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Castilleja levisecta

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Castilleja levisecta is a rare species of flowering plant in the family Orobanchaceae known by the common name golden paintbrush, or golden Indian paintbrush, listed under the Endangered Species Act in 1997. It is native to British Columbia and Washington, where it is known from eleven remaining populations.[2] It occurred in Oregon but all natural occurrences there have been extirpated.[2][3] It has been reintroduced to a few areas in Oregon, but it remains to be seen if the plants will survive.[2][1] The plant is a federally listed endangered species of Canada and was listed as threatened in the United States in 1997.[4][5] On June 30, 2021, the plant was proposed for delisting due to recovery. [6]

Description

Castilleja levisecta (golden paintbrush) was first collected as a modern botanical specimen near Mill Plain, Washington, by Thomas Jefferson Howell in 1880 and was described by Jesse More Greenman in 1898 (Greenman 1898). This is a perennial herb growing in clumps of up to fifteen stems. The leaves are green, containing chlorophyll to undergo photosynthesis, but like other Castilleja it is a hemiparasite, capable of tapping the roots of other plants via haustorial connections to obtain nutrients and water.[3]

Bright yellow bracts of Castilleja levisecta are more tightly pressed against the stem than bracts of many other Castilleja species

The inflorescence contains bright golden yellow bracts with small green flowers tucked between them. It is the only Castilleja with yellow bracts within its range in the Pacific Northwest.[3] The plant is thought to be pollinated by bumblebees, including Bombus californicus.[3] The species is nearly self-incompatible, and a plant produces many more seeds when crossed with a less closely related individual, such as a plant from a separate population.[7] It is known to hybridize and produce viable seed with Castilleja hispida (harsh paintbrush) in laboratory and experimental grassland settings.[8][9]

Golden paintbrush grows in prairie habitat at low elevations, generally in soils of gravelly, glacier-carved sediment.[3] It often occurs alongside Idaho fescue (Festuca idahoensis) and red fescue (F. rubra), and it is a member of the Garry Oak ecosystem.[3] The remaining Canadian occurrences of the species are on Trial Island and Alpha Islet off of Vancouver Island.[7] There are nine populations in Washington in maritime grasslands and bluffs around the Puget Sound.[7] Most of these are on islands, including several on Whidbey Island and one on San Juan Island.[5]

The species is diploid and has very high genetic diversity for a rare plant, a condition that makes it less likely to experience rapid extinction.[7][10] Conservation efforts are underway, especially attempts to increase populations by introducing and reintroducing plants to appropriate habitat, and carefully augmenting extant populations by planting more individuals.[7] The plant has been reintroduced to its former range in the Willamette Valley in Oregon.[1][7] These populations will be monitored for the long term, hopefully over twenty years, to assess their health and status.[7]

Ecology and conservation

Golden paintbrush plays an important role in grassland community dynamics and multitrophic interactions. For example, its hemiparasitic reliance on other plant species in its habitat is thought to affect competition and dominance among other plant species in its community.[11] Additionally, its foliage naturally contains defensive compounds called iridoid glycosides that are sequestered in the tissues of the endangered Taylor's checkerspot butterfly larvae, which have developed a tolerance for these compounds and are able to consume golden paintbrush foliage.[12][13] These sequestered iridoid glycosides then confer chemical protection against bird predators to the butterfly larvae.[12][13]

Seeds of putative Castilleja levisecta × Castilleja hispida hybrid

The grassland habitats in which golden paintbrush grows have traditionally undergone periodic wildfires, and the golden paintbrush appears to thrive in this fire regime, possibly because fires clear out taller vegetation that would otherwise compete with it, or provide it nutrients in the ash.[3] Fire frequency may also have effects on golden paintbrush's defensive phytochemistry.[14]

If the paintbrush is fire-adapted, it would experience negative effects from fire suppression efforts.[3] Other threats to the species include habitat destruction during residential or other development, and encroachment from introduced plant species such as mouse-ear hawkweed (Hieracium pilosella), Scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius), and oxeye daisy (Leucanthemum vulgare).[3] Plants experience herbivory by wild animals, trampling by hikers, and losses when they are picked by wildflower enthusiasts.[7]

