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Silver Tree

Leucadendron argenteum (L.) R. Br.

Biology

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The dioecious silver tree flowers in the spring months of September and October, bearing the male and female flowers on separate plants (2). After pollination, thought to be carried out by insects, female plants produce woody cones containing fruits and seeds (3), with the fruit ripening over several months and not being released from the cones for some years. When released, usually in the autumn months, the fruits do not immediately fall to the ground but remain loosely within the cone with each fruit's 'parachute' protruding. The parachute is the dried part of the old flower which, still attached to the seed, is a special adaptation for wind dispersal. The strong winds that occur on the slopes of Table Mountain eventually dislodge the fruit, and this natural parachute can be transported considerable distances (2). Large numbers of the fruits are eaten by rodents, but a sufficient number survive to allow new plants to germinate; the fruit are known to survive in the soil for 80 years (4). Silver trees live for 15 to 80 years, depending on the intervals between the fires that occur naturally in fynbos habitat. A few taller plants survive cooler fires, but recruitment of seedlings only occurs the year following a fire (4). Silver trees are also susceptible to Phytophthora root rot, but only about five percent of the populations die each year and thus the disease is not considered a threat to the species (4). The thousand of tiny hairs that cover the surface of each leaf give the tree its attractive silver sheen and also play an important role in protecting the plant from desiccation and herbivory (4). The intensity of the silver sheen varies with temperature; in wet weather the hairs stand erect, allowing free circulation of air around the leaves and the leaves appear fairly drab. In hot, dry weather the hairs lie flat on the leaves, and the sheen is pronounced (4).
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Conservation

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Almost half of the entire population of the silver tree occurs within protected areas, and programmes to eradicate alien plants species are in place (1). In addition, the Parks and Forestry department of South Africa plants around 1,000 silver trees each year on the Cape Peninsula. However, few of these are planted under ideal conditions and most die within a few years (4). The silver tree is also cultivated commercially for its decorative foliage (3).
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Description

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This beautiful tree grows on the slopes of Table Mountain, South Africa, and gets its name from its curious silver sheen, caused by abundant fine, satiny hairs covering the grey-green leaves, that glisten in the sunlight (2) (3). These tiny hairs also give the leaves a soft, velvety feel (2). The small silver tree has a stout trunk with thick grey bark, and grows symmetrically, with its upright branches bearing the long, tapering leaves, which overlap each other to conceal the thick branches (2).
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Habitat

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The silver tree grows on moist, usually south-facing slopes, on granite clays in fynbos vegetation and on the margins of forest patches (1).
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Range

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Possibly endemic to the slopes of Table Mountain, South Africa, from Lion's Head to Noordhoek. Four small populations occur off the Cape Peninsula, but these may have been planted (1).
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Status

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Classified as Vulnerable (VU) on the IUCN Red List 2007 (1).
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Threats

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In the past, the leaves of the silver tree were pressed, dried and used by artists for painting scenes for sale as souvenirs. It has even been suggested that the collection of leaves may have been a major factor in the extermination of the silver tree on the north slopes of Table Mountain (4). Today, the expansion of Cape Town and the establishment of tree plantations continue to cause reductions in population numbers (1). An increase in the frequency of fires may also pose a threat to silver tree populations. Even within protected areas, populations of silver trees suffer from invasions by alien plant species (1).
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Derivation of specific name

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argenteum: silvery
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Mark Hyde, Bart Wursten and Petra Ballings
bibliographic citation
Hyde, M.A., Wursten, B.T. and Ballings, P. (2002-2014). Leucadendron argenteum R. Br. Flora of Zimbabwe website. Accessed 28 August 2014 at http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/cult/species.php?species_id=181740
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Mark Hyde
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Bart Wursten
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Petra Ballings
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Distribution ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Pablo Gutierrez
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Silwerboom ( Afrikaans )

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Die Silwerboom (Leucadendron argenteum) is 'n boom wat vinnig groei en gewild is as 'n sierboom. Die boom het syagtige, silwergrys blare terwyl die manlike blomme appelkooskleurig en die vroulike blomme silweragtige keëls is. Die boom verkies vol son en matige water om te groei. Die blomtyd is in Augustus tot September. Die silwerboom is een van die provinsie Wes-Kaap se amptelike simbole.[1]

