Broad-scale Impacts of Plant Response to Fire
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
fire use,
prescribed fire,
woodlandResponse of vegetation to prescribed burning in a Jeffrey pine-California
black oak woodland and a deergrass meadow at Cuyamaca State Park,
California provides information on provides information on
prescribed fire use and postfire response of many mixed-conifer woodland
species including Eastwood's manzanita.
- bibliographic citation
- Howard, Janet L. 1992. Arctostaphylos glandulosa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Common Names
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Eastwood's manzanita
crown manzanita
- bibliographic citation
- Howard, Janet L. 1992. Arctostaphylos glandulosa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Conservation Status
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Information on state- and province-level protection status of
plants in the United States and Canada is available at
NatureServe.
- bibliographic citation
- Howard, Janet L. 1992. Arctostaphylos glandulosa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Cover Value
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
coverEastwood's manzanita often forms dense stands that provide good hiding,
resting and nesting sites for small birds and mammals. Horton [
17] has
reported dusky-footed woodrat using Eastwood's manzanita as cover for
their food caches.
Open stands of Eastwood's manzanita provide good hiding and resting cover
for black-tailed deer [
35].
- bibliographic citation
- Howard, Janet L. 1992. Arctostaphylos glandulosa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Description
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
drupe,
fruit,
lignotuber,
shrubEastwood's manzanita is a long-lived, erect, spreading evergreen shrub.
It ranges from 5 to 8 feet (1.5-2.5 m) in height, with a lignotuber from
2 to 15 feet (0.6-2.5 m) in diameter. Root depth is from 8 to 28 inches
(20-70 cm). The leaves, stems, and fruits are glandular. The fruit is
a small drupe bearing hardcoated seeds [
5,
7,
19,
29].
- bibliographic citation
- Howard, Janet L. 1992. Arctostaphylos glandulosa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Distribution
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Eastwood's manzanita occurs primarily in the Coastal Ranges of California
from Del Norte County to Los Angeles County [
2,
7,
19,
29]. Arctostaphylos
glandulosa subsp. glandulosa is also found in southwestern Oregon, and A.
glandulosa subsp. crassifolia sometimes occurs in extreme northern Baja
California [
43].
- bibliographic citation
- Howard, Janet L. 1992. Arctostaphylos glandulosa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Fire Ecology
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
fire regime,
lignotuber,
litter,
seed,
shrubsPlant adaptations: Eastwood's manzanita sprouts from the lignotuber
after aboveground portions of the plant have burned [
7,
14,
18,
19,
20,
44].
It also regenerates by fire-stimulated germination of dormant
soil-stored seed [
21].
Fire ecology: Eastwood's manzanita produces more ground litter than most
chaparral shrubs. Kittredge [
23] has measured its litter volume at 1.1
tons per acre (2.5 t/ha) per year. The leaves, twigs, and fruits contain
flammable resins [
6].
FIRE REGIMES : Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the
FEIS home page under
"Find FIRE REGIMES".
- bibliographic citation
- Howard, Janet L. 1992. Arctostaphylos glandulosa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Fire Management Considerations
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
fire cycle,
fire suppression,
fuel,
naturalEffects of fire suppression: Fuel build-up resulting from fire
suppression can result in extreme fire and flood danger. Manzanita
fires are severe and typically consume all standing material down to
ground level [
42]. Loss of watershed vegetation results in downstream
flooding and the filling in of reservoirs with debris [
26].
Fuel management: Manzanita communities have a natural fire cycle of 10
to 25 years [
34]. To reduce fire danger in these communities,
prescribed winter burns are recommended at intervals of 10 to 20 years.
Humidity should be under 30 percent and winds less then 10 miles per
hour [
12,
39].
- bibliographic citation
- Howard, Janet L. 1992. Arctostaphylos glandulosa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification)
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. More info for the term:
phanerophytePhanerophyte
- bibliographic citation
- Howard, Janet L. 1992. Arctostaphylos glandulosa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat characteristics
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Eastwood's manzanita is found on dry, rocky, often steep slopes [
16,
29].
Soil: Eastwood's manzanita grows in gravelly-clay soil. The soil layer
is typically less than 10 inches (25 cm) with a pH of 5.7 [
10].
Elevation: Eastwood's manzanita occurs between 1,000 to 6,000 feet
(305-1,829 m) [
29].
Climate: Eastwood's manzanita grows in a mediterranean climate, with cool
moist winters and hot dry summers [
7,
29].
