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Associations

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Despite its stinging cells, the grey sea slug, Aeolidia papillosa preys on A. equina. The sea slug somehow does not digest the most toxic stinging cells.

Known Predators:

  • grey sea slug (Aeolidia papillosa)
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Terrell, D. 2003. "Actinia equina" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Actinia_equina.html
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Morphology

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An anemone is a "solitary polyp." Actinia equina has a wide array of color variation, from green to red. The most common hue is rust-red. The beadlet anemone also varies greatly in body size, from 0.01 to 0.84 g dry weight. However, when anemones are in the water their body mass is primarily the amount of water absorbed in the tissue and in the gastrovascular cavity.

The anatomy is most easily divided into three parts: the tentacles, the body column (which houses the gastrovascular cavity, the pharynx, the gonads, and the retractor muscles), and the base (which includes the base foot that binds to a solid surface).

A classic characteristic of Actinia equina, and all anemones, is the beautiful tentacles with which the anemone traps and ingests its prey. Embedded at the end of the body column and in the tentacles are cnidoblasts, storage cells which house the nematocyst (stinging cell). In the beadlet anemone, the unbanded tentacles (up to 192) are arranged radially in six circles around the opening to the gastrovascular cavity. Bright blue spots, called acrorhagi, are below the tentacles on the outer margin of the column and look like warts. These distinguish A. equina and A. fragacea.

Range mass: 0.01 to .84 g.

Average mass: 0.42 g.

Other Physical Features: ectothermic ; heterothermic ; radial symmetry

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Terrell, D. 2003. "Actinia equina" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Actinia_equina.html
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Habitat

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Actinia equina is a considerably versatile intertidal sea anemone. Attaching to rocks, stones or other hard substrates, it is usally found near shore but can live in subtidal areas up to 20 m. The beadlet anemone can survive completely submerged in water or completely out of the water, high up on shores. Sometimes it even has to survive covered in sand, due to wind. However, it is always retracted when it is out of the water, looking like a little red blob.

Since Actinia equina is an intertidal specimen, it is exposed to a wide range of temperatures, but its optimum temperature for growth is 18.7 -19.9 degrees Celsius. The beadlet anemone slso tolerates waters with variable salinity, such as estuaries.

Range depth: 20 (high) m.

Habitat Regions: temperate ; saltwater or marine

Aquatic Biomes: coastal

Other Habitat Features: estuarine ; intertidal or littoral

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Terrell, D. 2003. "Actinia equina" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Actinia_equina.html
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Distribution

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Actinia equina is found primarily in the North Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterannean Sea. One of the most abundant concentrations of the species can be found around the British Isles. Populations also exist stretching down along Africa's Atlantic coast.

Biogeographic Regions: atlantic ocean (Native )

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Terrell, D. 2003. "Actinia equina" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Actinia_equina.html
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Trophic Strategy

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Actinia equina is known for eating almost anything it can catch. The most abundant food sources for this anemone are: bivalve mollusks, insects, and isopods. However larger organisms such as gastropods (snails and slugs), bryozoans, and chitons are what provide the largest food mass. When the anemone "senses" the presence of potential prey, it attacks the organism using its nematocysts. The stinging cell is uncoiled and can release toxins into prey. These toxins paralyze the organism, inhibiting its ability to escape. Actinia equina was shown to have the fastest digestion rate of all the species in the Actinia genus.

Animal Foods: mollusks; other marine invertebrates

Primary Diet: carnivore (Insectivore , Eats non-insect arthropods, Molluscivore , Eats other marine invertebrates)

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Terrell, D. 2003. "Actinia equina" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Actinia_equina.html
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Associations

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Anthozoans often provide fish and crustaceans with habitat and food scraps. The fish and crustaceans provide protection from some predators and sediment fouling.

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Terrell, D. 2003. "Actinia equina" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Actinia_equina.html
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Benefits

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A study conducted by Hutton and Smith (1996) found that amoebocytes contain antibacterial properties which seem to function differently than other antibiotic properties found in animals. They seem to be able to fight bacterial infections without the use of an enzyme called lysozyme. Lysozymes are found across a wide number of phyla and are what organisms commonly use to fight bacteria. The chemicals produced by the beadlet anemone could possibly be harnessed for use in medicine or conservation (protecting plants against foreign bacteria).

Positive Impacts: source of medicine or drug

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Terrell, D. 2003. "Actinia equina" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Actinia_equina.html
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Benefits

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Actinia equina is one of the more aggressive sea anemones. It has powerful toxins (e.g. equistatin and equinatoxin) in its nematocysts that it uses for feeding and defense. If a human comes in contact with it, it can cause great discomfort and pain.

Negative Impacts: injures humans (bites or stings)

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Terrell, D. 2003. "Actinia equina" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Actinia_equina.html
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Life Cycle

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Actinia equina are the only species of anemone to brood their young (viviparous reproduction). The anemone begins as a planktonic larval stage where it crawls out of its parent and is free in the ocean for a short period of time. After that, it enters the cavity of another sea anemone, male or female, and further develops. Once the juvenile anemone is ready to be "born", the "parent" anemone catapults the new individual through the water where it lands and subsequentially secures itself on solid, solitary substrate.

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Terrell, D. 2003. "Actinia equina" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Actinia_equina.html
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Conservation Status

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US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

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Terrell, D. 2003. "Actinia equina" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Actinia_equina.html
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Behavior

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In Anthozoans, specialized sensory organs are absent and nerves are arranged in nerve nets. Most nerve cells allow impulses to travel in either direction. Hairlike projections on individual cells are mechanoreceptors and possible chemoreceptors. Some Anthozoans show a sensitivity to light.

Communication Channels: tactile ; chemical

Perception Channels: tactile ; chemical

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Terrell, D. 2003. "Actinia equina" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Actinia_equina.html
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Untitled

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Actinia equina is a member of the Actinarian order, wich has a total of 13 known species. Actinia equina is sometimes divided into subspecies based on morphology. Recent genetic studies suggest the different colored Actinia equina may actually be distinct species.