The hybridization potential between golden and harsh paintbrush has been identified as a threat to the genetic integrity of golden paintbrush, requiring land managers to develop strategies for balancing the ecological needs of these two Castilleja species and endangered insects that rely on them.[10]

References

  1. ^ a b c The Nature Conservancy
  2. ^ a b c USFWS. Castilleja levisecta Five-year Review. September 27, 2007.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Center for Plant Conservation Archived 2010-12-15 at the Wayback Machine
  4. ^ COSEWIC. Castilleja levisecta Species Assessment. November 2007.
  5. ^ a b USFWS. Determination of threatened status for Castilleja levisecta (Golden Paintbrush). Federal Register June 11, 1997.
  6. ^ "Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Removing Golden Paintbrush From the Federal List of Endangered and Threatened Plants". Federal Register. 2021-06-30. Retrieved 2021-06-30.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h Caplow, F. Reintroduction Plan for Golden Paintbrush. USFWS. 2004.
  8. ^ Fisher, Loretta; Bakker, Jonathan D.; Dunwiddie, Peter (2015). "An Assessment of Seed Production and Viability of Putative Castilleja levisecta × C. hispida Hybrids". doi:10.13140/RG.2.1.4327.2081. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  9. ^ Thomas N. Kaye; Matt Blakely (2008). An Evaluation of the Potential for Hybridization Between Castilleja levisecta and C. hispida (Report). Institute for Applied Ecology. Retrieved 2022-05-02.
  10. ^ a b Strategy and Guidance for Minimizing Hybridization Risk of Castilleja levisecta (CALE) with Castilleja hispida (CAHI) While Advancing Conservation of CALE and Taylor's Checkerspot Butterfly (Euphydryas editha taylori; TCB) (PDF) (Report). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, and Washington Department of Natural Resources. 2021. Retrieved 2022-05-02.
  11. ^ Schmidt, Natalie (2016). Parasitic plants and community composition: how Castilleja levisecta affects, and is affected by, its community (PDF) (Doctoral dissertation). University of Washington. Retrieved 2022-05-02.
  12. ^ a b Haan, Nate L.; Bakker, Jonathan D.; Bowers, M. Deane (14 January 2021). "Preference, performance, and chemical defense in an endangered butterfly using novel and ancestral host plants". Scientific Reports. 11 (992): 992. Bibcode:2021NatSR..11..992H. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-80413-y. PMC 7809109. PMID 33446768.
  13. ^ a b Haan, Nate L.; Bakker, Jonathan D.; Bowers, M. Deane (May 2018). "Hemiparasites can transmit indirect effects from their host plants to herbivores". Ecology. 99 (2): 399–410. doi:10.1002/ecy.2087. JSTOR 26624251. PMID 29131311. Retrieved 2022-05-02.
  14. ^ Rafay, Loretta (2018). "Chapter Three: Experimental sources of variation in Castilleja levisecta and Plantago lanceolata foliar iridoid glycoside concentrations: lime amendments, prescribed fire, and herbivory simulation across phenology". Try it with fire and lime: phytochemical responses to prescribed fire, soil amendments, and simulated herbivory (Master's thesis). University of Washington. Retrieved 2022-05-02.

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Castilleja levisecta: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN

Castilleja levisecta is a rare species of flowering plant in the family Orobanchaceae known by the common name golden paintbrush, or golden Indian paintbrush, listed under the Endangered Species Act in 1997. It is native to British Columbia and Washington, where it is known from eleven remaining populations. It occurred in Oregon but all natural occurrences there have been extirpated. It has been reintroduced to a few areas in Oregon, but it remains to be seen if the plants will survive. The plant is a federally listed endangered species of Canada and was listed as threatened in the United States in 1997. On June 30, 2021, the plant was proposed for delisting due to recovery.

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Castilléjie dorée ( French )

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Castilleja levisecta

La Castilléjie dorée (Castilleja levisecta) est une espèce de plantes herbacées à fleurs, de la famille des Scrophulariaceae selon la classification classique, ou de celle des Orobanchaceae selon la classification phylogénétique.