- bibliographic citation
- Howard, Janet L. 1992. Arctostaphylos glandulosa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Cover Types
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):
229 Pacific Douglas-fir
232 Redwood
233 Oregon white oak
234 Douglas-fir - tanoak - Pacific madrone
244 Pacific ponderosa pine - Douglas-fir
245 Pacific ponderosa pine
246 California black oak
248 Knobcone pine
249 Canyon live oak
250 Blue oak - Digger pine
255 California coast live oak
- bibliographic citation
- Howard, Janet L. 1992. Arctostaphylos glandulosa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Ecosystem
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):
FRES20 Douglas-fir
FRES21 Ponderosa pine
FRES27 Redwood
FRES34 Chaparral - mountain shrub
- bibliographic citation
- Howard, Janet L. 1992. Arctostaphylos glandulosa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Plant Associations
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):
More info for the terms:
forest,
shrub K002 Cedar - hemlock - Douglas-fir forest
K005 Mixed conifer forest
K006 Redwood forest
K010 Ponderosa shrub forest
K029 California mixed evergreen forest
K030 California oakwoods
K033 Chaparral
K034 Montane chaparral
- bibliographic citation
- Howard, Janet L. 1992. Arctostaphylos glandulosa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Immediate Effect of Fire
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Fire top-kills Eastwood's manzanita [
42].
- bibliographic citation
- Howard, Janet L. 1992. Arctostaphylos glandulosa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Importance to Livestock and Wildlife
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Eastwood's manzanita is useless as livestock browse but is a valuable
source of food for wildlife. Manzanita spp. fruits are eaten by various
chaparral mammals including coyote, dusky-footed woodrat, deer mouse,
and brush rabbit. The fruits are also consumed birds, including wild
turkey and band-tailed pigeon [
41]. Older leaves are sometimes eaten by
black-tailed deer, although they prefer sprouts or seedlings [
2,
4].
- bibliographic citation
- Howard, Janet L. 1992. Arctostaphylos glandulosa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Key Plant Community Associations
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Eastwood's manzanita is a common dominant in coastal chaparral
communities. It frequently codominates or associated with chamise
(Adenostoma fasciculatum) [
1,
13,
24]. Eastwood's manzanita is also
associated with chaparral whitethorn (Ceanothus leucodermis) and
bigberry manzanita (Arctostaphylos glauca) [
15,
24].
The following published classifications list Eastwood's manzanita as a
dominant species:
Vegetation types of the San Bernardino Mountains [
17]
An introduction to the plant communities of the Santa Ana and San
Jacinto Mountains [
42]
- bibliographic citation
- Howard, Janet L. 1992. Arctostaphylos glandulosa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Life Form
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
shrubShrub
- bibliographic citation
- Howard, Janet L. 1992. Arctostaphylos glandulosa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Management considerations
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
litter,
shrubsWatershed: Eastwood's manzanita is valuable for soil erosion control
because its roots and litter layer bind soil. Kittredge [
23] states
that it may have the greatest ability to build and maintain a stable
ground floor of all the chaparral shrubs.
Timber: Eastwood's manzanita allelopathically inhibits growth of
ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) and knobcone pine (P. attenuata)
seedlings [
6,
38,
42].
Control: Eastwood's manzanita can be controlled by aerosol application of
2,4-D in late June or July. Precautions for its use with ponderosa pine
seedlings have been detailed [
38].
- bibliographic citation
- Howard, Janet L. 1992. Arctostaphylos glandulosa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Nutritional Value
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
No species of manzanita provides high-quality browse [
33,
41]. The
protein content of Eastwood's manzanita leaves varies from 11 percent in
April to 5 percent in October. Bissell and Strong [
6] state that
deer need a minimum of 7 percent protein in their diet for normal
maintenance.
- bibliographic citation
- Howard, Janet L. 1992. Arctostaphylos glandulosa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Occurrence in North America
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
CA OR MEXICO
- bibliographic citation
- Howard, Janet L. 1992. Arctostaphylos glandulosa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Other uses and values
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Food: The fruits of Eastwood's manzanita can be used to make jelly [
2].
Native Americans dried and ground the fruits to make flour [
36].
Landscaping: Eastwood's manzanita is used for ornamental landscaping [
2].
- bibliographic citation
- Howard, Janet L. 1992. Arctostaphylos glandulosa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Palatability
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
The palatability of Eastwood's manzanita leaves is rated as poor for
goats, sheep, cattle, horses, and black-tailed deer [
33]. The
palatability of the fruits and seeds is fair [
22].
- bibliographic citation
- Howard, Janet L. 1992. Arctostaphylos glandulosa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Phenology
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. More info for the term:
fruitEastwood's manzanita flowers from February to April. The fruit ripens
from April to August, and seeds are disseminated from August to
November. Older leaves are dropped from August to February [
2].
- bibliographic citation
- Howard, Janet L. 1992. Arctostaphylos glandulosa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Plant Response to Fire
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
coverCharate-induced germination of a few seedlings occurs the first year
following fire [
21]. Lignotubers of top-killed plants sprout during the
first postfire growing season. Rapid growth continues, and preburn
cover is regained by postfire year 4 [
17].