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Terrell, D. 2003. "Actinia equina" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Actinia_equina.html
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Reproduction

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The sperm from males goes into the gastrovascular cavity, where the egg is fertilized and then develops. Actinia equina are the only species of anemone to brood their young (viviparous reproduction). Although Actinia equina can reproduce sexually, they can also reproduce asexually through parthenogenesis of vegetative growth (e.g. regeneration or basal laceration).

Key Reproductive Features: simultaneous hermaphrodite; sexual ; asexual ; fertilization (External ); viviparous

The anemone begins as a planktonic larval stage where it crawls out of its parent and is free in the ocean for a short period of time. After that, it enters the cavity of another sea anemone, male or female, and further develops. Once the juvenile anemone is ready to be "born", the "parent" anemone catapults the new individual through the water where it lands and subsequentially secures itself on solid, solitary substrate.

Parental Investment: no parental involvement; pre-fertilization (Provisioning); pre-hatching/birth (Protecting: Female); pre-independence (Protecting)

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Terrell, D. 2003. "Actinia equina" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Actinia_equina.html
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Biology

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The beadlet anemone is extremely well-adapted to life on the shore, and is able to withstand desiccation and fluctuations in temperature (2). Prey is caught with the stinging tentacles and passed to the mouth (3). Although often thought of as sessile animals, they are able to move by sliding the base along the substratum. They have even been shown to slowly move away from predators such as sea-slugs when facing attack (2). Amazingly, they are even aggressive to neighbouring beadlet anemones. When the tentacles of two adjacent anemones come into contact, one will sting the other, leading to the other individual being forced to move away (1). Beadlet anemones are either male or female, but it is not yet understood if sexual reproduction occurs. Both sexes are known to brood offspring internally before giving birth to live young. It is thought that the offspring are produced asexually by a process of internal 'budding'. However, some experts believe that sexual reproduction leading to pelagic larvae may take place in some situations (2).
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Conservation

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Not relevant.
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Description

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The beadlet anemone is the most familiar sea anemone in Britain. When disturbed or exposed to air at low tide it appears as a bright red blob of jelly (3), but when feeding up to 192 beautiful stinging tentacles emerge, arranged in 6 circles around the mouth (2). The smooth 'body' of the anemone, correctly known as the column, is usually bright red but may be greenish or brown, with blue, green or yellow spots. There is often a brilliant blue line around the adhesive base, and bright blue spots (known as acrorhagi) containing stinging cells are located at the top of the column (2).
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Habitat

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This anemone attaches to hard surfaces and is found from the upper to lower shore, down to depths of 20 m (2). It can also tolerate brackish water and may be found in estuaries (1).
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Range

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Very common on most rocky shores of Britain. Elsewhere, this species is found from the White Sea in Russia to the West coast of Africa, and is found in the Canary Islands and the Mediterranean (4).
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Status

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Not threatened (2).
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Threats

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This species is not threatened.
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Pruimanemoon ( Afrikaans )

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Die Pruimanemoon (Actinia equina) is 'n anemoon wat voorkom aan die wes-, suid- en ooskus van Suid-Afrika. Die anemoon anker homself aan die rotse; die basis van die seediertjie klou aan die rots vas en die mond en voelers (tentakels) wys opwaarts.

Voorkoms

Die anemoon lyk soos 'n gladde pruim en kom voor in tussengetypoele. Hulle oorlewe buite water deur in 'n hopie saam te trek, die tentakels in te trek en water binne die liggaam vas te vang. Hulle lewe van garnale en klein vissies.

Bron

Wiki letter w.svg Hierdie artikel is ’n saadjie. Voel vry om Wikipedia te help deur dit uit te brei.
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Pruimanemoon: Brief Summary ( Afrikaans )

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Die Pruimanemoon (Actinia equina) is 'n anemoon wat voorkom aan die wes-, suid- en ooskus van Suid-Afrika. Die anemoon anker homself aan die rotse; die basis van die seediertjie klou aan die rots vas en die mond en voelers (tentakels) wys opwaarts.

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Pferdeaktinie ( German )

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Die Pferdeaktinie (Actinia equina), auch Purpurrose[1] genannt, ist eine Seeanemone (Ordnung Actiniaria) und gehört zur Klasse der Blumentiere (Anthozoa).

Merkmale

Pferdeaktinien sind von roter Farbe, sie erreichen eine Höhe von fünf Zentimeter, die 192 spitzen Tentakel werden bis zu zwei Zentimeter lang.[1] Die Tentakeln sind in sechs Kreisen am Rand der Mundscheibe angeordnet.[1] Zwischen dem äußeren Tentakelkranz und der Rumpfwand befinden sich "Randsäckchen", die mit Nesselkapseln beladen sind. Die Beute setzt sich aus Fischen, Krebsen und Mollusken zusammen. Sie kommen in zwei Formen vor, die sich nach Größe, Lebensraum und die Art der Fortpflanzung unterscheiden. Form 1 erreicht einen Durchmesser von sechs bis sieben Zentimetern. Sie lebt in der unteren Gezeitenzone und legt Eier (ovipar). Form 2 erreicht einen Durchmesser von 2,5 bis drei Zentimetern, lebt in der oberen Gezeitenzone und ist lebendgebärend (vivipar). Bei ihnen entwickeln sich die Eizellen schon im Gastralraum zu Planulalarven.

Pferdeaktinien können bei Ebbe trockenfallen und ertragen auch Regen und Aussüßung des Wassers.[1] Tagsüber und bei ungünstigen Bedingungen zieht die Pferdeaktinie ihre Tentakel ein.[1] Fällt sie trocken, schützt sie sich durch Schleimproduktion vor dem Austrocknen.

