Der Lungenhaarwurm (Capillaria aerophila, Syn.: Eucoleus aerophilus) ist ein in der Lunge von Säugetieren parasitierender Haarwurm. Er ist bei Füchsen und Igeln häufig, gelegentlich tritt er auch bei Hunden und Katzen auf. Auch andere Wildcaniden wie Marderhunde, Marder, Wölfe sowie Luchse werden befallen, selbst Infektionen des Menschen sind beschrieben.[1]
Adulte Lungenhaarwürmer sind bis zu 25 mm lang und leben in den Luftwegen. Die von den Wurmweibchen produzierten Eier besitzen zwei Polpfröpfe und ähneln damit denen von Peitschenwürmern (Trichuris ssp.). Sie haben jedoch eine farblose bis grünliche, körnige Schale. Die Eier werden in den Luftwegen abgelegt und gelangen durch Hochhusten und Abschlucken in den Magen-Darm-Kanal und schließlich über den Kot in die Umwelt. Sie lassen sich mittels Flotationsverfahren oder Untersuchung der Lungenspülflüssigkeit nachweisen.
Die Infektion erfolgt durch Aufnahme mit Eiern kontaminierten Futters oder Wasser. Im Darm schlüpfen die Larven und gelangen über den Blutkreislauf in die Lunge. Die Präpatenz beträgt etwa 40 Tage. Der Lungenhaarwurm ruft selten Krankheitserscheinungen hervor, nur bei stärkerem Befall kommt es – meist infolge bakterieller Begleitinfektionen – zu einer Bronchitis mit Husten.[2]
Der Lungenhaarwurm (Capillaria aerophila, Syn.: Eucoleus aerophilus) ist ein in der Lunge von Säugetieren parasitierender Haarwurm. Er ist bei Füchsen und Igeln häufig, gelegentlich tritt er auch bei Hunden und Katzen auf. Auch andere Wildcaniden wie Marderhunde, Marder, Wölfe sowie Luchse werden befallen, selbst Infektionen des Menschen sind beschrieben.
Adulte Lungenhaarwürmer sind bis zu 25 mm lang und leben in den Luftwegen. Die von den Wurmweibchen produzierten Eier besitzen zwei Polpfröpfe und ähneln damit denen von Peitschenwürmern (Trichuris ssp.). Sie haben jedoch eine farblose bis grünliche, körnige Schale. Die Eier werden in den Luftwegen abgelegt und gelangen durch Hochhusten und Abschlucken in den Magen-Darm-Kanal und schließlich über den Kot in die Umwelt. Sie lassen sich mittels Flotationsverfahren oder Untersuchung der Lungenspülflüssigkeit nachweisen.
Die Infektion erfolgt durch Aufnahme mit Eiern kontaminierten Futters oder Wasser. Im Darm schlüpfen die Larven und gelangen über den Blutkreislauf in die Lunge. Die Präpatenz beträgt etwa 40 Tage. Der Lungenhaarwurm ruft selten Krankheitserscheinungen hervor, nur bei stärkerem Befall kommt es – meist infolge bakterieller Begleitinfektionen – zu einer Bronchitis mit Husten.
Capillaria aerophila is a nematode parasite found in the respiratory tract of foxes,[1] dogs,[2] and various other carnivorous mammals.[3] A few cases of human infestation have also been reported. Though it is sometimes called a "lungworm", this term usually refers to other species of nematodes. Infestation by C. aerophila is referred to as "pulmonary capillariasis" (occasionally spelled "capillariosis), "bronchial capillariasis," or (rarely) "thominxosis." This parasite has a direct life cycle, meaning that the life cycle can be completed in a single host. C. aerophila usually causes only minor clinical symptoms, such as irritation of the respiratory tract and coughing. However, secondary bacterial infections of the respiratory tract, including pneumonia, may develop in heavy infestations. Treatment with anthelmintics, such as levamisole or fenbendazole, is usually sufficient to cure C. aerophila infestations.
This species was originally described in 1839, from specimens found in the trachea of a wolf, and named Trichosoma aerophila.[4] It was transferred to the genus Eucoleus (as Eucoleus aerophilus) by Dujardin in 1845, and to the genus Capillaria (as Capillaria aerophila) in 1911, and is sometimes referred to as Thominx aerophilum. The changes to the end of the species name in each genus, whether it ends with "-a", "-us" or "-um", are necessary to adhere to the rules of Latin grammar.