- bibliographic citation
- Howard, Janet L. 1992. Arctostaphylos glandulosa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Post-fire Regeneration
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
ground residual colonizer,
root crown,
shrub Small shrub, adventitious-bud root crown
Ground residual colonizer (on-site, initial community)
- bibliographic citation
- Howard, Janet L. 1992. Arctostaphylos glandulosa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Regeneration Processes
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
lignotuber,
seedSexual: Eastwood's manzanita reproduces by seed [
2,
20,
14]. Seeds are
dispersed by birds and mammals and can remain dormant for years [
21].
Germination does not occur until after a fire, and is triggered by an
oligosaccharin leached from charred wood [
20]. Seedling success rates
are low [
14].
Vegetative: Eastwood's manzanita sprouts from the lignotuber [
7,
14,
18,
19,
20,
44].
- bibliographic citation
- Howard, Janet L. 1992. Arctostaphylos glandulosa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Regional Distribution in the Western United States
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species can be found in the following regions of the western United States (according to the Bureau of Land Management classification of Physiographic Regions of the western United States):
1 Northern Pacific Border
3 Southern Pacific Border
4 Sierra Mountains
- bibliographic citation
- Howard, Janet L. 1992. Arctostaphylos glandulosa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Successional Status
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. More info for the terms:
climax,
forest,
woodlandEastwood's manzanita is shade-intolerant. It occurs in climax chaparral,
but is replaced by oak (Quercus spp.) woodland or coniferous forest in
the absence of fire [
14,
31,
44].
- bibliographic citation
- Howard, Janet L. 1992. Arctostaphylos glandulosa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Synonyms
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Arctostaphylos glandulosa subsp. cushingiana (Eastw.) Adams ex. McMinn [
7,
43]
- bibliographic citation
- Howard, Janet L. 1992. Arctostaphylos glandulosa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Taxonomy
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
The scientific name of Eastwood's manzanita is Arctostaphylos glandulosa Eastw.
(Ericaceae) [
7,
29,
43]. There are seven subspecies:
Arctostaphylos glandulosa subsp. adamsii (Munz) Munz [
30,
37,
43], Adams' manzanita
Arctostaphylos glandulosa subsp. crassifolia (Jeps.) Wells [
19,
37,
43], Del Mar manzanita
Arctostaphylos glandulosa subsp. glandulosa [
43], Eastwood's manzanita
Arctostaphylos glandulosa subsp. glaucomollis Wells [
43], Eastwood's manzanita
Arctostaphylos glandulosa subsp. mollis (Adams) Wells [
37,
43], Eastwood's manzanita]
Arctostaphylos glandulosa subsp. zacaensis (Eastw.) Wells [
7,
37,
43], Zaca manzanita
Campbell's manzanita (Arctostaphylos × campbelliae Eastw. ) is an Eastwood's manzanita ×
woolyleaf manzanita (Arctostaphylos tomentosa) hybrid
- bibliographic citation
- Howard, Janet L. 1992. Arctostaphylos glandulosa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
U.S. Federal Legal Status
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Arctostaphylos glandulosa subsp. crassifolia is listed as Endangered [
46].
It occurs on siliceous sandstone coastal bluffs from Oceanside, California,
southward to northern Baja California [
43].
- bibliographic citation
- Howard, Janet L. 1992. Arctostaphylos glandulosa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Value for rehabilitation of disturbed sites
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
litterEastwood's manzanita's deep litter layer and deep root system help
stabilize steep hillsides and road cuts. It has been underutilized for
rehabilitative purposes in the past because it is difficult to germinate
and to transplant [
8]. It can, however, be successfully propagated from
stem cuttings [
2].
- bibliographic citation
- Howard, Janet L. 1992. Arctostaphylos glandulosa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Arctostaphylos glandulosa
provided by wikipedia EN
Arctostaphylos glandulosa, with the common name Eastwood's manzanita, is a species of manzanita.
Distribution
This shrub is native to the coastal slopes of western North America from Oregon through California to Baja California.
Description
Arctostaphylos glandulosa is an erect shrub reaching up to 2.5 meters in height. It is bristly and sometimes glandular, secreting sticky oils. It is quite variable in appearance and there are several subspecies scattered across its range.
Subspecies
Subspecies include:
The rare Arctostaphylos glandulosa ssp. crassifolia is federally listed as an endangered species in the United States. There are about 25 remaining populations, most occurring in fragmented and degraded coastal sage scrub chaparral habitats on both sides of the border.[13] Arctostaphylos glandulosa ssp. gabrielensis is only known in the wild from one population near the Mill Creek Summit divide within the Angeles National Forest in the San Gabriel Mountains, and is on the California Native Plant Society Rare and Endangered Plant Inventory.[14]
See also
References
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Arctostaphylos glandulosa: Brief Summary
provided by wikipedia EN
Arctostaphylos glandulosa, with the common name Eastwood's manzanita, is a species of manzanita.
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- cc-by-sa-3.0
- copyright
- Wikipedia authors and editors