Ernährung

Pferdeaktinien ernähren sich als Wegelagerer von kleinen Fischen, Krebsen und Weichtieren.[1] Bei unzureichender Versorgung mit Carotinoiden können sie ausbleichen.[1]

Vorkommen

Pferdeaktinien sind im nordöstlichen Atlantik und im Mittelmeer an steinigen Küsten in der Gezeitenzone verbreitet. A. equina ist eine der häufigsten Seerosen im Gezeitenbereich der Mittelmeer-, Atlantik- und Nordseeküste.

Name

 src=
Pferdeaktinie (Actinia equina) mit eingezogenen Tentakeln

Linnaeus beschrieb die Pferdeaktinie 1758 zunächst als Priapus equinus, erst später stellte er sie in die Gattung Actinia. Priapos war ein griechischer Fruchtbarkeitsgott, der oft mit überdimensionalem Penis dargestellt wurde. Linnaeus verglich die beiden morphologisch ähnlichen aber eigentlich nicht verwandten Arten Priapus humanus und Priapus equinus (im Zustand mit eingezogenen Tentakeln) mit dem nicht erigierten Penis eines Menschen[2] beziehungsweise eines Hauspferdes, was beim deutschen Trivialnamen erhalten blieb.

Literatur

  • Matthias Bergbauer, Bernd Humberg: Was lebt im Mittelmeer?, 1999, Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, ISBN 3-440-07733-0

Einzelnachweise

  1. a b c d e f g Streble, Heinz: Was find ich am Strande? Pflanzen und Tiere der Strände, Deiche, Küstengewässer. 5., völlig neu bearb. u. ill. Auflage. Franckh-Kosmos Verlags GmbH, Stuttgart 1990, ISBN 978-3-440-06036-0, S. 69.
  2. Johann Peter Eberhard: Versuch eines neuen Entwurfs der Thiergeschichte. Nebst einem Anhang von einigen seltenen und noch wenig beschriebenen Thieren. Renger, 1768. §6. Der menschliche Priapus aus der Nordsee (Priapus humanus). S. 277.
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Pferdeaktinie: Brief Summary ( German )

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Die Pferdeaktinie (Actinia equina), auch Purpurrose genannt, ist eine Seeanemone (Ordnung Actiniaria) und gehört zur Klasse der Blumentiere (Anthozoa).

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Actinia equina ( Albanian )

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Actinia equina 0009.JPG
Actinia equina2.JPG
  • Mbretëria : Animalia
  • Tipi : Cnidaria
  • Klasa : Anthozoa
  • N/Klasa : Hexacorallia
  • Rendi : Actiniaria
  • Familja : Actiniidae
  • Gjinia : Actinia
  • Specia : A. equina
  • Zbuluesi : Linnaeus, 1758
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Beadlet anemone

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The beadlet anemone (Actinia equina) is a common sea anemone found on rocky shores around all coasts of the British Isles. Its range extends to the rest of Western Europe and the Mediterranean Sea, and along the Atlantic coast of Africa as far south as South Africa.

Actinia equina can be found both in exposed and sheltered situations. It is highly adapted to the intertidal zone as it can tolerate both high temperatures and desiccation. The anemone may also be found in regions of variable salinity such as estuaries.

Beadlet anemones can live in solitary or in aggregations. Solitary beadlet anemones are found to be larger-sized than those that form clustered aggregation. Furthermore, larger sea anemones were found submerged in low tide, where they have greater access to food resources and are less subjected to harsh environmental exposures. The size of beadlet anemones may be connected to their physiological adaptation in regards to limited food resources and withstanding environmental conditions.[1]

Underwater, it displays up to 192 tentacles, arranged in six circles. Out of water, the tentacles retract and the anemone resembles a blob of red, brown, green or orange jelly, up to about 5 centimetres (2.0 in) across. It has bright blue beads (known as acrorhagi) located just beneath the tentacles, organised as an external ring containing stinging cells located at the top of the column that it uses to fight over territory. The acrorhagi contains the cnidocysts which themselves contain the nematocysts. There is some evidence that the various colour forms may in fact be different species.

Actinia equina is similar in form to the Waratah anemone (Actinia tenebrosa) of Australia and New Zealand. It is also similar in form to the strawberry anemone (Actinia fragacea) but is a uniform colour and is typically rather smaller.

Actinia equina is viviparous, with up to one hundred embryos developing inside the body cavity before being ejected into the open water as juveniles.[2] A particularly famous example was that of "Granny" which was found on Scotland's east coast by John Dalyell in 1828 and produced several hundred offspring until it died in 1887.[3]

References

  1. ^ "Carling, B., Gentle, L.K. & Ray, N.D. (2019) Several parameters that influence body size in the sea anemone Actinia equina in rock pools on the Yorkshire coast". ResearchGate. Retrieved 2020-10-15.
  2. ^ "Beadlet anemone". British Marine Life Study Society. Retrieved 2014-12-13.
  3. ^ Swinney, Geoffrey N. (October 2007). "Granny (c. 1821–1887), 'a zoological celebrity'". Archives of Natural History. 34 (2): 219–228. doi:10.3366/anh.2007.34.2.219. ISSN 1755-6260.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Actinia equina.

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Beadlet anemone: Brief Summary

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The beadlet anemone (Actinia equina) is a common sea anemone found on rocky shores around all coasts of the British Isles. Its range extends to the rest of Western Europe and the Mediterranean Sea, and along the Atlantic coast of Africa as far south as South Africa.

Actinia equina can be found both in exposed and sheltered situations. It is highly adapted to the intertidal zone as it can tolerate both high temperatures and desiccation. The anemone may also be found in regions of variable salinity such as estuaries.

Beadlet anemones can live in solitary or in aggregations. Solitary beadlet anemones are found to be larger-sized than those that form clustered aggregation. Furthermore, larger sea anemones were found submerged in low tide, where they have greater access to food resources and are less subjected to harsh environmental exposures. The size of beadlet anemones may be connected to their physiological adaptation in regards to limited food resources and withstanding environmental conditions.

