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Broad-scale Impacts of Plant Response to Fire

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
The Research Project Summary Understory recovery after burning and reburning
quaking aspen stands in central Alberta
provides information on prescribed
fire and postfire response of plant community species including highbush
cranberry.
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bibliographic citation
Matthews, Robin F. 1992. Viburnum edule. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Common Names

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highbush cranberry
squashberry
lowbush cranberry
mooseberry
few-flowered highbush cranberry
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Matthews, Robin F. 1992. Viburnum edule. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Conservation Status

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Highbush cranberry is considered rare (species or habitat vulnerable or
declining) in South Dakota [31]. It has also been placed on Maine's
official Watch List [8].
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bibliographic citation
Matthews, Robin F. 1992. Viburnum edule. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Cover Value

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More info for the term: cover

Viburnum species are important components of forest-edge and hedgerow
habitats that provide cover for small mammals and birds [21].
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Matthews, Robin F. 1992. Viburnum edule. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Description

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More info for the terms: drupe, fruit, seed, shrub

Highbush cranberry is a straggling to erect deciduous shrub that reaches
heights ranging from 2 to 12 feet (0.6-3.5 m) [22,32,58]. It has
several to many stems that may grow to 1.5 inches (4 cm) in diameter
[58]. The plant has smooth gray bark and sharply toothed leaves that
are shallowly lobed. Milky-white flowers are borne in few-flowered
terminal cymes. The fruit is an orange to red drupe that contains one
seed [1,32,58]. The berries often overwinter on twigs. Highbush
cranberry roots in the organic layer [51] and is rhizomatous [22].
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bibliographic citation
Matthews, Robin F. 1992. Viburnum edule. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Distribution

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Highbush cranberry is distributed throughout Alaska and across Canada to
Newfoundland. It occurs south through the New England and Great Lakes
States, and the Pacific Northwest [1,18,45,49,58]. Populations are also
found in Idaho, Montana, North and South Dakota, Wyoming, and Colorado
[10,11,26,43,53].
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bibliographic citation
Matthews, Robin F. 1992. Viburnum edule. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Fire Ecology

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More info for the terms: fire regime, seed

Highbush cranberry sprouts from the stump, roots, or underground stems
following fire [13,61]. Sprouting may also occur at the base of
fire-killed aboveground stems [22,24]. Highbush cranberry roots are
buried approximately 8 inches (20 cm) below the soil surface, allowing
them to survive light fires that do not entirely remove the organic
layer [51]. Rhizomes will also survive fires of this nature. Highbush
cranberry seeds are hard and have thick seed coats, making them somewhat
resistant to fire [59]. Regeneration by seeds stored in the soil may
actually be favored by low-severity fires [22].

FIRE REGIMES :
Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under
"Find FIRE REGIMES".
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bibliographic citation
Matthews, Robin F. 1992. Viburnum edule. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Fire Management Considerations

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Prescribed fires of low-severity and short duration are recommended for
the management of highbush cranberry. Fires of this type favor the
germination of buried seeds and sprouting of vegetative structures
[6,22,47].
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bibliographic citation
Matthews, Robin F. 1992. Viburnum edule. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification)

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More info for the term: phanerophyte

Phanerophyte
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Matthews, Robin F. 1992. Viburnum edule. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat characteristics

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More info for the terms: bog, presence, swamp

Highbush cranberry is found in moist woods or forests, along stream or
lake margins on gravel or rocky banks, and on swamp or bog margins
[22,49,58]. In British Columbia, the plant is found from sea level to
about 4,900 feet (1,500 m) [22], but in Colorado elevational range is
7,000 to 9,000 feet (2,100-2,700 m) [26]. The southern extent of
highbush cranberry's distribution is determined by high temperatures and
low humidity. Its presence at northern latitudes indicates a high
tolerance to frost and the ability to grow in low soil and air
temperatures. In moist climates, highbush cranberry grows on submesic
to subhydric soils, but in drier climates it is restricted to subhygric
and wetter moisture regimes. Highbush cranberry commonly grows under a
deciduous or coniferous canopy but probably develops best under full
sunlight [22].

