Naematelia

Naematelia is a genus of fungi in the family Naemateliaceae. All Naematelia species are parasites of other fungi (Stereum species) and produce anamorphic yeast states. Basidiocarps (fruit bodies), when produced, are gelatinous and are colloquially classed among the "jelly fungi". Four species of Naematelia are currently recognized worldwide. One species, Naematelia aurantialba, is commercially cultivated for food.

Taxonomy

History

Naematelia was introduced in 1816 by Elias Magnus Fries for fungal fruit bodies having a gelatinous outer layer and a hard inner core, as in the type species Naematelia encephala. The name was subsequently used by some mycologists, whilst others considered Naematelia synonymous with Tremella since its basidia were Tremella-like.^[1] In a 1961 paper, American mycologist Robert Bandoni showed that the hard inner core of Naematelia encephala was composed largely of host tissue (Stereum sanguinolentum) and that Naematelia therefore represented no more than a Tremella species and its host.^[1]

Molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, has however shown that Tremella is polyphyletic (and hence artificial).^[2][3][4][5] A different generic name was therefore required for a group of species not closely related to Tremella mesenterica (the type species of Tremella) and in 2015 Naematelia was selected as the earliest such name available.^[6] Comparatively few species, however, have yet been sequenced.

Description

Fruit bodies are gelatinous (but may have a hard inner core mainly composed of host hyphae) and are variously cephaliform (like a brain, with folds and ridges), lobed, or foliose (with leaf-like or seaweed-like fronds). Colours are typically pinkish, ochraceous, yellow, or brown.

Microscopic characters

Naematelia species produce hyphae that are clamped and have haustorial cells from which hyphal filaments seek out and penetrate the hyphae of the host.^[7] The basidia are "tremelloid" (globose to ellipsoid, sometimes stalked, and vertically or diagonally septate), giving rise to long, sinuous sterigmata or epibasidia on which the basidiospores are produced. These spores are smooth, globose to ellipsoid, and germinate by hyphal tube or by yeast cells. Conidiophores are often present, producing conidiospores that are similar to yeast cells.^[2]

Habitat and distribution

Species are parasitic on fruit bodies of Stereum species that grow on dead attached or fallen wood. Hosts include Stereum hirsutum on broadleaf trees and Stereum sanguinolentum on conifers.

As a group, Naematelia species occur worldwide, though individual species may have a more restricted distribution.

Species and hosts

References

Naematelia^[1][2] är ett släkte av gelésvampar.

Naematelia nämndes först av Elias Fries 1816^[3] och beskrevs av honom 1818^[4] omfattande två arter: den köttfärgade Naematelia encephala (vilken beskrivits av Christiaan Hendrik Persoon som Tremella encephala 1801^[5]) och den gula Naematelia tubiformis (nybeskriven). 1822 inkluderade Fries en tredje art Naematelia nucleata (och stavade fel(?) till N. tubiformis som blev N. rubiformis) i den sanktionerade^[6] Systema mycologicum^[7]

Namnet Naematelia har dock senare ansetts som ett nomen confusum som baseras på en sammanblandning mellan gelésvampen och dess värd eftersom Fries beskrivning anger "ett gelatinöst receptaculum med en kompakt kärna" (N. encephala lever parasitiskt på Stereum sanguinolentum^[8], vilken utgör denna "kompakta kärna"). Så exempelvis av Robert Bandoni 1961^[9] och Peter Roberts 1999^[10].

Molekylärfylogenetiska studier av klassen Tremellomycetes visade att släktet Tremella var starkt polyfyletiskt. Släktet Naematelia återupplivades därför 2016 för att omsluta en klad bestående av Tremella encephala och ytterligare tre andra Tremella-arter.^[11]

Arterna lever parasitiskt på svampar av släktet Stereum.

Naematelia aurantialba odlas som hälsokost i Kina sedan 1990-talet.^[12]

Arter

• Naematelia encephala
• Naematelia aurantia
• Naematelia aurantialba
• Naematelia microspora

• Naematelia aurantia (gulorange) på död gren med sin värdsvamp raggskinn Stereum hirsutum (rostbrun).

• Genomskärning av Naematelia encephala omslutande den deformerade fruktkroppen av värden blödskinn, Stereum sanguinolentum.

Referenser

• David L. Hawksworth, Ana M. Millanes & Mats Wedin, 2016, Fixing the application of the generic name Naematelia (Tremellales) by lectotypification, Taxon 65:5, sid. 1093-1096.

1. ^ Naematelia på Index Fungorum.
2. ^ Naematelia på Dyntaxa.
3. ^ I Samuel Liljeblad, 1816, Utkast til en Svensk flora, tredje upplagan, Zeipel & Palmblad, Uppsala.
4. ^ E. Fries, 1818, Observationes mycologicæ, del. 2, Gerhard Bonnier, Köpenhamn, sid. 370.
5. ^ C.H. Persoon, 1801, Synopsis methodica fungorum del 2, Heinrich Dieterich, Göttingen, sid. 623.
6. ^ Vid den internationella botaniska kongressen i Bryssel 1910 fastställdes att startpunkterna för godkända namn på svampar var Fries Systema mycologicum och, i speciella fall, Persoons Synopsis methodica fungorum. Se Ronald H. Petersen Later starting points at the Brussels congress.
7. ^ E. Fries, 1822, Systema mycologicum, vol. 2, Lund, sid. 227-228.
8. ^ Naematelia encephala - Broskboll på Artdatabanken.
9. ^ R. J. Bandoni, 1961, The genus Naematelia, The American Midland Naturalist 66, sid. 319–328.
10. ^ P. Roberts, 1999, British Tremella species II: T. encephala, T. steidleri & T. foliacea, Mycologist 13:3, sid. 127–131. Enligt Hawksworth et al. (2016) sid. 1095.
11. ^ X Liu, Q. Wang, M. Göker, M. Groenewald, A. Kachalkin et al., 2016, Towards an integrated phylogenetic classification of the Tremellomycetes, Studies in Mycology 81, sid. 85-147(132).
12. ^ Shuai Zhou, Qingjiu Tang, Zhong Zhang och Chuan-Hua Li, 2015, Nutritional Composition of Three Domesticated Culinary-Medicinal Mushrooms: Oudemansiella sudmusida, Lentinus squarrosulus, and Tremella aurantialba, International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms 17:1, sid. 43-49.