Underwater, it displays up to 192 tentacles, arranged in six circles. Out of water, the tentacles retract and the anemone resembles a blob of red, brown, green or orange jelly, up to about 5 centimetres (2.0 in) across. It has bright blue beads (known as acrorhagi) located just beneath the tentacles, organised as an external ring containing stinging cells located at the top of the column that it uses to fight over territory. The acrorhagi contains the cnidocysts which themselves contain the nematocysts. There is some evidence that the various colour forms may in fact be different species.

Actinia equina is similar in form to the Waratah anemone (Actinia tenebrosa) of Australia and New Zealand. It is also similar in form to the strawberry anemone (Actinia fragacea) but is a uniform colour and is typically rather smaller.

Actinia equina is viviparous, with up to one hundred embryos developing inside the body cavity before being ejected into the open water as juveniles. A particularly famous example was that of "Granny" which was found on Scotland's east coast by John Dalyell in 1828 and produced several hundred offspring until it died in 1887.

Actinia equina (Boulogne-sur-Mer).jpg Tomate de mar (Actinia equina), Setúbal, Portugal, 2020-08-01, DD 10.jpg Actinia equina2.JPG A colony of beadlet anemones (Rogaland, Norway)

A colony of beadlet anemones (Rogaland, Norway)

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Actinia equina ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El tomate de mar (Actinia equina) es una especie de anémona de mar, de la familia Actiniidae, cuyo nombre común es tomate de mar,[2]​ anémona europea o anémona del Mar Rojo. Sus tentáculos son retráctiles permitiendo al animal recogerlos a voluntad, presentando entonces una forma totalmente cerrada que asemeja en sus formas a un tomate, de ahí su nombre común.[3]

Morfología

 src=
Ejemplar en la costa de Portugal.

Su cuerpo es cilíndrico. Su extremo basal es un disco plano que funciona como pie, el disco pedal, que le permite desplazarse, y su extremo apical es el disco oral, el cual tiene la boca en el centro, y alrededor tentáculos compuestos de cnidocitos, células urticantes provistas de neurotoxinas paralizantes en respuesta al contacto. La anémona utiliza este mecanismo para evadir enemigos o permitirle ingerir presas más fácilmente hacia la cavidad gastrovascular.

Esta especie presenta dos variedades: una de estas es de color rojo purpúreo, incluyendo variedades que portan motas de diferente color, con 192 tentáculos y alcanza los 7 cm de altura. La otra presenta una coloración amarronada, verde o morado y 124 tentáculos de longitud menor a la anterior, alcanzando sólo los 3 cm de altura. Está última especie o variedad es la menos tropical de las dos. A día de hoy, hay discusión entre los expertos sobre si se trata de dos especies diferentes, o una variedad de la misma.[4]

Los tentáculos se distribuyen en 6 círculos sobre el disco oral y puede retraerlos dentro de su columna, especialmente en zonas de mareas bajas, llenándola de agua marina hasta que el mar vuelve a cubrirla.

Hábitat y distribución

Es una especie solitaria que no forma colonias, se encuentra en rocas y grietas de zonas litorales, frecuentemente en zonas intermareales. Entre 0 y 20 m de profundidad.

Se las encuentra tanto en aguas frías del Atlántico norte, con 2 °C de temperatura, pasando por las islas Azores, islas Canarias, las costas europeas, el Mediterráneo, hasta en aguas tropicales de 28 °C del océano Índico, desde Mozambique y Sudáfrica hasta el mar Rojo y en el océano Pacífico en Japón.[5]

Alimentación

Se alimenta de peces pequeños, crustáceos y moluscos, que captura con sus tentáculos. Su mayor actividad cazadora se produce en las horas de amanecer no siendo corriente que presente los tentáculos desplegados durante las horas de iluminación.

Reproducción

 src=
Detalle.

Las anémonas se reproducen tanto asexualmente, por división, en la que el animal se divide por la mitad de su boca formando dos clones; o utilizando glándulas sexuales, encontrando un ejemplar del sexo opuesto o, según la especie, hermafroditas.

El esperma se libera en la columna de agua y entra en la cavidad digestiva de la hembra, dentro de la cual fertiliza los óvulos. El desarrollo larvario tiene lugar en la cavidad digestiva de los padres. Entre 12 y 100 anémonas juveniles, con 12 tentáculos, son expulsadas a través de la boca y se asentarán en las inmediaciones.[6]

Las dos variedades o especies se diferencian también porque las rojizas son ovíparas mientras que las actinias de coloración marrón son vivíparas y sus retoños aparecen del todo formados normalmente coincidiendo con el aumento de las temperaturas.

Mantenimiento

Se debe dotar al tanque de rocas dónde se pueda fijar. La iluminación no es fundamental, ya que se adapta a muy diversas condiciones lumínicas. El acuario deberá contar con, al menos, 9 meses de maduración y, aparte de aditar oligoelementos, se recomienda la adición de yodo.

Su mantenimiento en acuario requiere que se le ofrezca alimento cada dos o tres días, en forma de mejillones hervidos, trozos de gamba o merluza en trozos finos. En casos de animales que se muestren retraídos permanentemente y que nos hagan suponer que no han sido alimentados se debe forzar la introducción del alimento, con cuidado de no dañar al animal.

Son especies territoriales que compiten ferozmente por su zona de caza incluso con congéneres. Este dato se deberá de tener muy en cuenta a la hora de su mantenimiento en acuario, sobre todo en aquellos densamente poblados con corales, a los que no dudará en atacar.

Algunos acuaristas los mantienen con peces payaso del género Amphiprion como sustitutas de anémonas hospedantes, pero no es recomendable ya que se corre el riesgo de que la Actinia se coma a los peces.