Highbush cranberry grows best on well-drained, alluvial soils
[6,9,12,62]. Soil textures include clay, silty clay, sandy clay loam,
and fine loam [9,33,62]. Soil types include Luvisols, Brunisols,
Humo-Ferric Podzols, Regosols, and Gleysols [22].
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bibliographic citation
Matthews, Robin F. 1992. Viburnum edule. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Cover Types

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This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):

1 Jack pine
5 Balsam fir
12 Black spruce
13 Black spruce - tamarack
16 Aspen
17 Pin cherry
18 Paper birch
38 Tamarack
107 White spruce
201 White spruce
202 White spruce - paper birch
203 Balsam poplar
204 Black spruce
205 Mountain hemlock
206 Engelmann spruce - subalpine fir
217 Aspen
218 Lodgepole pine
222 Black cottonwood - willow
224 Western hemlock
227 Western redcedar - western hemlock
228 Western redcedar
251 White spruce - aspen
252 Paper birch
253 Black spruce - white spruce
254 Black spruce - paper birch
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bibliographic citation
Matthews, Robin F. 1992. Viburnum edule. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Ecosystem

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This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):

FRES10 White - red - jack pine
FRES11 Spruce - fir
FRES19 Aspen - birch
FRES23 Fir - spruce
FRES24 Hemlock - Sitka spruce
FRES26 Lodgepole pine
FRES28 Western hardwoods
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bibliographic citation
Matthews, Robin F. 1992. Viburnum edule. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Plant Associations

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This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):

More info for the terms: bog, forest

K001 Spruce - cedar - hemlock forest
K004 Fir - hemlock forest
K008 Lodgepole pine - subalpine forest
K015 Western spruce - fir forest
K025 Alder - ash forest
K093 Great Lakes spruce - fir forest
K094 Conifer bog
K095 Great Lakes pine forest
K096 Northeastern spruce - fir forest
K107 Northern hardwoods - fir forest
K108 Northern hardwoods - spruce forest
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bibliographic citation
Matthews, Robin F. 1992. Viburnum edule. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Immediate Effect of Fire

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Fire top-kills highbush cranberry. Moderate- to high-severity fires
which remove soil organic layers may kill roots, underground stems, and
buried seeds.
license
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bibliographic citation
Matthews, Robin F. 1992. Viburnum edule. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Importance to Livestock and Wildlife

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Highbush cranberries are consumed by many small mammals and songbirds
[22,58]. Game birds including spruce grouse and ruffed grouse also eat
the berries [15,34]. Foliage is browsed by beaver, rabbit, and snowshoe
hare [22].

Highbush cranberry is of low to moderate importance as browse to
Roosevelt elk, Rocky Mountain elk, mountain goat, bighorn sheep,
black-tail deer, mule deer, white-tailed deer, and caribou [2,5]. The
foliage is also browsed by moose throughout the year [37,48].

Highbush cranberries are a major food of grizzly bears [3,23,40]. Black
bears consume highbush cranberries in late fall [27].
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bibliographic citation
Matthews, Robin F. 1992. Viburnum edule. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Key Plant Community Associations

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: bog, codominant, fern, forest, lichens

Highbush cranberry may occur as a dominant or codominant understory
species in open or closed coniferous forests, primarily in white spruce
(Picea glauca) [12,19,50,57], but also in lodgepole pine (Pinus
contorta) [7] or western redcedar (Thuja plicata) habitats [25]. It may
also occur as an understory dominant in open or closed deciduous forests
with quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides), paper birch (Betula
papyrifera), or balsam poplar (P. balsamifera) [7,19,57].