Sien ook

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Amptelike simbole van die provinsie Wes-Kaap

Blom: Boom: Voël: Dier: Red Disa uniflora.jpg Leucadendron argenteum - new growth detail.JPG Promerops cafer 4.jpg Bontebok.jpg die bakkiesblom die silwerboom die Kaapse suikervoël die bontebok Disa unflora Leucadendron argenteum Promerops cafer Damaliscus pygarus
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Silwerboom: Brief Summary ( Afrikaans )

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Die Silwerboom (Leucadendron argenteum) is 'n boom wat vinnig groei en gewild is as 'n sierboom. Die boom het syagtige, silwergrys blare terwyl die manlike blomme appelkooskleurig en die vroulike blomme silweragtige keëls is. Die boom verkies vol son en matige water om te groei. Die blomtyd is in Augustus tot September. Die silwerboom is een van die provinsie Wes-Kaap se amptelike simbole.

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Silwerbome is amper tot uitsterwing gedryf deur die aanplant van kommersiële denneplantasies.

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Leucadendron argenteum groei slegs in en om Kaapstad, veral op Tafelberg.

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'n Groot Silwerboom naby Rhodes Memorial.

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Jong Silwerbome op Duiwelspiek, Tafelberg.

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Silwerboombos aan die voet van Duiwelspiek.

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Sedert die gedeeltelike verwydering van dennebome, het die Silwerbomebosse geleidelik begin terugkeer.

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Die blare van Leucadendron argenteum is sag en fluweelagtig.

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Nuwe uitgroeisel.

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Die silwer kleur van die blare is te danke aan die sagte fluweelagtige hare.

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Na die blomperiode, produseer die vroulike bome keëls wat uiteindelik oopmaak om klein ronde neute vry te stel.

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Monster van 'n keël, sade, blare en onvolwasse plant.

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Leucadendron argenteum ( Catalan; Valencian )

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Arbre argentat, Witte boom (Arbre blanc) o Silwer boom (Arbre de plata) són els noms comuns que rep aquesta planta endèmica de Sud-àfrica i que pertany a la família de les Proteaceae i al gènere Leucadendron. La visió d'aquests gegant platejats a la muntanya és una visió meravellosa i un tresor de la natura. Les seves fulles al reflectir la llum creen un efecte lumínic de color plata. L'efecte es magnifica perquè creixen en masses denses als vessants de Kirstenbosch i són exclusius de la península del Cap al Parc Nacional de la Muntanya de la Taula. Però aquesta espècie està en perill d'extingir-se en estat silvestre en els propers 50 anys si no ens hi ocupem de les poblacions silvestres restants.[3]

Descripció morfològica

Leucadendron argenteum és un arbre dret, ben proporcionat, tot ornamental, d'uns 7 a 10 m d'alçada, amb un tronc robust i gruixut, d'escorça grisa. Les branques verticals es cobreixen amb grans fulles lanceolades, de fins a 150 x 20 mm, aquest hàbitat se solapa entre si, ocultant les branques gruixudes. Les fulles són d'aspecte gris-plata, cobertes a la superfície amb pèls diminuts, suaus de color platejat i amb serrells amb pèls llargs blancs. La lluentor platejada característica de l'espècie és a causa dels pèls. La intensitat de la brillantor varia amb el temps. Són plantes de clima calent i sec, i per tant els pèls també fa una funció de protecció envers la transpiració de les fulles en arrepenjar-se sobre la superfície i cobrir-la. En les èpoques humides, els pèls ja no són tan brillants, ja que adopten una postura més erecte per a deixar circular l'aire.

Ecologia i distribució

Leucadendron argenteum passa als vessants frescals, de l'est i del sud en els sòls argilosos de granit, a partir de 100-150 m sobre el nivell del mar, i els arbres brillen en els vessants per sobre de Kirstenbosch. Hi ha vuit poblacions, repartides en un rang d'11 quilòmetres amb alguns valors atípics a Somerset West, Paarl i Stellenbosch. Només les poblacions de Rhodes Memorial i Tafelberg creixen en sòls d'esquist. A causa del seu cultiu extens per tal de ser utilitzat per a la llenya, hi ha una forta possibilitat que les poblacions atípiques de la Península no siguin naturals sinó que es van plantar en els anys 1700 i 1800 i s'han naturalitzat.