Referencias

Galería de imágenes

Bibliografía

  • Sprung,Julian y Delbeek, J.Charles (1997). The Reef Aquarium (en inglés). Volumen 2. Ricordea Publishing.
  • Hans A. (1998-2006.). Mergus, ed. Debelius, Helmut y Baensch. Atlas Marino.
  • Borneman, Eric H. (2001-2009). Aquarium corals: selection, husbandry and natural history (en inglés). Microcosm. T.F.H.

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Actinia equina: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El tomate de mar (Actinia equina) es una especie de anémona de mar, de la familia Actiniidae, cuyo nombre común es tomate de mar,​ anémona europea o anémona del Mar Rojo. Sus tentáculos son retráctiles permitiendo al animal recogerlos a voluntad, presentando entonces una forma totalmente cerrada que asemeja en sus formas a un tomate, de ahí su nombre común.​

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Actinia equina ( French )

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Actinie rouge, tomate de mer, actinie chevaline, actinie commune, cubasseau

Actinia equina, l'actinie rouge, aussi appelée tomate de mer, actinie chevaline, actinie commune ou cubasseau, est une espèce d’anémone de mer courante notamment en Méditerranée, près des côtes. Elle vit dans la zone intertidale (très réduite, en Méditerranée), accrochée aux rochers. À marée basse, l'animal rétracte son corps et ses tentacules en une boule compacte, ce qui lui a valu son nom de «tomate de mer». Elle peut vivre plus de 60 ans en aquarium.

La coloration rouge prononcée de l'actinie rouge est due à un pigment de la famille des caroténoïdes, l'actinio-érythrine, proche de l'astaxanthine.

Morphologie

L'actinie chevaline atteint 6 cm de diamètre, avec 192 tentacules pointus pouvant atteindre 2 cm.
Actinia equina mediterranea sous sa forme grande, a un disque basal atteignant 7,5 cm, une hauteur de 4,5 cm et un disque oral de 6 cm. Cette forme est ovipare. Sous sa forme petite, elle mesure 3 cm de diamètre à sa base, 2,2 cm de haut et 2,7 cm de disque oral. Forme vivipare. Cette anémone est rouge carmin avec un disque oral plus clair que la colonne. Ses tentacules latéraux, tirant vers le violet, sont très urticants pour les petits animaux dont elle se nourrit mais constituent un faible danger pour l'homme.

Habitat

Elle vit sur les substrats durs, donc sur les fonds rocheux près de la surface. Il lui arrive de rester plusieurs heures émergée. Présente en Méditerranée et aussi en Atlantique, Manche, mer du Nord. Sa couleur peut varier : rouge, brun, vert, tentacules légèrement plus clairs[1].

Anecdote

Au toucher les tentacules sont collants et ne semblent pas urticants, la peau des mains étant trop épaisse pour permettre au venin d'être efficace. Cependant le venin reste sur les doigts et peut créer des brûlures si on se touche le visage ou autre zone de peau sensible (dos des mains, yeux, etc.) après avoir manipulé cette anémone. Les personnes sensibles sont davantage prédisposées aux réactions allergiques causées par ce venin.

Annexes

Notes et références
  1. Guy et Nadine Houvenaghel, Guide nature de la mer : Manche - mer du Nord, Duculot, Paris-Gembloux 1978, (ISBN 2-8011-0196-6)

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Actinia equina: Brief Summary ( French )

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Actinie rouge, tomate de mer, actinie chevaline, actinie commune, cubasseau

Actinia equina, l'actinie rouge, aussi appelée tomate de mer, actinie chevaline, actinie commune ou cubasseau, est une espèce d’anémone de mer courante notamment en Méditerranée, près des côtes. Elle vit dans la zone intertidale (très réduite, en Méditerranée), accrochée aux rochers. À marée basse, l'animal rétracte son corps et ses tentacules en une boule compacte, ce qui lui a valu son nom de «tomate de mer». Elle peut vivre plus de 60 ans en aquarium.

La coloration rouge prononcée de l'actinie rouge est due à un pigment de la famille des caroténoïdes, l'actinio-érythrine, proche de l'astaxanthine.

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Bundún coirníneach ( Irish )

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Is artrapód é an bundún coirníneach.


Ainmhí
Is síol ainmhí é an t-alt seo. Cuir leis, chun cuidiú leis an Vicipéid.
Má tá alt níos forbartha le fáil i dteanga eile, is féidir leat aistriúchán Gaeilge a dhéanamh.


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Actinia equina ( Italian )

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Actinia equina (Linnaeus, 1758), comunemente nota come pomodoro di mare, è un cnidario antozoo della famiglia Actiniidae[1], che abita la zona intertidale, fino a pochi metri di profondità.

Descrizione

Actinia equina2.JPG

È un'anemone di mare di piccole dimensioni (3-9 centimetri), di colore dal rosso vivo al rosso brunastro, munita di tentacoli urticanti, talvolta di colorazione più chiara.[2]

Il corpo è cilindrico ed ha alla base un disco pedale più ampio del tronco sovrastante. L'apertura boccale è circondata da circa 200 tentacoli piuttosto corti.

Durante la bassa marea spesso rimane al di fuori dell'acqua, assumendo l'aspetto di una piccola pallina, o di un pomodoro, da qui il nome, di aspetto gelatinoso con un incavo al centro. Quando è completamente immersa estroflette i suoi tentacoli e assume una forma simile a quella di un fiore.

Biologia

Vive ancorata alle rocce, ma è in grado di spostarsi, seppur molto lentamente, scivolando sul disco pedale.[2]

Ha una forte resistenza alle sollecitazioni esterne, grazie anche alla sua capacità di resistere senza acqua e ad alte temperature per molte ore.

Alimentazione

È una specie carnivora; si nutre di molluschi, crostacei e piccoli pesci che cattura con i suoi tentacoli, provvisti di cellule urticanti che paralizzano le prede.[2]

Riproduzione

Di regola si riproduce per accoppiamento tra esemplari di sesso differente, ma può anche riprodursi asessualmente per scissione.[2]

Distribuzione e habitat

Pressoché cosmopolita, vive nella zona intertidale dei mari dell'area temperata, dall'Atlantico all'Indo-Pacifico.[3]

Comune nel mar Mediterraneo ove popola gli scogli costieri e i trottoir a vermeti.