Common understory associates include: willows (Salix spp.), alders
(Alnus spp.), raspberries (Rubus spp.), currants (Ribes spp.), prickly
rose (Rosa acicularis), lignonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea), rusty
menziesia (Menziesia ferruginea), hazelnut (Corylus cornuta), bog
Labrador tea (Ledum groenlandicum), one sided wintergreen (Pyrola
secunda), dogwoods (Cornus canadensis and C. stolonifera), buffaloberry
(Shepherdia canadensis), devil's club (Oplopanax horridus), queencup
beadlily (Clintonia uniflora), oak fern (Gymnocarpium dryopteris),
twinflower (Linnaea borealis), twinberry honeysuckle (Lonicera
involucrata), fireweed (Epilobium angustifolium), bearberry
(Arctostaphylos uva-ursi), horsetails (Equisetum pratense, E. arvense,
and E. sylvanicum), bluejoint reedgrass (Calamagrostis canadensis), and
various feather mosses (Hylocomium and Pleurozium spp.), sedges (Carex spp.),
lichens (Cladonia and Cladina spp.) and sphagnum mosses.

Published classifications listing highbush cranberry as a dominant
understory species in plant associations (pas), community types (cts),
or vegetation types (vts) are as follows:

AREA CLASSIFICATION AUTHORITY

wc AB forest cts Corns 1983
int AK gen. veg. cts Dyrness and others 1989
int AK postfire forest cts Foote 1983
YT vts Stanek 1980
BC: Salmon River Valley vts Harcombe and others 1983
AK gen. veg. pas Viereck & Dyrness 1980
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Matthews, Robin F. 1992. Viburnum edule. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Life Form

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: shrub

Shrub
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Matthews, Robin F. 1992. Viburnum edule. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Management considerations

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: cover, density, frequency, hardwood, natural, rhizome, scarification, seed, shrubs, softwood

Highbush cranberry is not considered to be a primary competitor to
conifers but is a component of major brush complexes that occur on
moist, productive sites on floodplains or under deciduous canopies. It
can compete significantly with natural or planted white spruce seedlings
in the Sub-Boreal Spruce and Boreal White and Black Spruce (Picea
mariana) Zones, where it is most abundant [22].

Highbush cranberry has shown varying responses to overstory removal.
Near Prince George, British Columbia, highbush cranberry in white
spruce-subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) forests had not become a
significant component of the vegetation 6 years after clearcutting,
although it was present on all sites prior to the harvest [14]. In
Alberta, highbush cranberry had significantly lower cover in 6- to
12-year-old clearcut areas than in adjacent mature lodgepole pine
stands. In contrast, logging of a balsam poplar stand in Alaska caused
a dramatic increase in highbush cranberry density. It was one of the
dominant shrubs and reached 3.3 feet (1 m) in height within 4 years
[22]. In general, frequency and cover are expected to remain constant
or decrease slightly in the first few years after overstory removal.
Vigor may increase slowly on favorable sites [6].

Highbush cranberry is a seed-banking species, and soil disturbance
resulting from mechanical site preparation favors germination of stored
seed. The disturbance may also provide favorable seedbeds for freshly
deposited seed. Plants damaged in site preparation sprout from root
stocks and stem bases [6].

Highbush cranberry increased less in a winter-logged balsam poplar stand
than in one that had been summer-logged. Higher soil disturbance on the
summer-logged site may have stimulated sprouting. However,
scarification did not enhance cover of highbush cranberry in clearcut
areas near Edson, Alberta [22]. Highbush cranberry was also less
abundant on mechanically prepared sites than on unscalped sites in
interior Alaska. Frequency and cover of highbush cranberry 3 years
after clearcutting and shelterwood cutting of white spruce stands were
as follows [63]:

Clearcut Shelterwood
scalped unscalped scalped unscalped
_____________________________________________________
Frequency (%) 13.3 38.3 13.3 20.0
Cover (%) 1.8 5.2 1.7 3.2

Highbush cranberry can be propagated vegetatively by hardwood or
softwood cuttings, although softwood cuttings are far more successful at
producing roots. Softwood cuttings root sooner and more prolifically in
sand than in perlite. Rooting success greatly increases by treating
cuttings with IBA (Indole-3-butyric acid). Rhizome cuttings also
successfully produce roots when planted immediately after fall
collection [30].

