1] but only a small, rosette-forming one about 10 cm tall in Arabia,[2] where it is native. It has an erect, usually branched stem which is green, terete, solid and almost glabrous, except for a smattering of short (0.5 mm), soft hairs. The leaves are alternate and imparipinnate or pinnatisect, up to 18 cm long, with one to five pairs of lateral lobes and a round or ternate terminal lobe. The petioles are up to 6 cm long, channelled and slightly decurrent down the stem, without stipules. They are finely hairy on both surfaces, uniformly green except for a pale midrib, and have a peppery flavour.[3][4][5]
The actinomorphic flowers are about 5 mm in diameter and are arranged in racemes of 50-100 or more at the tips of the main stem and the branches. Each flower has 4 yellow petals, 4 green, finely hairy sepals which are nearly as long as the petals, and 6 stamens. The flower stalks (pedicels) are short at flowering time, creating a rather flat-topped and crowded inflorescence, but they elongate as the fruits develop, soon causing them to overtop the flowers. The fruit is a long (3-8 cm) narrow cylindrical silique which stays green when ripe and is slightly torulose (i.e. with lumps where the seeds occur, like a string of beads), and they are held at a divergent angle to the stem on the long, thin, hairy pedicels. When dried the fruit contains one row of small (ca. 1 mm) red oblong seeds in each of the two valves of the silique, amounting to about 100 seeds in each pod. A single plant can therefore produce many tens of thousands of seeds in total.[1][6]
London rocket can easily be confused with other species of Sisymbrium. Characters to look for include the compact flower head, the way the developing seedpods extend above the flowers, and the long, thin pedicels which are narrower than the fruits.[1]
The name Sisymbrium irio was coined by Linnaeus in 1753, in his book Species Plantarum (vol. 2, p. 659). Since then it has accumulated many synonyms, including Phryne laxata (by Pietro Bubani in 1901) and Arabis charbonnelii (by Augustin Léveillé in 1913), but the original name is still accepted as the correct one. A full list of synonyms is given in the Update on the Brassicaceae Species Checklist.[7]
Several subspecies and varieties have also been named over the years, but again none is currently accepted.[8]
The chromosome number of London rocket is a complex subject. The diploid has 14 chromosomes (2n = 14), but there are triploid, tetraploid, hexaploid and octoploid "races" with 21, 28, 42 and 56 chromosomes, respectively. These races have different phenotypes and ecological adaptations, and they vary in their fertility, with the triploid being almost entirely sterile.[9]
London rocket is thought to be native in the Middle East and as far eastward as NW India or Mongolia, and westward throughout North Africa and southern Europe. It has been introduced to North America, where it is considered something of a pest species in the southern US and Mexico, and to South America, Australasia and southern Africa. It has also spread as far east as Korea and Japan.[8][7][6]
Its status internationally has not been evaluated, but it is not considered to be at risk in most countries in which it occurs, as is classified as Least Concern.[10]
London rocket was introduced to Britain by the 1650s and has maintained a scattered distribution since then. It does not tend to persist in any site for long, and is even believed to have disappeared from London by the late 19th century, only to be reintroduced again in the 20th. It comes in via docks and other transport hubs, and it used to turn up in fields that had been treated with wool shoddy. Overall, the population has remained more or less stable for centuries, although its transient nature means there are many more places where it used to occur than there are at any one time, leading to the mistaken impression that it is perpetually declining.[11][12]
One country where it has recently arrived is Korea, where it has been studied very closely. The point of arrival was the port of Busan, from where it spread 1.5 km along a roadside over a 10 year period. It is currently considered to be established but not invasive.[6]
The Database of Insects and their Food Plants lists just two species that make use of London rocket: Ceutorhynchus hirtulus Germar is a weevil which lives in the soil and creates stem galls for it larvae,[13] whereas Cabbage looper moth larvae eat the leaves of this and many other species in the cabbage family.