Acquariofilia

Specie robusta ed estremamente adattabile, si presta ad essere allevata facilmente in acquario.[4]

Note

  1. ^ (EN) Actinia equina, in WoRMS (World Register of Marine Species). URL consultato il 28 novembre 2014.
  2. ^ a b c d Pomodoro di mare (Actinia equina), in Area Marina Protetta Portofino. URL consultato il 29 novembre 2014 (archiviato dall'url originale il 1º marzo 2015).
  3. ^ Actinia equina, in Associazione Italiana Acquario Mediterraneo (AIAM). URL consultato il 28 novembre 2014.
  4. ^ Actinia equina - Pomodoro di mare, in Pagurus.it. URL consultato il 24 ottobre 2020 (archiviato dall'url originale il 30 novembre 2014).

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Actinia equina: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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Actinia equina (Linnaeus, 1758), comunemente nota come pomodoro di mare, è un cnidario antozoo della famiglia Actiniidae, che abita la zona intertidale, fino a pochi metri di profondità.

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Paprastoji aktinija ( Lithuanian )

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Binomas Actinia equina

Paprastoji aktinija (lot. Actinia equina) – aktinijų (lot. Actiniidae) šeimos gyvūnas. Labiau panaši į augalus nei į gyvūnus. Užauga iki 7 cm aukščio. Gyvena prisisiurbusi prie akmenų ar kito kieto paviršiaus, nors kartais pasitaiko gyvenančių smėlyje. Minta vėžiagyviais, smulkiomis žuvimis. Čiuptuvais pripildžiusi visas savo kūno ertmes vandeniu, ji pakankamai ilgai gali išgyventi ore neišdžiūdama. Paplitusi Atlanto vandenyne, Viduržemio jūroje. Vikiteka

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Paprastoji aktinija: Brief Summary ( Lithuanian )

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Paprastoji aktinija (lot. Actinia equina) – aktinijų (lot. Actiniidae) šeimos gyvūnas. Labiau panaši į augalus nei į gyvūnus. Užauga iki 7 cm aukščio. Gyvena prisisiurbusi prie akmenų ar kito kieto paviršiaus, nors kartais pasitaiko gyvenančių smėlyje. Minta vėžiagyviais, smulkiomis žuvimis. Čiuptuvais pripildžiusi visas savo kūno ertmes vandeniu, ji pakankamai ilgai gali išgyventi ore neišdžiūdama. Paplitusi Atlanto vandenyne, Viduržemio jūroje. Vikiteka

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Parastā aktīnija ( Latvian )

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Parastā aktīnija jeb zirga aktinija (Actinia equina) ir klasisks jūras anemoņu pārstāvis ar plašu izplatības areālu.

Ārējais izskats

Aktīnijai ir blīva, bet mīksta cilindra veids; ar vienu galu tā piestiprināta pie substrāta. Pretējā — nedaudz izliektajā galā atrodas ovāla mutes atvere, ap kuru ir ļoti daudz samērā īsu, dobu taustekļu. Aktīniju krāsa ir ļoti mainīga: sastopamas, piemēram, spilgti sarkanas ar zilu apmali (Melnajā jūrā) un gaišzaļas (ziemeļu jūrās).

Iekšējā uzbūve

Mutes atvere pāriet nedaudz no sāniem saspiestā rīklē, ar divām sifonoglifām abos galos. Iekšējā dobumā ir daudz starpsienu — septu. Dobuma augšdaļā starpsienas sniedzas līdz rīklei un, saaugot ar to, izveido aklas kabatas, kas uz augšu pāriet taustekļu dobumos. Septas no iekšpuses sedz entoderma, bet centrālajā daļā tās sastāv no mezoglejas, kas iespiežas septā. Katrā starpsienā ir muskuļu valnītis, kas sastāv no gareniskajiem muskuļiem. Dobumā ievirzīto septu malās ir mezenteriālie pavedieni. Nervu sistēma aktīnijām ir nedaudz komplicētāka nekā hidropolipiem; tām ap mutes atveri koncentrētas samērā daudz lielākas nervu šūnas.

Vairošanās

Parastās aktīnijas ir šķirtdzimumu dzīvnieki. Dzimumprodukti veidojas starpsienu entodermā. Apaugļošanās un attīstība notiek iekšējā dobumā, un pilnīgi izveidojušās mazas aktīnijas iznāk no mātes ķermeņa caur mutes atveri. Tātad parasto aktīniju var uzskatīt par dzīvdzemdētāju.

Ekoloģija un ģeogrāfiskā izplatība

Parastā aktīnija ir ļoti plaši izplatīta, tā sastopama visā jūras piekrastes joslā. Aktīnijas parasti apmetas akmeņu apakšpusē. Dažkārt aktīnijas sastopamas lielā daudzumā. Aktīnijas ir plēsīgas: ar dzeļkapsulām, kas lielā daudzumā atrodas uz taustekļiem, tās spēj apdullināt pat zivju mazuļus un pēc tam ievilkt tos mutes atverē. Aktīnijas bieži apmetas uz citiem dzīvniekiem. Vispazīstamākais simbiozes gadījums ir aktīniju simbioze ar vēzi-vientuļnieku. Pēdējie parasti dzīvo gliemežu tukšajās čaulās, slēpjot tajās ķermeņa pakaļējo mīksto nodalījumu. Paaudzies vēzis-vientuļnieks maina čaulu un pārnes uz to arī aktīniju. Aktīnijas simbioze ar vēzi-vientuļnieku izpaužas tādējādi, ka aktīnija ar dzeļkapsulām aizsargā vēzi-vientuļnieku no uzbrucējiem, bet tas pārnēsā aktīniju no vienas vietas uz otru un tai iespējams baroties ar vēža-vientuļnieka barības atliekām.