Seeding may also be used for propagation of Viburnums. Seeds may be
broadcast sown on prepared seedbeds and mulched with sawdust or sown
with drills and mulched with straw. Seedlings may require shading,
depending on location. Fertile, moist soils which are neutral to
slightly acidic result in best germination [21].

Herbicides can be used to control highbush cranberry. Glyphosate
exhibits good control and causes moderately severe damage to the plant
[2,22]. Aerially spraying a young aspen-balsam poplar stand in June
resulted in 95 percent defoliation and heavy mortality of highbush
cranberry [22]. Roundup also causes defoliation and moderate mortality
rates [6]. Hexazinone does not appear to control highbush cranberry
effectively [2,6].

Highbush cranberry is utilized heavily in tent caterpillar outbreaks
[52]. Aphids, thrips, spider mites, and scale are also likely to occur
on Viburnums. A leaf spot (Ascochyta viburni) has been found on plants
along coastal British Columbia, and a rust (Puccinia linkii) has been
found on plants in northern British Columbia. Neither of these diseases
is considered serious [22].
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Matthews, Robin F. 1992. Viburnum edule. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Nutritional Value

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Highbush cranberry's current annual stem and leaf growth collected in
July from Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, were analyzed for browse quality to
moose. In-vitro dry matter digestibility was 52.8 percent and protein
content was 10.3 percent. Concentrations of the following elements
were found [41]:
Macroelements (ppm)
Ca K Mg Na
___________________________________________
3,284 10,798 2,112 106

Microelements (ppm)
Cu Fe Mn Zn
___________________________________________
21.0 5.0 24.4 23.5
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Matthews, Robin F. 1992. Viburnum edule. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Occurrence in North America

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AK CO CT ID IA ME MD MA MI MN
MT NH NY ND OR PA RI SD VT WA
WI WY AB BC LB MB NB NF NT NS
ON PE PQ SK YT
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Matthews, Robin F. 1992. Viburnum edule. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Other uses and values

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More info for the term: shrub

Highbush cranberries are edible and make excellent jams, jellies, and
sauces if picked before fully mature [29,32,58]. The berries were an
important food of Native Americans of the Bella Coola region of British
Columbia, where a single shrub may yield up to 100 berries [38]. The
plant is cultivated for its brilliant red autumnal foliage [58].
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Matthews, Robin F. 1992. Viburnum edule. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Palatability

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Viburnum foliage is low in palatability to livestock [55].

Pease [42] states that Viburnum foliage is highly unpalatable to snowshoe
hare, but others report it to be a preferred hare food in some areas [60].
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Matthews, Robin F. 1992. Viburnum edule. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Phenology

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More info for the term: shrubs

Highbush cranberry flowers from May to August, depending on location.
Fruits ripen from August to October and persist throughout the winter
[18,22,58]. Leaf flush begins in April or May, and senescence and
abscission take place earlier than on associated shrubs [22].
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Matthews, Robin F. 1992. Viburnum edule. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Plant Response to Fire

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More info for the terms: density, shrubs

Highbush cranberry sprouts within weeks following fire [19,22] and often
becomes one of the dominant postfire shrubs [22]. Low-severity fires
stimulate germination of seeds stored in the soil [24,47]. Abundance of
the plant may be initially reduced after fire, but an increase over
prefire density may take place within the next 10 years [6,28].
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Matthews, Robin F. 1992. Viburnum edule. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Post-fire Regeneration

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: caudex, root crown, secondary colonizer, seed

survivor species; on-site surviving root crown or caudex
survivor species; on-site surviving rhizomes
ground-stored residual colonizer; fire-activated seed on-site in soil
off-site colonizer; seed carried by animals or water; postfire yr 1&2
secondary colonizer; off-site seed carried to site after year 2
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Matthews, Robin F. 1992. Viburnum edule. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Regeneration Processes

