This species is prey for anything near the reef that is large enough to consume it. An example of such a predator is the whitetip reef shark, Carcharhinus albimarginatus. To avoid predation, Z. veliferum typically feeds during the day and hides among the reef at night. This species also has a sharp caudal spine that may act to deter predators. To advertise this protection, the tail fin is aposematic: the bright yellow coloration most likely serves as warning to predators.
Known Predators:
Anti-predator Adaptations: aposematic
Adult Z. veliferum are irregularly ovoid shaped and typically have a body depth that is 1.8 to 2.0 times shorter than the standard length (the length of the fish from the tip of the snout to the base of the caudal fin). The largest specimen recorded of this species was 39.5 cm long. Like other species in the family Acanthuridae, Z. veliferum has a deep compressed body. The front of the snout protrudes giving a concave dorsal and ventral profile of the head.
Zebrasoma desjardinii has continuous, unnotched dorsal and anal fins. There are 29 to 33 (rarely 29) rays and 4 to 9 spines in the dorsal fin, 23 to 26 rays and 2 or 3 spines in the anal fin, and 15 to 17 rays in the pectoral fins. The pelvic fins have 3 to 5 rays as well as a spine. The dorsal and anal fins are extremely elevated and rounded, with the longest dorsal ray 2.1 to 2.5 times shorter than the standard length. Unlike other species in the genus Zebrasoma, the caudal spine of Z. veliferum is singular and not broadly joined to the body posteriorly (it folds into a narrow groove). The caudal fin is truncate. Other physical characteristics of Z. veliferum include a complete lateral line, small ctenoid scales, and 22 to 23 vertebrae. They also have up to 16 upper and 18 lower teeth, which are spatulate with denticulate edges.
This species tends to show great variation in color but the overall body pattern is consistent. Posterior to the eye, the body and head of adult Z. veliferum is dark brown to grayish-black with vertical yellow lines and six narrow bands which incline diagonally forward. The anterior bands are white and the posterior are pale gray. Within the bands, the yellow lines are brighter than in the darker spaces between. Anterior to the eye, the head is light gray with many small white spots. The dorsal and anal fins of this species are dark brown with pale blue or green borders. The caudal fin is yellow with a white bar at the base, blue posterior margin, and a black submarginal line.
Juveniles of this species may be mistakenly identified as small angelfish because of their appearance. They have the same oversized dorsal and anal fins as the adults, but their coloration tends to be different. Juveniles have brightly colored yellow bodies with narrow black or gray bars. Their heads have two black bars. With age, the bright yellow color of the body fades.
Range length: 39.5 (high) cm.
Other Physical Features: ectothermic ; bilateral symmetry
Sexual Dimorphism: sexes alike
This species is relatively long-lived, living up to about 25 years. The oldest recorded individual in the wild was 27 years old. There is not sufficient information available on the longest-lived individual in captivity.
Range lifespan
Status: wild: 27 (high) years.
Typical lifespan
Status: wild: 25 (high) years.
This species can be found inhabiting lagoons and seaward reefs from the lower surge zone to a depth of 30 m or more. Solitary juveniles can be found among rocks or corals of shallow and protected reefs, which may be turbid. While feeding, this species can be found in benthic environments.
Range depth: 0 to >30 m.
Habitat Regions: tropical ; saltwater or marine
Aquatic Biomes: benthic ; reef
Zebrasoma desjardinii is found in the Pacific Ocean from Indonesia and Christmas Island to the Hawaiian and Tuamotu Islands, north to southern Japan, and south to the southern Great Barrier Reef, New Caledonia, and Rapa. This species is also found throughout Micronesia. In the Indian Ocean, Z. veliferum is replaced by a similar species, Z. desjardinii.
Biogeographic Regions: oriental ; australian ; oceanic islands ; pacific ocean
Zebrasoma desjardinii is primarily a diurnal herbivore and feeds on benthic algae. Zebrasoma desjardinii also feeds on zooplankton when it is abundant.