Vikikrātuvē par šo tēmu ir pieejami multivides faili. Skatīt: Actinia equina
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Parastā aktīnija: Brief Summary ( Latvian )

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Parastā aktīnija jeb zirga aktinija (Actinia equina) ir klasisks jūras anemoņu pārstāvis ar plašu izplatības areālu.

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Actinia equina ( Portuguese )

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Actinia equina é um cnidário da família das Actiniidae, conhecido como morango-do-mar. Seu tamanho vai até 8 cm de altura e 6 cm de diâmetro. O corpo é cilíndrico com disco adesivo tipo ventosa e tem cerca de duzentos tentáculos dispostos em seis círculos à volta da boca, completamente retrácteis. A cor pode variar do vermelho-escuro ao castanho e ao verde, podendo apresentar pintas.

Habita no eulitoral. Alimenta-se de zooplâncton e partículas orgânicas.

Descrição

Actinia equina é um membro da ordem Actina, que tem um total de 13 espécies conhecidas. Actinia equina por vezes dividida em subespécies, com base na sua morfologia. Estudos genéticos recentes sugerem que as diferentes colorações de A. equina podem realmente ser espécies distintas. (Corrimão e Campbell, 1985; Waller, et al., 1996). Esta anémona possui uma ampla base (até 5 cm de diâmetro), que é moderadamente ou firmemente adesiva, com uma coluna Lisa. Possui até 192 tentáculos dispostos em 6 círculos, que tem a capacidade de se retrair quando o animal é perturbado. Esta anémona apresenta uma coloração uniforme, com nenhum padrão no disco e pode ser de cor vermelha, castanha, verde ou laranja.

A Actinia equina varia em tamanho de corpo, de 0,01 a 0,84 gramas de peso seco, mas a média da sua massa é de 0,42 gramas. No entanto, quando as anémonas estão na água a massa do seu corpo é principalmente composta pela quantidade de água absorvida no tecido e na cavidade gastrovascular. A sua anatomia é dividida em três partes: os tentáculos, a coluna de corpo (que abriga a cavidade gastrovascular, a faringe, as gônadas e os músculos do retrator) e pela base (que inclui o pé de base que se liga a uma superfície sólida). Uma característica clássica da Actinia equina e de todas as outras anémonas são os seus belos tentáculos com os quais ela captura e ingere as suas presas. Incorporado no final da coluna do corpo e nos tentáculos localizam-se os cnidoblastos, células de armazenamento que abrigam os nematocistos (células urticantes). (Ager, 2001; Corrimão e Campbell, 1985; Shick, 1991; Stachowitsch, 1992).

Pontos azuis brilhantes como manchas, chamados acrorhagi, são frequentemente encontradas dentro da margem superior da coluna. A. equina apresenta comportamento agressivo para com os organismos vizinhos devido á sua competição pelo espaço no intertidal. Este tipo de comportamento é estimulado quando os tentáculos das anémonas entram em contato. Utilizam tentáculos especializados, acrorhagi, utilizados exclusivamente para dissuadir outras colônias que invadem o seu espaço. Quando um pólipo faz contato físico com um membro de outra espécie, A. equina estende o acrorhagi para atacar a concorrente anémona com células urticantes, chamadas nematocistos.

Identificação

Ampla base até 5 cm de diâmetro, geralmente mais larga que alta. Coluna Lisa. Até 192 tentáculos retráteis, organizados em 6 círculos. Vermelho, verde, castanho ou laranja na cor. Apresentam muitas vezes pontos azuis brilhantes como manchas.

Habitat

Actinia equina também é encontrada em regiões de salinidade variável como estuários. Está altamente adaptada para as condições da zona do intertidal devido a sua tolerância a altas temperaturas e grandes períodos de dessecação É uma anémona intertidal consideravelmente versátil. Fixa-se a rochas, pedras ou outros substratos duros, é geralmente encontrada perto de costa mas pode viver em áreas intertidal até 20 m. A Actinia equina pode sobreviver completamente submersa em água ou completamente fora da água, alta nas margens. Às vezes sobrevive coberta de areia, devido ao vento. No entanto, ela está sempre retraída quando está fora da água. Visto que é uma espécie intertidal, é exposta a uma ampla gama de temperaturas, mas a sua temperatura ótima de crescimento é de 18,7 a 19.9 graus Celsius. (Ager, 2001; Nichols e A. L. Cooke, 1971; Shick, 1991).

Distribuição geográfica

Esta espécie é encontrada principalmente no norte do Oceano Atlântico e no Mar Mediterrânico. Uma das concentrações mais abundante desta espécie pode ser encontrada ao redor das Ilhas Britânicas. Também existem populações ao longo da costa atlântica da África. (Kruger e Griffiths, 1996; Nichols e A. L. Cooke, 1971).

Reprodução

O esperma dos machos vai para a cavidade gastrovascular, onde o ovo é fecundado e depois se desenvolve. São a única espécie de anémona a criar ninho para os seus descendentes (reprodução vivíparos). Embora Actinia equina se possa reproduzir sexualmente, elas podem também reproduzir-se assexuadamente através de partenogênese de crescimento vegetativo (por exemplo, regeneração ou laceração basal). (Corrimão e Campbell, 1985; Rostron e Rostron, 1978; Shick, 1991).

A anémona começa como uma fase larval planctónica onde rasteja para fora do seu progenitor e é livre no oceano por um curto período de tempo. Depois disso, ele entra na cavidade de outra anémona do mar, masculina ou feminina e desenvolve-se ainda mais. Assim que a anémona juvenil esteja pronta para ser libertada, a anémona “mãe” liberta o novo indivíduo através da água onde posteriormente irá aterrar e protege-se num substrato sólido, solitário. (Corrimão e Campbell, 1985; Rostron e Rostron, 1978; Shick, 1991).

