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Life Cycle

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Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449). Distinct pairing with embrace (Ref. 205).
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Recorder
Susan M. Luna
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Biology

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A demersal species, inshore on continental shelf over soft bottoms to ca. 60 m. In the summer, juveniles are found in estuaries and coastal shallows (Ref. 114953). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449).
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Cristina V. Garilao
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分布

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分布於西北太平洋區,由日本南部海域至東海等地。在台灣見於西部及北部海域。
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臺灣魚類資料庫
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利用

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為暖溫性近海底棲中小型次要經濟魚類。
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描述

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體盤菱形,前緣斜直,與吻端約成60度;體盤寬比體盤長約大1.2-1.3倍。吻尖而稍突,吻長約等於體盤長的2/9。眼大,突起;眼徑幾與噴水孔等大。口小,口前吻長比口寬大2.4-2.7倍。口底具顯著乳突3個。尾細長如鞭,尾長比體盤長大1.4-1.8倍;在尾刺後方的背側面具一皮褶,約與尾刺相等,而腹側面則有比較明顯延長的皮褶,約為尾長的2/5。幼體及成魚之體背皆無棘而完全光滑。體灰褐而帶黃色;眼前和眼下、噴水孔附近褐色;尾的前部灰褐色,後部暗褐色。腹面近邊緣區灰褐色帶黃色,中央區白色。
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棲地

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主要棲息於近海的沙泥海域中,棲息深度在5-100公尺間。以底棲甲殼類為主要食物。屬於卵胎生魚類,一次可以產下好幾尾小土魟。尾刺有毒腺,是危險的海洋生物。
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Yantai stingray

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The Yantai stingray, Hemitrygon laevigata (often misspelled laevigatus),[2] is a little-known species of stingray in the family Dasyatidae, inhabiting shallow waters in the northwestern Pacific Ocean off the coasts of China and Japan. Measuring no more than 20–30 cm (7.9–11.8 in) across, this species is characterized by its diamond-shaped pectoral fin disc wider than long, completely smooth skin, dorsal coloration of dark irregular spots on a yellowish gray-brown background, and ventral coloration of more spots on a white background with yellowish margins. One of the three most common stingrays sold for food in China, the slow-reproducing Yantai stingray faces possible overfishing and habitat degradation, and its numbers appear to be declining. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has assessed it as vulnerable.

Taxonomy

The Yantai stingray was described by Yuanting Chu in his 1960 Cartilaginous Fishes of China, based on specimens obtained from the Shanghai Fish Market, Dongfushan, and Huaniao.[2]

Distribution and habitat

The Yantai stingray is found in the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea, as far north as Japan and as far south as the Taiwan Strait; it is reportedly abundant off southern Japan and northern China. This bottom-dwelling species inhabits inshore waters to a depth of 50 m (160 ft), and has been known to enter estuaries.[1]

Description

A small species, male and female Yantai stingrays grow to no more than 20 cm (7.9 in) and 30 cm (12 in) across respectively. Its pectoral fin disc is diamond-shaped and 1.2–1.3 times wider than long, with nearly straight anterior margins converging to a blunt-angled snout, and rounded outer margins. The large, protruding eyes are immediately followed by a pair of equal-sized or slightly smaller, elliptical spiracles. There is a flap of skin between the nares that reaches the mouth, with a straight and fringed rear margin. The mouth is small and bow-shaped, with three papillae across the floor. The teeth are arranged with a quincunx pattern into pavement-like surfaces; the teeth of adult males have a sharp recurved cusp, while those of females and juveniles are blunt. There are around 40 tooth rows in the upper jaw. The five pairs of gill slits are short.[3]

The pelvic fins are almost rectangular in shape, with those of females being wider and more strongly curved posteriorly than those of males. The tail measures 1.4–1.8 times the disc length and is laterally compressed, becoming whip-like towards the tip.[3] The stinging tail spine measures about 42 mm (1.7 in) long and bears on average 60 serrations.[4] Following the spine is a short, narrow dorsal fin fold and a wider ventral fin fold running along two-fifths of the tail. The skin is completely devoid of dermal denticles even in adults. The disc is yellowish gray-brown above, with irregular darker blotches and yellow marks adjacent to the eyes and spiracles; the underside is white with irregular darker spots and a yellowish gray margin. The tail is dark brown with a yellow lateral stripe and black fin folds.[3]

Biology and ecology

Little is known of the Yantai stingray's natural history. Like other stingrays, it is aplacental viviparous with females probably giving birth to only 1–2 pups at a time.[1]

Human interactions

Although generally innocuous towards humans, fishery workers have been injured by the venomous tail spine of the Yantai stingray. Envenomation by this species causes intense pain and edema, can lead to weakness, nausea, arrhythmia, paresthesia, and convulsions, and may even be fatal.[5] Yantai stingrays are taken by coastal benthic commercial fisheries as bycatch. In Japan, where it is often mistaken for the red stingray (D. akajei), its small size typically results in captured individuals being discarded. Such is not the case in China, where the Yantai stingray is one of the three most common stingrays brought to market.[1]

The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has listed the Yantai stingray as vulnerable, as with its slow reproductive rate its population is unlikely to withstand the intense fishing pressure present throughout both the Yellow and East China Seas. Furthermore, its habitat is threatened by widespread coastal development in the region. Anecdotal reports suggest that the Yantai stingray is significantly less common now in Chinese markets than it was in the past.[1]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Rigby, C.L.; Chen, X.; Ebert, D.A.; Herman, K.; Ho, H.; Hsu, H.; Zhang, J. (2020). "Hemitrygon laevigata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T161618A124516086. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T161618A124516086.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b Catalog of Fishes (Online Version). California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved on January 8, 2010.
  3. ^ a b c Nishida, K. and K. Nakaya (1990). "Taxonomy of the genus Dasyatis (Elasmobranchii, Dasyatididae) from the North Pacific." in Pratt, H.L., S.H. Gruber and T. Taniuchi. Elasmobranchs as living resources: advances in the biology, ecology, systematics, and behaviour, and the status of fisheries. NOAA Technical Report, NMFS 90. pp. 327–346.
  4. ^ Schwartz, F.J. (January 31, 2007). "Tail spine characteristics of stingrays (Order Myliobatiformes) frequenting the FAO fishing area 61 (20°N 120°E – 50°N 150°E) of the Northwest Pacific Ocean". The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. Supplement 14: 121–130.
  5. ^ Yu, Y.J.; X.P. Liu; K.L. Zhang; Y.C. Sun; H.Q. Wang & S.D. Qin (2000). "Toxicity research of spine poisoning fish frequently found in China coastal waters – investigation of injury caused by stingray Dasyatis laevigatus Chu". Marine Environmental Science/Haiyang Huanjing Kexue. 19 (1): 24–28.
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Yantai stingray: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN

The Yantai stingray, Hemitrygon laevigata (often misspelled laevigatus), is a little-known species of stingray in the family Dasyatidae, inhabiting shallow waters in the northwestern Pacific Ocean off the coasts of China and Japan. Measuring no more than 20–30 cm (7.9–11.8 in) across, this species is characterized by its diamond-shaped pectoral fin disc wider than long, completely smooth skin, dorsal coloration of dark irregular spots on a yellowish gray-brown background, and ventral coloration of more spots on a white background with yellowish margins. One of the three most common stingrays sold for food in China, the slow-reproducing Yantai stingray faces possible overfishing and habitat degradation, and its numbers appear to be declining. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has assessed it as vulnerable.

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