Animal Foods: zooplankton
Plant Foods: algae
Primary Diet: herbivore (Algivore)
These fish live among coral reefs, constantly interacting with each other and with individuals of other species. They are prey for cartilaginous fishes and other bony fishes. They consume benthic algae and occasionally zooplankton. Zebrasoma desjardinii is known to be associated with symbiotic microorganisms that reside in its digestive tract. These microorganisms, named Epulopiscium fishelsoni, were thought to be eukaryotic protists at first, but later they were determined to be unusually large bacteria. The size of the bacteria appears to be correlated to the host feeding ecology.
Mycobacterioses, or tuberculosis, are bacterial diseases that affect both freshwater and marine species of fishes. Mycobacterioses are caused by highly resistant bacteria which are difficult to control. These bacteria can be found in both wild and captive Z. veliferum. The most commonly isolated species of these bacteria in Acanthuridae are Mycobacterium fortuitum, M. marinum, and M. chelonae.
Mutualist Species:
Commensal/Parasitic Species:
This species is quite common in the aquarium trade, probably because it is relatively large, showy, and one of the easiest species of Acanthuridae to keep in captivity if bought when young.
Positive Impacts: pet trade
Members of this species communicate with each other and with other species of fishes in a number of ways. Like most other ray-finned fishes, this species uses visual displays as a means of communication. Color changes are observed in males during arousal, either during intraspecific competition or spawning. Also during intraspecific competition, the caudal peduncle spine may be brightly colored and positioned at an angle toward the competitor. Like many other species of fish, Z. veliferum also uses pheromones to communicate. These chemical signals can be detected by conspecifics or by closely related species.
Communication Channels: visual ; tactile ; chemical
Other Communication Modes: pheromones
Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; chemical
Zebrasoma desjardinii is not currently on the IUCN Red List, CITES appendices, or the United States Endangered Species Act list.
US Federal List: no special status
CITES: no special status
As with other species in the family Acanthuridae, this species has a specialized pelagic, dispersing larval stage before the juvenile stage. This is referred to as the acronurus larval stage. This particular larval stage is responsible for the broad geographical distribution found within this species.
This species has small (less than 1 mm) pelagic eggs with a single oil droplet. When the poorly-developed larvae hatch (after about 1 day), they soon develop serrate ridges on the head. The pelvic and second dorsal spines form next followed by the second anal spine. Next, the head and trunk become deepened. The body becomes kite-shaped, accentuated by the long pelvic, dorsal, and anal spines. Small, triangular scales form in vertical rows. Late in the larval stage, the juvenile coloration becomes evident and the caudal peduncle spine develops.
Development - Life Cycle: metamorphosis
The sharp spine on the caudal peduncle of Z. veliferum has the capability of inflicting deep, painful wounds to a person trying to grasp one of these fish live. Also, in the larval stage, fish of this species have venomous second dorsal, second anal, and pelvic spines. This venom is lost during transformation to the juvenile stage. Furthermore, this species is ciguatoxic and can be poisonous to humans if eaten. Finally, the mycobacterioses carried by Z. veliferum are potential zoonoses that can cause skin infections and lesions in humans.
Negative Impacts: injures humans (carries human disease, poisonous , venomous )
Both paired and group spawning have been documented among this species. As with other acanthurids, group spawning is the most common. Color changes can be seen during this time. Just prior to spawning, individuals of this species form large groups. This usually occurs in winter or early spring, but it can occur throughout the year. Reproduction is usually polygynandrous: both males and females have multiple mating partners.
Mating System: polygynandrous (promiscuous)
Reproduction among Z. veliferum typically occurs on a lunar cycle with peak activity during the winter or early spring. Occasionally, there is reproductive activity throughout the year. Spawning usually occurs at dusk and involves groups, but pair-spawning has also been observed. The eggs are pelagic and hatch after one day. Zebrasoma desjardinii becomes sexually mature between one and two years of age.
Breeding season: Typically this species reproduces during the winter or early spring but there is also some activity throughout the year
Average gestation period: 1 days.
Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 1 to 2 years.
Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 1 to 2 years.
Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; year-round breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; fertilization (External ); broadcast (group) spawning; oviparous
Zebrasoma desjardinii invests its energy producing gametes and spawning, but no parental care has been reported within this species.
Parental Investment: no parental involvement
Der Östliche Segelflossen-Doktorfisch (Zebrasoma veliferum) ist eine Art aus der Familie der Doktorfische (Acanthuridae). Er lebt im westlichen tropischen Pazifik von Süd-Japan über Indonesien, Mikronesien, bis nach Hawaii, dem Great Barrier Reef, Neukaledonien und dem Tuamotu-Archipel und besiedelt dort bevorzugt korallenreiche Lagunen und Außenriffe. Er ist in Gewässertiefen von fünf bis zu 30 Metern zu beobachten. Im Indischen Ozean wird er vom Westlichen Segelflossen-Doktorfisch (Zebrasoma desjardinii) ersetzt.
Wie alle Vertreter der Doktorfische hat auch der Östliche Segelflossen-Doktorfisch einen seitlich abgeflachten Körper, der eine Länge von bis zu 40 Zentimeter erreichen kann. Auf den dunkelgraubraun gefärbten Flanken verlaufen vertikale, weiße Streifen. Die dunklen Zonen zwischen den weißen Querbändern sind mit feinen senkrechten, gelblichen Bändern versehen. Der Kopf kann gepunktet sein. Seine große, segelförmige Rückenflosse wird von vier bis fünf Hartstrahlen und 29 bis 33 Weichstrahlen gestützt, die Afterflosse von drei Hartstrahlen und 23 bis 26 Weichstrahlen. Beide Flossen werden während des Imponiergehabes aufgestellt. Bei den einzelgängerischen und territorialen Jungfischen sind beide Flossen besonders hoch und werden später reduziert. Ausgewachsene Östliche Segelflossen-Doktorfische leben paarweise.
Der Östliche Segelflossen-Doktorfisch hat ein endständiges Maul, das etwas zugespitzt ist. Er frisst bevorzugt auf Substrat wachsende Makroalgen. Im Vergleich zu anderen Vertretern der Gattung Zebrasoma hat er weniger und größere Pharyngealzähne.
Der Östliche Segelflossen-Doktorfisch (Zebrasoma veliferum) ist eine Art aus der Familie der Doktorfische (Acanthuridae). Er lebt im westlichen tropischen Pazifik von Süd-Japan über Indonesien, Mikronesien, bis nach Hawaii, dem Great Barrier Reef, Neukaledonien und dem Tuamotu-Archipel und besiedelt dort bevorzugt korallenreiche Lagunen und Außenriffe. Er ist in Gewässertiefen von fünf bis zu 30 Metern zu beobachten. Im Indischen Ozean wird er vom Westlichen Segelflossen-Doktorfisch (Zebrasoma desjardinii) ersetzt.
The sailfin tang (Zebrasoma velifer) is a marine reef tang in the fish family Acanthuridae. They may live at water depths of 1 - 60 m (3 - 200 ft) or more. The fish grow to a maximum length of 40 cm (15.8 in). It has an extensive range throughout Oceania, the Indian Ocean, and the South Pacific. Zebrasoma velifer is a popular fish in the aquarium trade. They are herbivorous fish specializing in filamentous algae. Though their skin is light beige with stripes, it can turn dark brown under stress.
This species is one of the largest members of its genus. The largest scientifically measured sailfin tang was 40.0 cm (15.7 in).
The body of the sailfin tang is disc-shaped with a much elevated dorsal fin and a big anal fin. It has an extended snout. Compared to the other members of the genus Zebrasoma, the sailfin tang has larger but fewer pharyngeal teeth. On each side of the caudal peduncle is a single sharp spine (the so-called scalpel) which is used for defence and to establish dominance. When the fish is not using its scalpel, it is folded down inside a groove.