Males generally range from 15–25 mm long, with a maximum width of 62 µm, while females are 18–32 mm long with a maximum width of 105 µm. Some sources report that they are larger when they occur in the nasal sinuses.[5]
Capillaria aerophila has been found on every continent, and occurs in dogs, cats, and a wide range of wild mammals. The following species have been reported as hosts:
Capillaria aerophila has a direct life cycle, meaning that it can be completed in one host. The adults lay eggs in the lungs. The eggs are coughed up and swallowed by the host; and are then passed in the feces. In about 5–7 weeks, the larvae develop into the infective stage within the egg envelope in the soil. The infective larvae remain viable for up to 1 year. When a suitable host eats these mature eggs, the larvae hatch in the intestines and migrate to the lungs. They mature into adults about 40 days post-infection. Earthworms may act as intermediate hosts, by eating the C. aerophila eggs and infecting mammalian hosts when eaten by the mammals. However, the involvement of the earthworms is not necessary for the completion of the C. aerophila life cycle.
Reported infestation rates in dogs and cats which are kept as pets in Europe and North America are generally less than 10%. In wildlife, rates as high as 74%[6] and 88%[7] have been reported for wild foxes.
Most cases of Capillaria aerophila infestation in dogs and cats are without serious clinical symptoms. Heavy infestations may result in inflammation of the respiratory tract (rhinitis, tracheitis or bronchitis), or secondary bacterial infections of the respiratory tract, including bronchopneumonia. These developments are usually characterized by a whistling sound when the animal breathes, frequent sneezing, or a deep, wheezing cough.
In humans, symptoms include coughing, fever, bronchitis, dyspnea (shortness of breath), blood in the saliva, and elevated levels of eosinophils in the blood (eosinophilia).
Most reports of C. aerophila in wildlife are simply parasite field surveys, and do not mention specific symptoms. However, the involvement of C. aerophila infestation and pneumonia, in addition to other parasites, in the death of an opossum has been reported.[8]
Infestation is easily diagnosed by the presence of C. aerophila eggs in the nasal or tracheal lavage, or the feces of infested animals. Standard anthelmintics, such as ivermectin or fenbendazole, are recommended for treatment of dogs.[3] Humans infested with C. aerophila have been successfully treated with albendazole and mebendazole.[9]
For animals kept in outdoor pens, proper drainage and allowing sunlight to hit the floor of the pen have been suggested to minimize the spread of infestation.[10]
Capillaria aerophila is a nematode parasite found in the respiratory tract of foxes, dogs, and various other carnivorous mammals. A few cases of human infestation have also been reported. Though it is sometimes called a "lungworm", this term usually refers to other species of nematodes. Infestation by C. aerophila is referred to as "pulmonary capillariasis" (occasionally spelled "capillariosis), "bronchial capillariasis," or (rarely) "thominxosis." This parasite has a direct life cycle, meaning that the life cycle can be completed in a single host. C. aerophila usually causes only minor clinical symptoms, such as irritation of the respiratory tract and coughing. However, secondary bacterial infections of the respiratory tract, including pneumonia, may develop in heavy infestations. Treatment with anthelmintics, such as levamisole or fenbendazole, is usually sufficient to cure C. aerophila infestations.
Capillaria aerophila
Eucoleus aerophilus, parfois désigné sous le nom de Capillaria aerophila est un ver parasite nématode qui colonise le tractus respiratoire des canidés : renards[1], chiens[2], et de divers autres mammifères carnivores[3] ; quelques rares cas de contamination humaine ont été signalés[4]. Bien qu'il soit parfois rangé au nombre des « vers des poumons », ce terme revoie plutôt à d'autres espèces de nématodes. La contamination par C. aerophila est parfois désignée comme la « capillariose pulmonaire ou bronchique », ou plus rarement de « thominxose ». Ce parasite a un cycle de vie « direct », ce qui signifie qu'il accomplit l'intégralité de ses métamorphoses au sein d'un seul organisme-hôte. C. aerophila ne se manifeste généralement que par des symptômes bénins : légère irritation de l’appareil respiratoire, toux ; en revanche, les complications par des infections bactériennes, qui peuvent aller jusqu'à la pneumonie, peuvent aggraver la contamination. L’absorption de vermifuges tels le lévamisole ou le Panacur suffit généralement à éliminer C. aerophila.
