Comments
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Ceriops tagal became extinct in Taiwan in the 1950s (C.-I Peng, pers. comm.). See also comments under Bruguiera gymnorhiza.
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Comments
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All parts of the plant contain astringent principles used in tanning. A decoction of the bark is applied to cure malignant ulcers and check haemorrhage.
Ceriops decandra (Griff.) Ding Hou (= Ceriops roxburgiana Arn.) is also recorded from Sind by R.R. Stewart (l.c.) but presence of this species in our area seems doubtful. It is very similar to the preceding species in habit and foliage but differs in having apically fringed basally almost free petals and calyx segments remaining ± upright in fruit.
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Description
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Shrubs or trees, 2-5 m tall. Trunks with buttresses or small stilt roots. Bark brownish. Stipules lanceolate, 1-2 cm. Petiole 1-3 cm; leaf blade obovate to obovate-oblong, 4-9 × 2-5 cm, base cuneate, apex obtuse to sometimes slightly emarginate. Inflorescences 4-10-flowered; peduncle 1-2 cm. Pedicel to 2 mm. Calyx 6-7 mm, erect or slight spreading in flower, widely spreading or reflexed in fruit. Petals oblong, ca. 4 mm, margins fringed with trichomes and slightly cohering, apex with 3 club-shape terminal appendages. Stamen filaments 3-5 mm, shorter than calyx lobes; anthers less than 1 mm. Hypocotyl 15-30 cm, apex sharply pointed. Fl. autumn-winter, fr. winter.
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Description
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Glabrous shrub or tree, upto 8 m or more tall, with grey-brown bark and stilt roots from lower part of stem. Leaves with 1.5-3.5 cm long petioles; lamina obovate to obovate-oblong rarely broadly elliptic-oblong, (3-) 4-8 (-10) cm long, (1.5-) 2-5 (-7) cm broad, cuneate at the base, obtuse at the apex, margins ± wavy, yellowish-green; stipules lanceolate-oblong, up to 2.5 cm long. Flowers small, c. 6-8 mm long, shortly pedicellate; disc 5-lobed; peduncles c. 1 cm long, 4-10-flowered; buds pentagonal; bracteoles obtuse, c. 2 mm long. Calyx-tube c. 2 mm long, lobes 5, triangular-ovate, 4-5 mm long, upright in flower, acute. Petals 5, oblong, c. 3 mm long, white, becoming brown later, basally coherent by hooked hairs, beset with 3 clavate appendages at the truncate apex. Staminal filaments 3-5 mm long, alternately short and long; anthers somewhat ovoid, shorter than the filaments, basifixed. Ovary half-inferior, protruding beyond the hypanthium; style c. 2 mm long, stigma simple. Fruit ovoid, 1.5-2.5 cm long, crowned by reflexed calyx lobes. Hypocotyl distinctly ridged lengthwise, up to 25 cm long.
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Distribution
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Distribution: Pakistan eastwards to Philippines, N. Australia, Micronesia, East African coasts and Indian Ocean Islands.
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Flower/Fruit
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Fl. Per.: July-September.
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Habitat & Distribution
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Mangrove forests; sea level. S Guangdong, Hainan, SW Taiwan (extinct) [Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam; E Africa, N Australia, Indian Ocean islands, Madagascar, New Guinea].
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Synonym
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Rhizophora tagal Perrottet, Mém. Soc. Linn. Paris 3: 138. 1824; Ceriops candolleana Arnott, nom. illeg. superfl.; C. candolleana var. sasakii Hayata; C. tagal var. australis C. T. White; C. timoriensis (Candolle) Domin; R. timoriensis Candolle.
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Ceriops australis
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Ceriops australis, the yellow mangrove or smooth-fruited yellow mangrove, is a species of mangrove in the family Rhizophoraceae, native to tropical northern Australia and southern New Guinea. It is a common species in the region and although mangroves are threatened by habitat destruction and climate change, the International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed its conservation status as being of "least concern".[1]
Description
Ceriops australis is a small evergreen tree or shrub growing to a maximum height of about 10 m (30 ft). The growth habit is columnar or multi-stemmed and it develops large buttress roots. The bark is silvery-grey to orangeish-brown, smooth with occasional lenticels. The leaves are in opposite pairs, glossy yellowish-green above, obovate with entire margins, up to 6 cm (2.4 in) long and 3 cm (1.2 in) wide. The flowers are borne singly in the leaf axils; each has a short calyx tube and parts in fives or sixes. The fruit is pear-shaped, suspended from the shrunken calyx tube. Brown at first, it changes colour as it matures and the hypocotyl emerges. The hypocotyl is long, slender and smooth, reaching a length of up to 15 cm (6 in).[2] This mangrove is viviparous, the propagule emerging from the end of the fruit, falling from the tree and developing into a new plant.[3]
It is very similar in appearance to Ceriops tagal and grows alongside it; previously thought to be the same species, it has now been shown to be genetically distinct. The difference between the two can be observed when the tree is fruiting, C. tagal having ribbed hypocotyls while those of C. australis are smooth.[2]
Distribution and habitat
In tropical northern Australia, C. australis is the dominant mangrove in estuarine habitats, its range extending from Exmouth in Western Australia to the southern end of Moreton Bay in Queensland. Its status in New Guinea is less clear, because of the confusion in the past with C. tagal. It does not tolerate strong wave action, high winds or strong currents, but prefers drier sites, with high salinities on the landward side of the coastal mangrove strip and bordering salt pans.[2]
Uses
Indigenous Australians have traditionally used this tree to make sticks for digging and throwing, and for spear shafts. An infusion of the inner bark has been used to treat skin problems,[3] and the outer bark as a dye and for tanning.[4] The larvae of the moth Syntherata janetta feed on the foliage.[3]
Gallery
Extensive stand, Nudgee Creek, Queensland
References
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Ceriops australis: Brief Summary
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Ceriops australis, the yellow mangrove or smooth-fruited yellow mangrove, is a species of mangrove in the family Rhizophoraceae, native to tropical northern Australia and southern New Guinea. It is a common species in the region and although mangroves are threatened by habitat destruction and climate change, the International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed its conservation status as being of "least concern".
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