The sailfin tang is decorated with broad, pale yellow bands that alternate with darker bands over its body. The bending extends into both dorsal and anal fins. On the darker bands are yellow dots and stripes. The caudal fin is yellow. The head of the fish is white adorned with yellow dots. A dark band with yellow dots runs across the eye and another dark band with dots is located right behind the eye.
Juvenile specimens look similar to the adult fish, but with more yellow colouring.[2]
The sailfin tang (Zebrasoma velifer) is a marine reef tang in the fish family Acanthuridae. They may live at water depths of 1 - 60 m (3 - 200 ft) or more. The fish grow to a maximum length of 40 cm (15.8 in). It has an extensive range throughout Oceania, the Indian Ocean, and the South Pacific. Zebrasoma velifer is a popular fish in the aquarium trade. They are herbivorous fish specializing in filamentous algae. Though their skin is light beige with stripes, it can turn dark brown under stress.
El cirujano vela (Zebrasoma velifer) es un pez cirujano, de la familia de los Acantúridos.
Especie común en la mayor parte de su área de distribución, aunque no abundante localmente. Se cosecha y captura como alimento humano en ciertas partes de dicha área. Es un pez marino popular en acuariofilia.[1]
Posee la morfología típica de su familia, cuerpo ovalado, forma de disco al erguir las aletas dorsal y anal. La coloración varía dependiendo de la edad. En general, sobre el cuerpo se alternan franjas verticales claras y oscuras, la primera de éstas sobre el ojo, y otras líneas finas de color amarillento, que en la parte inferior se reducen a puntos. También se aprecian numerosos puntos blancos sobre la cabeza. En el centro del pedúnculo caudal tienen una espina de color oscuro rodeada de una zona azul. Es muy parecido a Zebrasoma desjardinii del Mar Rojo y la India, diferenciándose por el tamaño de las aletas dorsal y anal, que en Z. velifer son mayores, y por las franjas verticales claras de su cuerpo, que Z. desjardinii colorea de adulto. La diferencia más distintiva es que Z. velifer tiene la aleta caudal amarilla, mientras que Z. desjardinii la tiene oscura con rayas y puntos claros. Los ejemplares juveniles tienen un color amarillento de base, aparte de las franjas y puntos, tanto en el cuerpo como en aletas, que pierden de adultos.
Zebrasoma desjardinii, la aleta caudal es gris con rayas y puntos
Zebrasoma velifer, la aleta caudal es amarilla
Como todos los peces cirujano, de ahí les viene el nombre común, tiene 1 espina extraíble a cada lado del pedúnculo caudal, que usan para defenderse de otros peces.
Cuenta con 4-5 espinas y 29-33 radios blandos dorsales, y 3 espinas y 23-26 radios blandos anales.[2]
Alcanza los 40 cm. de largo.[3] Su edad máxima es de 30 años.[1]
Suele verse tanto en lagunas y áreas superficiales protegidas, como en arrecifes coralinos exteriores. Su rango de profundidad va de 1 a 45 m,[4] aunque es más común entre 2 y 30 m.[5] Los adultos suelen encontrarse solos u ocasionalmente emparejados, y los juveniles solitarios, se suelen proteger en corales Acropora.[6]
Ágil y vistoso nadador, sociable con la mayoría de habitantes del arrecife, a excepción de machos territoriales de su misma especie.
Se distribuye en el océano Indo-Pacífico, desde Yemen hasta Hawái y la isla Rapa, en Polinesia Francesa.
Es especie nativa de Australia; Brunéi Darussalam; Camboya; China; isla Christmas; islas Cook; Filipinas; Fiyi; Guam; Hawái (EE.UU.); Hong Kong; Indonesia; Japón; isla Johnston; Kiribati (Gilbert Is., Kiribati Line Is., Phoenix Is.); isla de la Línea (EE.UU.); Macao; Malasia; islas Marianas del Norte; islas Marshall; Micronesia; Nauru; Nueva Caledonia; Niue; Palaos; Papúa Nueva Guinea; Pitcairn; Polinesia Francesa; Samoa; Samoa Americana; Singapur; islas Salomón; Tailandia; Taiwán (China); Territorio disputado: isla Paracel e isla Spratly; Timor-Leste; Tokelau; Tonga; Tuvalu; Vanuatu; Vietnam; isla Wake y Wallis y Futuna. Se reporta su presencia en Jordania y Mozambique, aunque está pendiente de confirmar.[2][1]
Es principalmente herbívoro,[7] se nutre principalmente de plancton, algas filamentosas y varias macroalgas.