Reproducció

Com tots els Leucadendrons, és dioica, és a dir, les flors masculines i femenines són produïdes en plantes separades. Les flors estan disposades en caps densos a les puntes de les branques. Les fulles que envolten els caps de les flors es coneixen com fulles involucrals les quals no canvien de color mentre l'arbre està en flor. Els arbres masculins són més cridaners, les seves flors són més prolífiques, més vistoses, les seves fulles són d'un brillant més argentat i les flors són caps grocs lluents i rodons. En els arbres femenins sembla que costa més trobar-ne les flors, ja que les fulles involucrals amaguen les flors i no són tan brillants. A més les flors semblen que es troben més amunt i costa arribar-hi des de baix. L'època de floració és del Setembre a l'Octubre.

Referències

  1. «Leucadendron argenteum a EOL» (en anglès). [Consulta: 10 març 2015].
  2. «Leucadendron argenteum a The Plant List» (en anglès). [Consulta: 10 març 2015].
  3. http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/30350/0

Enllaços externs

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Leucadendron argenteum Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata  src= Podeu veure l'entrada corresponent a aquest tàxon, clade o naturalista dins el projecte Wikispecies.
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Leucadendron argenteum: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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Arbre argentat, Witte boom (Arbre blanc) o Silwer boom (Arbre de plata) són els noms comuns que rep aquesta planta endèmica de Sud-àfrica i que pertany a la família de les Proteaceae i al gènere Leucadendron. La visió d'aquests gegant platejats a la muntanya és una visió meravellosa i un tresor de la natura. Les seves fulles al reflectir la llum creen un efecte lumínic de color plata. L'efecte es magnifica perquè creixen en masses denses als vessants de Kirstenbosch i són exclusius de la península del Cap al Parc Nacional de la Muntanya de la Taula. Però aquesta espècie està en perill d'extingir-se en estat silvestre en els propers 50 anys si no ens hi ocupem de les poblacions silvestres restants.

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Leucadendron argenteum

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Leucadendron argenteum (silver tree, silver leaf tree, Afrikaans: Witteboom, or Afrikaans: Silwerboom) is an endangered plant species in the family Proteaceae, which is endemic to a small area of the Cape Peninsula, South Africa. Most grow in and around the city of Cape Town, but outlying (perhaps introduced) populations exist near Somerset West (Silwerboomkloof), Paarl and Stellenbosch. It is a protected tree in South Africa.[3]

Appearance

Adult specimen growing on the eastern slopes of Table Mountain, near Rhodes Memorial.

The silvertree is a striking evergreen tree, growing 5–7 m tall (sometimes up to 16 m). It is erect and well-proportioned with a thick, straight trunk and grey bark. The soft, silky leaves are shiny silver, lanceolate, 8–15 cm long and 2 cm broad, with their distinct silvery sheen produced by dense velvety hairs. The wind-pollinated flowers are produced in dense globose inflorescences 4–5 cm diameter, and give off a pleasant scent. Like all Leucadendrons, this tree is dioecious, with separate male and female plants. The fruit is a heavy woody cone, containing numerous seeds; each seed is a small nut with a silky-haired helicopter-like parachute, enabling it to disperse by wind. After germination it pushes up two green, bare and leathery cotyledons.

Distribution

This enormous silver Protea is naturally confined to a tiny area in and around the city of Cape Town. Its main population grows on the slopes of Table Mountain, notably the Lion's Head area, above Rhodes Memorial and the mountain slopes above Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden.

In addition there are three tiny outlying populations nearby, in Stellenbosch, Somerset West and Paarl (It has not yet been established for certain whether these are natural outliers, or were planted here in early Cape history). The Somerset West population is located within a natural heritage site called Silvertree Gorge, in the Spanish Farm suburb.