Cette espèce, décrite pour la première fois en 1839 à partir de spécimens découverts dans la trachée d'un loup, fut d'abord baptisée Trichosoma aerophila[5]. Elle a été rattachée au genre Eucoleus (en tant qu’Eucoleus aerophilus) par Dujardin en 1845, puis au genre Capillaria (en tant que Capillaria aerophila) en 1911, et elle est parfois même désignée comme Thominx aerophilum.
Les individus mâles ne mesurent généralement qu'entre 15 et 25 mm de longueur, avec une largeur maximale de 62 µm, alors que la taille des individus femelles va de 18 à 32 mm pour une largeur de 105 µm. Selon certaines sources, les tailles supérieures sont présentes dans le sinus nasal de l'hôte[6].
Capillaria aerophila est apparemment présent partout où vivent des mammifères supérieurs : il affecte, outre les chiens et chats, un nombre considérable de mammifères vivant à l'état sauvage. Voici les espèces-hôtes qui ont été signalées :
Femelle, région de la vulve et dernier stichocyte
Mâle, extrémité caudale, spicule et gaine du spicule
E. aerophilus est l'espèce type du genre Eucoleus[7].
Capillaria aerophila
Eucoleus aerophilus, parfois désigné sous le nom de Capillaria aerophila est un ver parasite nématode qui colonise le tractus respiratoire des canidés : renards, chiens, et de divers autres mammifères carnivores ; quelques rares cas de contamination humaine ont été signalés. Bien qu'il soit parfois rangé au nombre des « vers des poumons », ce terme revoie plutôt à d'autres espèces de nématodes. La contamination par C. aerophila est parfois désignée comme la « capillariose pulmonaire ou bronchique », ou plus rarement de « thominxose ». Ce parasite a un cycle de vie « direct », ce qui signifie qu'il accomplit l'intégralité de ses métamorphoses au sein d'un seul organisme-hôte. C. aerophila ne se manifeste généralement que par des symptômes bénins : légère irritation de l’appareil respiratoire, toux ; en revanche, les complications par des infections bactériennes, qui peuvent aller jusqu'à la pneumonie, peuvent aggraver la contamination. L’absorption de vermifuges tels le lévamisole ou le Panacur suffit généralement à éliminer C. aerophila.
Capillaria aerophila là một loài ký sinh trùng nematoda được tìm thấy trong phế quản của cáo[1] chó,[2], và nhiều động vật có vú ăn thịt khác[3]. Một vài trường hợp nhiễm ở người cũng đã được ghi nhận. Mặc dù đôi khi được gọi là "giun phổi", thuật ngữ này thường đề cập đến loài khác. Bệnh bị nhiễm C. aerophila được gọi là "bệnh giun capillaria", "capillariasis phế quản ", hoặc (hiếm khi)" huyết khối. "Ký sinh trùng này có vòng đời sống trực tiếp, có nghĩa là chu kỳ cuộc sống có thể được hoàn thành trong vật chủ duy nhất. C. aerophila thường chỉ gây ra các triệu chứng lâm nhỏ, chẳng hạn như kích ứng đường hô hấp và ho. Tuy nhiên, nhiễm khuẩn thứ phát của đường hô hấp, bao gồm viêm phổi, có thể phát triển trong nhiễm nặng. Điều trị bằng anthelmintic, như levamisole hoặc fenbendazole, thường là đủ để chữa trị nhiễm C. aerophila.
Capillaria aerophila là một loài ký sinh trùng nematoda được tìm thấy trong phế quản của cáo chó,, và nhiều động vật có vú ăn thịt khác. Một vài trường hợp nhiễm ở người cũng đã được ghi nhận. Mặc dù đôi khi được gọi là "giun phổi", thuật ngữ này thường đề cập đến loài khác. Bệnh bị nhiễm C. aerophila được gọi là "bệnh giun capillaria", "capillariasis phế quản ", hoặc (hiếm khi)" huyết khối. "Ký sinh trùng này có vòng đời sống trực tiếp, có nghĩa là chu kỳ cuộc sống có thể được hoàn thành trong vật chủ duy nhất. C. aerophila thường chỉ gây ra các triệu chứng lâm nhỏ, chẳng hạn như kích ứng đường hô hấp và ho. Tuy nhiên, nhiễm khuẩn thứ phát của đường hô hấp, bao gồm viêm phổi, có thể phát triển trong nhiễm nặng. Điều trị bằng anthelmintic, như levamisole hoặc fenbendazole, thường là đủ để chữa trị nhiễm C. aerophila.