En acuariofilia es una de las especies utilizadas para el control de algas por medios naturales.[8] En cautividad come la mayoría de algas: pardas, diatomeas, rojas, verdes, e incluso verdeazuladas. También puede consumir algas de los géneros Caulerpa y Valonia. En su hábitat natural ramonea en el sustrato en busca de algas y detritus.[9]
No presentan dimorfismo sexual claro, tan sólo siendo los machos de mayor tamaño que las hembras.[10] Son ovíparos y la puesta de huevos se realiza tanto en pareja, como en comunidad. El desove sucede alrededor de la luna llena, estando sometido a la periodicidad del ciclo lunar.
La iluminación deberá ser necesariamente intensa para que pueda desarrollarse la colonia de algas suficiente de la que se alimenta. Además requiere mantener un buen número de roca viva entre la decoración del acuario con suficientes escondrijos.
Al igual que el resto de especies de cirujanos, son muy sensibles a determinadas enfermedades relacionadas con la piel. Es recomendable la utilización de esterilizadores ultravioleta para la eliminación de las plagas patógenas.
Aunque es herbívoro, acepta tanto artemia y mysis congelados, como alimentos disecados. No obstante, una adecuada alimentación debe garantizar el aporte diario de vegetales, sean naturales o liofilizados.
Si vamos a mantenerlo con otras especies, conviene introducir individuos juveniles de unos 8 cm, y hacerlo de tal forma que sea la última especie en integrarse al conjunto.
Acuario tropical de Pierrefitte-Nestalas, Hautes-Pyrénées, Francia
Pareja de Z. velifer en Sipadan, Malasia
Pareja de Z. velifer ramoneando en escombros coralinos, en Sipadan
Pareja de Z. velifer en el arrecife de Kaho, Hawái
Z. velifer en el Aquazoo de Duseldorf, Alemania
Z. velifer
Z. velifer en el Acuario de Waikiki, Hawái
Z. velifer en el acuario del Bristol Zoo Gardens
El cirujano vela (Zebrasoma velifer) es un pez cirujano, de la familia de los Acantúridos.
Especie común en la mayor parte de su área de distribución, aunque no abundante localmente. Se cosecha y captura como alimento humano en ciertas partes de dicha área. Es un pez marino popular en acuariofilia.
Zebrasoma velifer Zebrasoma generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Actinopterygii klasean sailkatzen da, Acanthuridae familian.
Zebrasoma velifer Zebrasoma generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Actinopterygii klasean sailkatzen da, Acanthuridae familian.
Zebrasoma velifer (parfois veliferum) est un poisson-chirurgien de la famille des Acanthuridae. En français, il est nommé Chirurgien à voile ou Chirurgien voilier en raison de ses nageoires dorsale et anale bien développées, qui ressemblent à des voiles, notamment chez les juvéniles. Il habite principalement l’océan Pacifique.
Chez les individus adultes, le corps présente une alternance de larges bandes brun sombre et d’étroites barres blanchâtres parcourues de lignes jaunes plus fines. Une barre noire traverse également l’œil. La tête ainsi que le ventre sont marqués de petites taches jaunes. La nageoire caudale est jaune et pourvue d’une étroite marge bleuâtre.
Il n’existe pas, à proprement parler de dimorphisme sexuel, mais les femelles atteignent une taille légèrement supérieure à celle des mâles. Dans la nature, la longueur varie entre 30 et 40 cm au maximum. Le chirurgien à voile possède un moins grand nombre de dents pharyngées que les autres membres du genre Zebrasoma, mais celles-ci sont plus grandes. Contrairement à certains poissons chirurgiens, Zebrasoma velifer n’est pas venimeux.