Historically, the silvertree was more widespread on Table Mountain, covering much of its slopes in shimmering silver forests. However, early demand for timber led to much of these forests being felled and now the silvertree is a rare and endangered species.[4]

Status and conservation

Seeds of the silver tree

Table Mountain is perhaps the only place where these trees grow naturally, as the populations near Stellenbosch and Paarl (though conceivably natural) may have been introduced from Table Mountain.

In the face of urban development, inappropriate fire management, and invasive alien trees such as pines and gums, silvertrees have been driven from about 74% of their natural range.[5] Mortality of these short-lived trees is negligible after a burn, but then increases to about 5% per annum. During a longer term absence of burns however, sudden die-offs may occur, even in a matter of hours. This is believed to be the combined result of (warm) berg winds and diseased roots which are weakened by Phytophthora root rot which inhibits their water absorption.

An estimated 40 to 50 percent of the extant native population burned in the fire of 26 to 27 January 2006.[6] As recruitment of seedlings only occurs naturally after fire, this was a necessary stage in the life-cycle of this Fynbos species, and the population has recovered totally.

A major deterrent to propagation of the silver leaf tree is its short life span, as most don't live more than 20 years. This doesn't affect their conservation however, as fires rejuvenate populations on average every 15–20 years by killing the surviving adults and triggering the release of the canopy seed bank (in the cones), and germination of the soil seed bank. Seeds remain viable for at least 80 years. Juveniles take 5–7 years to flower and set seed, whereafter the populations are ready to burn again.

Heraldry

"[S]tylized twigs of the silver tree" [sic] appear in the arms of the South Peninsula Municipality of South Africa.[7]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Leucadendron argenteum.

Pictures

See also

References

  1. ^ Rebelo, A.G.; Mtshali, H.; Koopman, R.; Raimondo, D. (2020). "Leucadendron argenteum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T30350A185568120. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T30350A185568120.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species, retrieved 27 December 2016
  3. ^ "Protected Trees" (PDF). Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Republic of South Africa. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 July 2010. Retrieved 13 June 2013.
  4. ^ "IDM Cape Peninsula - Ld arge". www.proteaatlas.org.za. Retrieved 2017-08-02.
  5. ^ "Threatened Species Programme | SANBI Red List of South African Plants". redlist.sanbi.org. Retrieved 2017-08-02.
  6. ^ "C Town to count cost of fires: South Africa: News: News24". Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2006-01-27.
  7. ^ "National Archives of South Africa (NASA) Database Selection".

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Leucadendron argenteum: Brief Summary

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Leucadendron argenteum (silver tree, silver leaf tree, Afrikaans: Witteboom, or Afrikaans: Silwerboom) is an endangered plant species in the family Proteaceae, which is endemic to a small area of the Cape Peninsula, South Africa. Most grow in and around the city of Cape Town, but outlying (perhaps introduced) populations exist near Somerset West (Silwerboomkloof), Paarl and Stellenbosch. It is a protected tree in South Africa.

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Leucadendron argenteum ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Leucadendron argenteum, el árbol de plata (silver tree, silwerboom), es una especie amenazada en la familia Proteaceae, endémica a una pequeña área de la Península del Cabo, Stellenbosch, y Paarl en Sudáfrica, notablemente el área de Cabeza de León (Lion's Head) en el Jardín Botánico de Kirstenbosch.

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Espécimen bajo cultivo en el Arboretum de la Universidad de California, Santa Cruz.

.

Descripción

Es un pequeño árbol perennifolio que crece a una altura de 5-7 m de alto, excepcionalmente hasta 16 m. Las hojas son lanceoladas, 8-15 cm de largo y 2 cm de ancho, con un distintivo tono plateado producido por los densos vellos sedosos. Las flores se producen en densas inflorescencias globosas de 4-5 cm de diámetro; es una especie dioica, con plantas macho y hembra separadas. El fruto es una estructura similar a un cono leñoso, contiene numerosas semillas; las semillas tienen un paracaídas con vellos sedosos parecido a la hélice de un helicóptero, habilitándolas para dispersarse por el viento.