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More info for the terms: layering, natural, radicle, rhizome, seed, stratification

Sexual reproduction: Highbush cranberry begins to produce fruits at
approximately 5 years of age, and then produces large quantities nearly
every year thereafter. The one-seeded fruits are dispersed by the birds
and mammals that consume them [6,22]. Germination is normally delayed
until the second growing season after ripening. The seeds exhibit seed
coat and embryo dormancy that requires a two-stage stratification to be
broken. Most successful germination takes place when a warm period is
followed by cold stratification [21,22,59]. The radicle emerges and
begins growth during the warm period, and the cold period breaks the
dormancy of the plumule, which then grows when temperatures become
warmer. The time period of these stages is critical but has not been
worked out in detail. Clean, air-dried seeds can be stored up to 10
years without losing viability. Highbush cranberry is a seed-banking
species [21,22].

Vegetative reproduction: Highbush cranberry can reproduce vegetatively
by natural layering and sprouting from damaged root stocks, stembases,
and stumps. The plant is rhizomatous, but there is no evidence of
lateral spread from the parent by rhizome or root suckers [22].
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Matthews, Robin F. 1992. Viburnum edule. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Regional Distribution in the Western United States

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This species can be found in the following regions of the western United States (according to the Bureau of Land Management classification of Physiographic Regions of the western United States):

1 Northern Pacific Border
2 Cascade Mountains
8 Northern Rocky Mountains
9 Middle Rocky Mountains
11 Southern Rocky Mountains
15 Black Hills Uplift
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Matthews, Robin F. 1992. Viburnum edule. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Successional Status

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More info for the terms: climax, forest, hardwood, succession, tree

Highbush cranberry is moderately shade tolerant [6] and is important
throughout all stages of forest succession [46,61]. In floodplain
succession, highbush cranberry is present from the pioneer willow
through seral balsam poplar stages. It remains important in mature and
climax white spruce and black spruce-white spruce types [56].

Highbush cranberry sprouts following fire and is an important component
of early, midseral, and climax postfire communities [13,61]. The
following frequencies and densities were found in white spruce stands in
interior Alaska:

Stage Years after fire Frequency(%) Density(stems/acre)
_______________________________________________________________________
Newly burned 0-1 78 15,201 (37,562 st/ha)
Moss-herb 1-5 21 2,795 (6,906 st/ha)
Tall shrub-sapling 3-30 30 13,445 (33,222 st/ha)
Dense tree 26-45 36 3,713 (9,175 st/ha)
Hardwood 46-150 55 15,378 (38,000 st/ha)
Spruce 150-300+ 39 2,049 (5,062 st/ha)

Low successive peaks between the newly burned, tall shrub-sapling, and
hardwood stages may have been caused by stand differences or successful
establishment followed by opportunism [19].
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Matthews, Robin F. 1992. Viburnum edule. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Synonyms

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Viburnum pauciflorum LaPylaie
Viburnum opulus var. edule Michx.
Viburnum acerifolium Bong.
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Matthews, Robin F. 1992. Viburnum edule. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Taxonomy

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The currently accepted scientific name of highbush cranberry is Viburnum
edule (Michx.) Raf., in the family Caprifoliaceae [1,18,32,35,47].
There are no recognized subspecies, varieties, or forms.
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Matthews, Robin F. 1992. Viburnum edule. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Value for rehabilitation of disturbed sites

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More info for the term: reclamation

The value of highbush cranberry for rehabilitative purposes has not been
well documented. It was studied for its use in oil sands reclamation,
but no results were detailed [17].
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Matthews, Robin F. 1992. Viburnum edule. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Viburnum edule

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Viburnum edule, the squashberry,[1] mooseberry,[1] moosomin,[2][3] moosewood viburnum,[4] pembina,[5][6] pimina,[7] highbush cranberry,[8] or lowbush cranberry[8] is a species of shrub native to Canada and the northern parts of the US. It stands roughly 2 m (6.5 ft) tall with many stems and smooth branches.[9]