The first published record of this species in Britain was in Christopher Merret's Pinax Rerum Naturalium Britannicarum in 1666, where he described Irio laevis as being "ubique fere in suburbiis Lond. supra muros et juxta fossas" (almost everywhere in the suburbs of London on walls and near ditches).[14][15] It had, however, been noticed at least a decade earlier: William How (1620-1656) had annotated his own copy of his book Phytologia Britannica (1650) with the comment "near White Chappel east from Aldgate, London"; a discovery he attributed to John Goodyer.[11]
The term "London" in the common name "London rocket" allegedly comes from its abundance after the Great Fire of London in 1666.[16][17] Robert Morison, the physician to King Charles II, attributed their appearance to spontaneous generation when he observed that “these hot bitter plants with four petals and pods were produced spontaneously without seed by the ashes of the fire mixed with salt and lime.”[18]
In contrast, Dr E J Salisbury, in his study of the bombsites of London after the Blitz in 1940, "failed to find a single specimen, nor has any other reliable observer reported it."[19][20]
The term "Rocket" in the common name appears to be derived from the old Latin term "eruca" applied to several loosely-related plants in the cabbage family. [Mabey, Richard. "In Defense of Nature's Most Unloverd Plants." Chapter 10. HarperCollinsPublishers, 2010]
This species is considered a weed in the Southwestern United States and other regions where it has been introduced.[21]
In desert regions of Arabia and Egypt, London rocket is considered an important source of fodder for livestock.[22]
The leaves, seeds, and flowers are edible to humans, with a spicy flavor similar to cultivated rocket.[23] London rocket is used in the Middle East to treat coughs and chest congestion, to relieve rheumatism, to detoxify the liver and spleen, and to reduce swelling and clean wounds.[24]
The Bedouin of the Sinai Peninsula and the Negev desert reportedly used the leaf of London rocket as a tobacco substitute, and a recent study of the alkaloid content of desert-grown plants in Iraq found a high concentration of nicotine in extracts of the aerial parts of this plant.[25][26]
The cured pods can be placed in a basket with live coals and shaken until the pods are parched, then ground into meal and made into soup or stew.[27]
Sisymbrium irio, London rocket, is a flowering plant in the cabbage family which is native to the Middle East, north Africa and southern Europe, and which has spread widely around the world as an invasive plant of dry, disturbed land in towns, deserts and farmland. It has traditionally been used as a medicinal herb for a variety of ailments. Its English common name originated when it flourished after the Great Fire of London in 1666, although it is not native to Britain and it does not tend to persist there.
Sisymbrium irio o matacandil es una planta herbácea de la familia Brassicaceae.
Es una planta herbácea que puede alcanzar el metro de altura con tallos ramificados desde la base. Las flores de color amarillo pálido y la corola con múltiples segmentos agrupadas en inflorescencias agrupadas en un delgado y verde pedúnculo que se torna púrpura rojizo. Las hojas superiores lineales y las basales anchas, pinnadas o lanceoladas. El fruto es una silicua delgada, verde y cilíndrica.
Popularmente es conocida como quemón,[1] matacandil o tafete.
Es una planta anual de 10-50 cm, a menudo ramificada desde su mitad inferior, glabra o con pelos simples. Sus hojas son pinnatipartidas o pinnatisectas, de lobuladas a runcinadas, las caulinares con frecuencia hastadas. Sus pedicelos son filiformes y pelosos, 2-5 veces más largos que los sépalos y más estrechos que los frutos. Presenta flores amarillas, sobrepasadas por los frutos jóvenes, con sépalos erecto-patentes. Inflorescencia en racimos corimbosos, con más de 30 flores, sin hojas. Frutos en silícua atenuada en sus dos extremos, valvas estrechas (menos de 2 mm), con 3 nervios, erecto-patentes.
La semilla de Sisymbrium irio es usada para hacer una bebida dulce iraní para purificar el hígado. Se la conoce por Khakshir.
Shuvaran es el nombre azeri de Sisymbrium irio. En Azerbaiyán sus semillas también se usan para hacer una bebida dulce azerí que purifica el hígado (especialmente agradable en los días de verano).
También se emplea comúnmente como comida para pájaros, por los aficionados a la ornitología y la canaricultura.
Sisymbrium irio o matacandil es una planta herbácea de la familia Brassicaceae.
Es una planta herbácea que puede alcanzar el metro de altura con tallos ramificados desde la base. Las flores de color amarillo pálido y la corola con múltiples segmentos agrupadas en inflorescencias agrupadas en un delgado y verde pedúnculo que se torna púrpura rojizo. Las hojas superiores lineales y las basales anchas, pinnadas o lanceoladas. El fruto es una silicua delgada, verde y cilíndrica.
Popularmente es conocida como quemón, matacandil o tafete.
Sisymbrium irio
Le Sisymbre vélaret (Sisymbrium irio) est une plante herbacée appartenant à la famille des Brassicaceae (crucifères).