Comportamento

Embora as maiores anémonas saiam vitoriosas na captura de comida e sobrevivência competitiva quando comparadas com pequenas anémonas, o comportamento agressivo dos tentáculos mostrou estar sob o controle de alguns dos mesmos componentes neurais existentes em formas de vida superiores (ou seja, a ter aferente e eferentes neurais e para elem disso usam a serotonina como um neurotransmissor). Outro aspecto do comportamento de Actinia equina é a sua contração. Estes cnidários antozoários passam muito tempo fora da água ou mesmo cobertos por areia, então contraem-se para conservar a água. Têm três principais tipos de comportamento defensivo, que incluem: inflação da coluna corpo para reduzir áreas danificadas, desprendimento do substrato para que possam escapar de predação, ou o lançamento de nematocistos que contém toxinas. (Corrimão e Campbell, 1985; Shick, 1991).

Comunicação

Em antozoários, os órgãos sensoriais especializados estão ausentes e os nervos são organizados em redes nervosas. A maioria das células nervosas permite que os impulsos viajem em qualquer direção. Projeções tipo filamentosas em células individuais são mecanorreceptores e quimiorreceptores possíveis. Alguns antozoários mostram uma sensibilidade à luz. (Brusca e Brusca, 2003).

Alimentação

É conhecida por comer quase qualquer coisa que ela possa pegar. A fonte de alimento, mais abundante para estas anémonas são: isópodes, insetos e moluscos bivalves. No entanto, organismos maiores como gastrópodes (caracóis e lesmas), briozoários e quítons são que fornecem o alimento maior massa. Quando a anémona "deteta a presença de presas em potencial", ataca o organismo usando seus nematocistos. As células urticantes são desenroladas e podem liberar toxinas na presa. Estas toxinas paralisam o organismo, inibindo a sua capacidade de escapar. Foi demonstrado que Actinia equina foi tem a taxa de digestão mais rápida de todas as espécies do género Actinia. (Kruger e Griffiths, 1996; Kruger e Griffiths, 1997).

Predação

Apesar das suas células urticantes, a lesma do mar cinzenta, Aeolidia papillosa ataca a. E.quina. A lesma do mar de alguma forma não digere as células urticantes mais tóxicas. (Corrimão e Campbell, 1985; Waller, et al., 1996).

Importância econômica

Um estudo conduzido por Hutton e Smith (1996) descobriu que amebócitos contêm propriedades antibacterianas que parecem funcionar de forma diferente de outras propriedades antibióticas encontrado em animais. Parecem ser capazes de combater infeções bacterianas sem o uso de uma enzima chamada lisozima. Lisozimas são encontradas através de um largo número de filos e são o que os organismos comumente utilizam para combater as bactérias. As substâncias químicas produzidas pela Actinia equina possivelmente poderiam ser aproveitadas para uso medicinal ou em conservação (proteger as plantas contra bactérias estrangeiras). (Hutton e Smith, 1996).

Actinia equina é uma das espécies mais agressivas de anémonas. Possui poderosas toxinas (por exemplo, equistanina e equinatoxina) nos seus nematocistos que utiliza para a sua alimentação e defesa. Se um ser humano entra em contato com este organismo, pode causar dor e grande desconforto. (Nichols e A. L. Cooke, 1971).

Referências

Ager, O. 2001. Actinia equina, Beadlet anemone. Marine Life Information Network: Biology and Sensitivity Key Information Sub-programme. Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom" (On-line). Accessed 08/03/2014 at https://web.archive.org/web/20100902051837/http://www.marlin.ac.uk/species/Actiniaequina.htm.

Ayre DJ, Grosberg RK (2005) Behind anemone lines: factors affecting division of labour in the social cnidarian Anthopleura elegantissima. Animal Behaviour 70:97-110

Banister, K., A. Campbell. 1985. The Encyclopedia of Aquatic Life. New York: Equinox.

Barnes, R. 1987. Invertebrate Zoology. Orlando, Florida: Dryden Press.

Brusca, R., G. Brusca. 2003. Invertebrates. Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates, Inc..

http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Actinia_equina/

http://www.marlin.ac.uk/speciesinformation.php?speciesID=2359

Hutton, D., V. Smith. 1996. Antibacterial Properties of Isolated Amoebocytes From the Sea Anemone *Actinia equina*. The Biological Bulletin, 191: 441-451.

Kruger, L., C. Griffiths. 1996. Sources of Nutrition is Intertidal Sea Anemones from the South-Western Cape, South Africa. South African Journal of Zoology, 31: 110-120.

Kruger, L., C. Griffiths. 1997. Digestion Rates of Prey Eaten by Intertidal Sea Anemones form the South-Western Cape, South Africa. South African Journal of Zoology, 32: 101-106.

Nichols, D., J. A. L. Cooke. 1971. The Oxford Book of Invertebrates. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Rostron, M., J. Rostron. 1978. Fecundity and Reproductive Ecology of a Natural Population of *Actinia equina L*. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 33: 251-259.

Shick, J. 1991. A Functional Biology of Sea Anemones. New York: Chapman & Hall.

Stachowitsch, M. 1992. The Invertebrates: An Illustrated Glossary. New York: Wiley - Liss.

Waller, G., M. Burchett, M. Dando. 1996. Sea Life: A Complete Guide to the Marine Environment. Washington D. C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.

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Actinia equina: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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Actinia equina é um cnidário da família das Actiniidae, conhecido como morango-do-mar. Seu tamanho vai até 8 cm de altura e 6 cm de diâmetro. O corpo é cilíndrico com disco adesivo tipo ventosa e tem cerca de duzentos tentáculos dispostos em seis círculos à volta da boca, completamente retrácteis. A cor pode variar do vermelho-escuro ao castanho e ao verde, podendo apresentar pintas.

Habita no eulitoral. Alimenta-se de zooplâncton e partículas orgânicas.

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