The tart berries ripen early in spring[10] and are eaten by various birds and mammals.[4] With the seeds removed, they are edible to humans as well,[11] and can be made into jam.[10]

Description

It is a deciduous, dicot shrub growing 0.5–3.5 m (1.5–11.5 ft) tall. The leaves are opposite, elliptic in shape, 6–10 cm (2.4–3.9 in) long, unlobed or shallowly 3-lobed, jaggedly serrated, and turning red in autumn; their underside glabrous, especially along the veins.[12][13] The bark is smooth and reddish grey in colour, the twigs glabrous. The flowers are arranged in a small, compact, and flat or rounded inflorescence 1–3 cm (0.4–1.2 in) across consisting of several flowers.[12] The flowers are synoecious and fertile, the petals white and fused at the base forming a tube that flares into 5 lobes at the top; the stamens short (≤ 1mm)[12][13] and hidden within the corolla.[7] The fruit is an edible red or orange berry-like drupe, 0.8–1.5 cm (0.3–0.6 in) long, arranged in clusters, each fruit containing a single, flattened stone.[12][13]

Illustration of V. edule

Taxonomy and etymology

French botanist André Michaux is the first recorded authority to provide a scientific name for the plant, calling it Viburnum opulus var. Pimina or Viburnum trilobum var. edule in 1803.[7] The name edule is derived from the latin word ĕdūlis, meaning edible.[14] The name Pimina refers to the common name for the plant used in Canada at the time.[7] French naturalist Constantine Samuel Rafinesque observed the plant later in 1808, calling it Viburnum edule, V. opulus var. of Michaux. Lacking communication and consensus between naming authorities resulted in further names being provided for the same plant, the most popular being Viburnum pauciflorum. The discrepancy was eventually resolved, and the name Viburnum edule became the commonly accepted scientific name that is still in use today.[7]

Flowers

Viburnum edule was originally categorized as a member of the Caprifoliaceae (honeysuckle) family, however phylogenetic analysis has caused the plant to be re-classified as a member of the Adoxaceae (moschatel) family.[15][16]

Foliage

Distribution and habitat

Squashberry can be found growing in moist soils of various forested regions.[17] It is also found growing in dense areas of trees and shrubs, alongside wetlands and bodies of water, and at higher elevations on gravel banks.[6] The ideal type of soil for Viburnum edule is moist alluvial soil that has good drainage.[6] This plant is dispersed through animals, such as birds and mammals, that carry, eat, digest, and excrete the seeds in different areas.[6] Squashberry is distributed across Canada, all throughout Alaska, and in northern states of the USA.[6][18] Specifically, it can abundantly be found in the following regions: the Yukon, northern Quebec, western District of Mackenzie to James Bay, south Newfoundland to Oregon, Idaho, Colorado, Minnesota and Pennsylvania.[19] It will be found either as a dominant or codominant understory plant of coniferous forests.[20] Oftentimes, squashberry grows abundantly in Picea glauca (white spruce) forests.[20] Squashberry is also known to be an important pioneer species that grows early after forest fires.[21]

Cultivation and uses

The tart fruit is commonly consumed fresh, however it can also be used to prepare foods such as jams and jellies.[6][22] Many animals consume the wild berries as a part of their diet, while smaller animals can use the plant as shelter.[6][23]

Multiple parts of the Viburnum edule plant have been used in herbal medicine. The berries can be used to prepare herbal cough medicines, while the roots have been used to make tea for relief of tooth pain or a sore throat.[6] The twigs of the plant can be chewed or gargled as a tea to also treat sore throat.[6] Lip sores have been treated by massaging the closed flower buds of V. edule on the lips.[6] Modern research efforts have found that the fruit contains high levels of antioxidants.[24][25]