Description

C'est une plante herbacée vivace poussant en groupe d'au plus quinze tiges. Les feuilles sont vertes, contenant de la chlorophylle pour la photosynthèse, mais comme d'autres Castillejas c'est un hémiparasite, capable de prélever dans les racines des autres plantes les nutriments et l'eau dont elle a besoin[2]. Les feuilles sont poilues et alternes. L'inflorescence en épi contient de brillantes bractées jaune d'or avec de petites fleurs vertes nichées entre elles. Le fruit est une capsule. C'est la seule espèce de Castillejas à bractées jaune dans la région du Pacifique Nord-Ouest[2]. On pense qu'elle pourrait être pollinisée par les bourdons, comme Bombus californicus[2]. L'espèce n'est presque pas auto-fécondable, et une plante produit beaucoup plus de graines quand on la croise avec une peu liée, comme celles d'une plante d'une population séparée[3].

Répartition et habitat

Elle est originaire de la Colombie-Britannique et de l'État de Washington, où on n'en trouve plus que onze pieds[4]. Elle poussait avant dans l'Oregon, mais tous les plants naturels ont disparu[4],[2]. [Elle a été réintroduite dans un petit nombre de régions dans l'Orégon mais il reste à savoir si ces plants survivront[4],[5]. La plante est classée en voie de disparition sur la liste fédérale du Canada et inscrite comme menacée aux États-Unis depuis 1997[6],[7].

Cette espèce pousse dans les prairies à faible altitude, généralement dans les sols graveleux post-glaciaires. [2] On la trouve souvent aux côtés de la fétuque d'Idaho (Festuca idahoensis) et de la fétuque rouge (F. rubra) et c'est un membre de l'écosystème du chêne de Garry[2]. Les occurrences restantes canadiennes de l'espèce sont sur l'île Trial et l'îlot Alpha au large de l'île de Vancouver[3]. Il y a neuf populations dans le Washington dans les prairies et les falaises maritimes autour de la région de Puget Sound[3]. La plupart sont sur des îles, dont plusieurs sur l'île Whidbey et une sur San Juan Island[7].

Ces prairies subissent des incendies périodiques et la plante semble prospérer dans ce régime de brûlis, peut-être parce que les incendies détruisent la végétation la plus haute qui, autrement, rivaliserait avec elle, ou parce qu'ils lui fournissent des éléments nutritifs dans les cendres[2]. Si la plante est adaptée au feu, elle subit les effets négatifs des efforts de lutte contre les incendies[2]. Parmi les autres menaces pour l'espèce figurent la destruction de son habitat à cause du développement résidentiel ou autre, et l'empiètement des espèces de plantes introduites comme la piloselle (Hieracium pilosella), le genêt à balais (Cytisus scoparius) et la marguerite (Leucanthemum vulgare)[2]. Elle est aussi victime de sa consommation par les animaux sauvages herbivores, de son piétinement par les randonneurs et des pertes quand elles sont cueillies par les amateurs de fleurs sauvages[3].

Conservation

L'espèce a une très grande diversité génétique pour une plante rare, une condition qui la rend moins susceptible de connaître une extinction rapide[3]. Les efforts de conservation sont en cours, notamment des tentatives d'accroître les populations par l'introduction et la réintroduction de plantes dans un habitat approprié, et l'augmentation des populations existantes par la replantation de plusieurs individus[3]. Elle a été réintroduite dans son ancienne aire de répartition dans la vallée de Willamette dans l'Oregon[5],[3]. Ces populations seront suivies à long terme, il faudra plus de vingt ans, pour évaluer leur état de santé et leur statut[3].

Notes et références

  • (en) Cet article est partiellement ou en totalité issu de l’article de Wikipédia en anglais intitulé .

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Castilléjie dorée: Brief Summary ( French )

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Castilleja levisecta

La Castilléjie dorée (Castilleja levisecta) est une espèce de plantes herbacées à fleurs, de la famille des Scrophulariaceae selon la classification classique, ou de celle des Orobanchaceae selon la classification phylogénétique.

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