Juvénile.
On rencontre ce Chirurgien à voile dans l'océan Pacifique, où il est observé de l’Indonésie jusqu’aux archipels Hawaï et Tuamotu. Au nord, il atteint le sud du Japon et, au sud, la pointe méridionale de la Grande Barrière de Corail, la Nouvelle-Calédonie et l’île Rapa. Une population s’est également établie le long des côtes de la Floride subtropicale, après la libération dans la nature d’individus maintenus en aquarium.
Dans la majeure partie de l’océan Indien, Zebrasoma velifer est remplacé par Zebrasoma desjardinii, espèce fort proche que certains spécialistes considèrent comme une variété du Chirurgien à voile. Quoi qu'il en soit, ils se distinguent assez aisément car, chez Z. desjardini, les bandes zébrant le corps du juvénile se dissolvent en rangées de taches à peine visibles chez l'adulte. Chez Z. velifer, au contraire, ces bandes perdurent pendant toute la vie.
Le Chirurgien à voile habite les récifs coralliens et les lagons, généralement entre 1 et 30 mètres de profondeur.
Zebrasoma velifer vit en solitaire ou en couples. Il fréquente notamment les herbiers, où il recherche sa nourriture, essentiellement végétale. Les juvéniles apprécient les eaux peu profondes, parfois troubles, où ils s’abritent parmi les rochers et les branches des coraux, en particulier ceux du genre Acropora. Lorsqu’il est menacé, ce poisson chirurgien déploie ses grandes nageoires ventrale et dorsale.
Plancton et algues.
Mal connue. Des individus ont cependant été observés en train de frayer en mer.
Jadis très prisé des aquariophiles, qui l’importaient d’Indonésie et des Philippines, le Chirurgien à voile est aujourd’hui passé de mode. Il s’agit pourtant d’une espèce s’adaptant facilement à la vie en aquarium, surtout lorsqu’elle est jeune. Sa croissance est rapide, pourvu qu’on lui fournisse une alimentation adéquate. Nageant activement, elle aura besoin de beaucoup d’espace. Un bassin de 1 000 litres, pourvu d’un bon système de filtration et de nombreuses cachettes, semble constituer l’idéal. Dans ces conditions, les poissons peuvent vivre de nombreuses années.
Cependant, de nature solitaire et plutôt agressive, le Chirurgien à voile risque de cohabiter difficilement avec les membres de sa propre espèce. De même, une fois adapté à l’aquarium, il se peut qu’il tolère mal les nouveaux arrivants. On le nourrira au moyen d’algues, de laitue pochée, de caulerpe et de nourriture séchée. Il peut vivre entre 8 et 15 ans
Zebrasoma velifer (parfois veliferum) est un poisson-chirurgien de la famille des Acanthuridae. En français, il est nommé Chirurgien à voile ou Chirurgien voilier en raison de ses nageoires dorsale et anale bien développées, qui ressemblent à des voiles, notamment chez les juvéniles. Il habite principalement l’océan Pacifique.
Zebrasoma veliferum est marinus familiae Acanthuridarum piscis, in oceanis Indico Pacificoque endemicus. Ferus ad 40 cm longum attingit. Habitatio naturalis est scopuli curalii altitudine ad 60 m. Herbivorus, fibrosis algis usitate vescitur. In commercio aquariorum domesticorum, populo gratissimus est.
Haec stipula ad Perciformes spectat. Amplifica, si potes! Zebrasoma veliferum est marinus familiae Acanthuridarum piscis, in oceanis Indico Pacificoque endemicus. Ferus ad 40 cm longum attingit. Habitatio naturalis est scopuli curalii altitudine ad 60 m. Herbivorus, fibrosis algis usitate vescitur. In commercio aquariorum domesticorum, populo gratissimus est.
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