Numerous Indigenous peoples have traditionally used the plant. The Nuxalk people from the Bella Coola region of British Columbia utilize the berries for food due to the plant's rapid growth rate and high berry production.[26] Notably, a single Viburnum edule shrub can produce a yield of up to 100 berries.[27] Multiple First Nations groups on the northwestern coast of North America have cultivated Viburnum edule plants, planting them in wild forest gardens.[28][29] Consumption of the berries was mentioned in multiple origin myths of the Haida people,[30] often depicted as the food eaten at feasts or consumed by supernatural beings.[22] Inuit peoples near the Nain settlement in Newfoundland and Labrador are also known to traditionally collect the wild fruits.[31]

References

  1. ^ a b USDA GRIN Taxonomy, retrieved 9 April 2016
  2. ^ "Biography – MŌSŌMIN – Volume XIII (1901-1910) – Dictionary of Canadian Biography". www.biographi.ca. Retrieved 2021-11-28.
  3. ^ "About Moosimin First Nation" (PDF). City of Saskatoon. 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  4. ^ a b Whitney, Stephen (1985). Western Forests (The Audubon Society Nature Guides). New York: Knopf. p. 436. ISBN 0-394-73127-1.
  5. ^ The WPA Guide To 1930s North Dakota (2nd ed.). State Historical Society of North Dakota. 1977. p. 223. ISBN 1891419145. OCLC 317825870.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Gould, K.; Wood, S.; Smreciu, A. (2013-10-18). "Viburnum edule: lowbush cranberry, mooseberry, squashberry, squawberry, crampbark, pembina". ERA. doi:10.7939/r34m91c8x. Retrieved 2021-12-04.
  7. ^ a b c d e Fernald, M. L. (1941). "VIBURNUM EDULE AND ITS NOMENCLATURE". Rhodora. 43 (513): 481–483 – via JSTOR.
  8. ^ a b Matthews, Robin F. "Viburnum edule". Fire Effects Information System. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
  9. ^ USDA PLANTS database, retrieved 15 August 2015
  10. ^ a b Benoliel, Doug (2011). Northwest Foraging: The Classic Guide to Edible Plants of the Pacific Northwest (Rev. and updated ed.). Seattle, WA: Skipstone. p. 101. ISBN 978-1-59485-366-1. OCLC 668195076.
  11. ^ Elias, Thomas S.; Dykeman, Peter A. (2009) [1982]. Edible Wild Plants: A North American Field Guide to Over 200 Natural Foods. New York: Sterling. p. 227. ISBN 978-1-4027-6715-9. OCLC 244766414.
  12. ^ a b c d Douglas, George W; Meidinger, Dellis V; Pojar, Jim; Straley, G.B., eds. (1998). Illustrated Flora of British Columbia. Volume 2: Dicotyledons (Balsaminaceae Through Cucurbitaceae). Victoria, B.C.: B.C. Ministry of Environment. pp. 228–229. ISBN 0772636850.
  13. ^ a b c Moss, E. H. (1983). Flora of Alberta: a manual of flowering plants, conifers, ferns and fern allies found growing without cultivation in the province of Alberta, Canada (2nd ed.). University of Toronto Press. p. 515. ISBN 978-1-4426-5737-3. OCLC 903968374.
  14. ^ Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879). A Latin Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  15. ^ "Dipsacales". www.mobot.org. Retrieved 2021-12-02.
  16. ^ "Viburnaceae Raf. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 2021-12-02.
  17. ^ Inkpen, Wayne; Van Eyk, Rob. Guide to the common native trees and shrubs of Alberta. Edmonton: Alberta Environmental Protection, Pesticide Management Branch. p. 50.
  18. ^ "Viburnum edule". www.fs.fed.us. Retrieved 2021-12-05.
  19. ^ Moss, E. H.; John G. Packer (1983). Flora of Alberta: a manual of flowering plants, conifers, ferns, and fern allies found growing without cultivation in the Province of Alberta, Canada (2nd ed.). Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-8020-2508-0. OCLC 12217114.