Se ha estimado que un 40 a un 50 por ciento de la población nativa de esos árboles fue destruida entre el 26 y el 27 de enero de 2006 en el gran incendio en las montañas [1]. Sin embargo, un reclutamiento de plantitas solamente ocurre naturalmente después de un incendio en una etapa del ciclo de vida de las especies de Fynbos. El reclutamiento después del incendio ha sido bueno, y la población se ha recuperado totalmente. Tomará sin embargo pocos años antes de que la población produzca semillas, durante ese tiempo la especie puede ser vulnerable a la extinción si se producen incendios posteriores.

Conservación

Un mayor disuasivo para la propagación del árbol de plata es su corto período de vida. La mayoría de los individuos no viven más de 20 años. Pero ese no es un problema para la conservación ya que los incendios rejuvenecen las poblaciones cada 15-20 años al matar los adultos sobrevivientes y estimular los bancos de semillas almacenados en las copas (en los conos) para que se liberen y germinen. Los árboles jóvenes tardan 5-7 años en florecer y producir semilla, después las poblaciones están listas para recibir fuego otra vez.

Heráldica

Estilizadas ramitas del árbol de plata [sic] aparecen en el escudo de armas del Municipio de South Peninsula de Sudáfrica.[2]

Taxonomía

Leucadendron argenteum fue descrita por Carlos Linneo Robert Brown y publicado en Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 10: 50. 1810.[1]

Sinonimia
  • Protea argentea L.[2]

Referencias

Bibliografía

 title=
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Leucadendron argenteum: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Leucadendron argenteum, el árbol de plata (silver tree, silwerboom), es una especie amenazada en la familia Proteaceae, endémica a una pequeña área de la Península del Cabo, Stellenbosch, y Paarl en Sudáfrica, notablemente el área de Cabeza de León (Lion's Head) en el Jardín Botánico de Kirstenbosch.

 src= Espécimen bajo cultivo en el Arboretum de la Universidad de California, Santa Cruz.

.

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Sølvtre ( Norwegian )

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Sølvtre (Leucadendron argenteum) er en tre i familien Proteaceae.

Det blir 7–10 m høyt med en bred stamme og tykk, grå bark. Greinene er dekket med overlappende, spisse blader som bli 150 mm lange og 20 mm brede. Bladene har små, grå hår som gjør at bladene skinner som sølv. Treet er særbu, og blomstene sitter i tette hoder på enden av grenene. Pollinering utføres av små biller.

Sølvtreet vokser vilt bare i fynbosen rundt Cape Town. Det foretrekker fuktige øst- eller sørskråninger der berggrunnen er granitt eller skifer.


Referanser

  1. ^ C. Hilton-Taylor m.fl. (1998). «Leucadendron argenteum». IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.2. Besøkt 16. september 2014.

Kilder

Eksterne lenker

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Sølvtre: Brief Summary ( Norwegian )

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Sølvtre (Leucadendron argenteum) er en tre i familien Proteaceae.

Det blir 7–10 m høyt med en bred stamme og tykk, grå bark. Greinene er dekket med overlappende, spisse blader som bli 150 mm lange og 20 mm brede. Bladene har små, grå hår som gjør at bladene skinner som sølv. Treet er særbu, og blomstene sitter i tette hoder på enden av grenene. Pollinering utføres av små biller.

Sølvtreet vokser vilt bare i fynbosen rundt Cape Town. Det foretrekker fuktige øst- eller sørskråninger der berggrunnen er granitt eller skifer.


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Bladverk

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Bark

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Frukt

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Unge sølvtrær ved Table Mountain

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Leucadendron argenteum ( Vietnamese )

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Đây là một bài mồ côi vì không có hoặc có ít bài khác liên kết đến nó.
Xin hãy tạo liên kết đến bài này trong các bài của các chủ đề liên quan. (tháng 7 2018)


Leucadendron argenteum là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Quắn hoa. Loài này được (L.) R. Br. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1810.[1]

Chú thích

  1. ^ The Plant List (2010). Leucadendron argenteum. Truy cập ngày 25 tháng 6 năm 2013.

Liên kết ngoài


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết họ Quắn hoa này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Leucadendron argenteum: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Leucadendron argenteum là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Quắn hoa. Loài này được (L.) R. Br. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1810.

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