Le Sisymbre vélaret, ou Sisymbre irio à Genève, est un végétal pouvant atteindre 20 à 60 cm de hauteur. Il se distingue des autres sisymbres par le lobe terminal de la feuille en forme triangulaire. Ses fleurs sont jaune pâle et ses fruits (siliques), nombreux, dépassent les feuilles les plus hautes.
Il est assez répandu dans le Sud de la France. Au Nord, il préfère la chaleur des grandes villes, où il pousse dans les friches, les gazons peu entretenus, au pied des arbres et sur les trottoirs.
Sisymbrium irio
Le Sisymbre vélaret (Sisymbrium irio) est une plante herbacée appartenant à la famille des Brassicaceae (crucifères).
Banćikata rukej (Sisymbrium irio) je rostlina ze swójby křižnokwětnych rostlinow (Brasicaceae).
Banćikata rukej (Sisymbrium irio) je rostlina ze swójby křižnokwětnych rostlinow (Brasicaceae).
Sisymbrium irio é uma espécie de planta com flor pertencente à família Brassicaceae.
A autoridade científica da espécie é L., tendo sido publicada em Species Plantarum 2: 659–660. 1753.
Trata-se de uma espécie presente no território português, nomeadamente em Portugal Continental, no Arquipélago dos Açores e no Arquipélago da Madeira.
Em termos de naturalidade é nativa de Portugal Continental, introduzida no Arquipélago da Madeira e possivelmente introduzida no Arquipélago dos Açores.
Não se encontra protegida por legislação portuguesa ou da Comunidade Europeia.
Sisymbrium irio é uma espécie de planta com flor pertencente à família Brassicaceae.
A autoridade científica da espécie é L., tendo sido publicada em Species Plantarum 2: 659–660. 1753.
Vallsenap (Sisymbrium irio) är en växtart i familjen korsblommiga växter.
Wikimedia Commons har media som rör Vallsenap.
Vallsenap (Sisymbrium irio) är en växtart i familjen korsblommiga växter.
Однорічна трав'яниста рослина 10–50 (-75) см, часто відгалужуються у нижній половині, гола або з простими волосками. Суцвіття містять багато гермафродитних квітів. Блідо-жовті пелюстки (яких чотири) довжиною від 2 до 4 мм; тичинки мають довжину 0,7 мм. Молоді стручки від 3 до 5 сантиметрів завдовжки, прямі або злегка дугоподібні, голі. Насіння 0,9 х 0,4 мм, трохи стиснені, жовті.
Батьківщина. Африка: Еритрея; Алжир; Єгипет; Лівія; Марокко; Туніс. Кавказ: Вірменія; Азербайджан; Грузія; Росія – Дагестан; Передкавказзя. Азія: Кувейт; Оман; Катар; Саудівська Аравія; Об'єднані Арабські Емірати; Ємен; Китай; Таджикистан; Туркменістан; Афганістан; Кіпр; Іран; Ірак; Ізраїль; Йорданія; Ліван; Сирія; Туреччина; Індія; Непал; Пакистан. Європа: Боснія і Герцеговина; Болгарія; Хорватія; Греція; Італія; Македонія; Словенія; Франція; Португалія; Гібралтар; Іспанія. Натуралізований. ПАР; Японія; Тайвань; Австралія; Європа: Білорусь, Україна, Австрія, Чехія, Німеччина, Словаччина, Швейцарія, Ірландія, Англія, Румунія. США [вкл. Гаваї]; Аргентина; Чилі; Уругвай. Найкраще росте в пухкому піску або суглинистому ґрунті.
Насіння використовують в Ірані та Азербайджані, щоб робити солодкий напій, який очищує печінку. Також широко використовується як пташиний корм.
Sisymbrium irio là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Cải. Loài này được L. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1753.[1]
Sisymbrium irio là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Cải. Loài này được L. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1753.
水蒜芥（学名：Sisymbrium irio），又名抪娘蒿，为十字花科大蒜芥属下的一种一年生草本植物，高度可達3英尺（0.91米），開四瓣黃色小花。中東地區它被用來治療咳嗽、風濕和水腫[1]。
|access-date=中的日期值 (帮助)
|access-date=中的日期值 (帮助) 
这是一篇與植物相關的小作品。你可以通过编辑或修订扩充其内容。 