  20. ^ a b Dyrness, C. T.; Cleve, K. Van; Levison, J. D. (1989-11-01). "The effect of wildfire on soil chemistry in four forest types in interior Alaska". Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 19 (11): 1389–1396. doi:10.1139/x89-213. ISSN 0045-5067.
  21. ^ Foote, M. Joan (1983). "Classification, description, and dynamics of plant communities after fire in the taiga of interior Alaska". Res. Pap. PNW-RP-307. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. 116 p. 307. doi:10.2737/PNW-RP-307. hdl:2027/umn.31951d02995285z.
  22. ^ a b Turner, Nancy J. (2014). Ancient pathways, ancestral knowledge: ethnobotany and ecological wisdom of indigenous peoples of northwestern North America. Vol. 1. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 69. ISBN 9780773543805. OCLC 1124369063.
  23. ^ Tannas, Kathy (2001). Common plants of the western rangelands (2nd ed.). Edmonton: Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development. ISBN 0-7732-6154-0. OCLC 48803622.
  24. ^ Leiner, Roseann Hartke; Holloway, Patricia S.; Neal, David B. (2006). "Antioxidant Capacity and Quercetin Levels in Alaska Wild Berries". International Journal of Fruit Science. 6 (1): 83–91. doi:10.1300/j492v06n01_06. ISSN 1553-8362.
  25. ^ Rop, Otakar; Reznicek, Vojtech; Valsikova, Magdalena; Jurikova, Tunde; Mlcek, Jiri; Kramarova, Daniela (2010-06-23). "Antioxidant Properties of European Cranberrybush Fruit (Viburnum opulus var. edule)". Molecules. 15 (6): 4467–4477. doi:10.3390/molecules15064467. ISSN 1420-3049. PMC 6264302.
  26. ^ Lepofsky, Dana; Turner, Nancy J.; Kuhnlein, Harriet V. (1985). "Determining the availability of traditional wild plant foods: An example of Nuxalk foods, Bella Coola, British Columbia". Ecology of Food and Nutrition. 16 (3): 223–241. doi:10.1080/03670244.1985.9990863. ISSN 0367-0244.
  27. ^ Lepofsky, Dana; Turner, Nancy J.; Kuhnlein, Harriet V. (1985-05-01). "Determining the availability of traditional wild plant foods: An example of Nuxalk foods, Bella Coola, British Columbia". Ecology of Food and Nutrition. 16 (3): 223–241. doi:10.1080/03670244.1985.9990863. ISSN 0367-0244.
  28. ^ Turner, Nancy J. (2020). Plants, people, and places: the roles of ethnobotany and ethnoecology in Indigenous peoples' land rights in Canada and beyond. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 126. ISBN 978-0-2280-0183-6. OCLC 1126217708.
  29. ^ Deur, Douglas; Turner, Nancy J., eds. (2006). Keeping It Living: Traditions of Plant Use and Cultivation on the Northwest Coast of North America. University of Washington Press. p. 119. ISBN 978-0-295-98565-7.
  30. ^ Swanton, John Reed (1905). Contributions to the ethnology of the Haida. Leiden E. J. Brill. pp. 25, 261. hdl:2246/5742.
  31. ^ Boulanger-Lapointe, Noémie; Gérin-Lajoie, José; Siegwart Collier, Laura; Desrosiers, Sarah; Spiech, Carmen; Henry, Gregory H. R.; Hermanutz, Luise; Lévesque, Esther; Cuerrier, Alain (2019-01-11). "Berry Plants and Berry Picking in Inuit Nunangat: Traditions in a Changing Socio-Ecological Landscape". Human Ecology. 47 (1): 81–93. doi:10.1007/s10745-018-0044-5. ISSN 0300-7839.

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Viburnum edule: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN

Viburnum edule, the squashberry, mooseberry, moosomin, moosewood viburnum, pembina, pimina, highbush cranberry, or lowbush cranberry is a species of shrub native to Canada and the northern parts of the US. It stands roughly 2 m (6.5 ft) tall with many stems and smooth branches.

The tart berries ripen early in spring and are eaten by various birds and mammals. With the seeds removed, they are edible to humans as well, and can be made into jam.

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cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visit source
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