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Lobelia deckenii ( Azerbaijani )

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Lobelia deckenii (lat. Lobelia deckenii) - zəngçiçəyikimilər fəsiləsinin firəngotu cinsinə aid bitki növü.

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Lobelia deckenii: Brief Summary ( Azerbaijani )

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Lobelia deckenii (lat. Lobelia deckenii) - zəngçiçəyikimilər fəsiləsinin firəngotu cinsinə aid bitki növü.

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Lobelia deckenii

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Lobelia deckenii is a species of flowering plant in the family Campanulaceae.[3] It is a giant lobelia endemic to the mountains of Tanzania.[1] It is listed as a threatened plant of the forests of Cherangani hills, Kenya.[4] It grows in moist areas, such as valley bottoms and moorland, in contrast to Lobelia telekii which grows in a similar but drier habitat. These two species produce occasional hybrids. Lobelia deckenii plants usually produce multiple rosettes. Each rosette grows for several decades, produces a single large inflorescence and hundreds of thousands of seeds, then dies. Because individual plants have multiple rosettes, they survive to reproduce repeatedly, and plants with more rosettes flower more frequently. It is iteroparous.[5]

Lobelia deckenii plants usually form between one and eighteen rosettes which are connected underground. The individual rosettes grow slowly in the alpine environment,[5] and may take decades to reach reproductive size. The rosette that produces an inflorescence dies after flowering, but the remaining connected rosettes live on.[5]

Lobelia deckenii is the only alpine species of lobelia that is native to Kilimanjaro,[6] occurring between 3,800 and 4,300 m (12,500 and 14,100 ft).[7]

Lobelia deckenii subsp. keniensis is the variety of Lobelia deckenii that occurs on Mount Kenya, between 3,300 and 4,600 m (10,800 and 15,100 ft). It is eaten less by rock hyrax than Lobelia telekii, which occurs more often in hyrax habitat. The lobelia species on Mount Kenya are both pollinated by birds,[8][9] especially the scarlet-tufted sunbird and the alpine chat.[10]

This species of giant lobelia is known for the reservoirs of water held in its rosettes, which freeze at night and protect the apical meristem which is contained in a dense central leaf bud. When this reservoir is drained, the temperature of the inner meristem drops below freezing, which does not occur when the fluid is left intact.[11] The crescent-shaped ice cubes formed in these rosettes gave rise to the nickname, "gin and tonic lobelia".

Gallery

References

  1. ^ a b c "Lobelia deckenii (Asch.) Hemsl". Plants of the World Online. The Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. n.d. Retrieved September 27, 2020.
  2. ^ International Plant Names Index
  3. ^ "Lobelia deckenii (Asch.) Hemsl". World Flora Online. The World Flora Online Consortium. n.d. Retrieved September 27, 2020.
  4. ^ Mbuni, Yuvenalis Morara; Zhou, Yadong; Wang, Shengwei; Ngumbau, Veronicah Mutele; Musili, Paul Mutuku; Mutie, Fredrick Munyao; Njoroge, Brian; Kirika, Paul Muigai; Mwachala, Geoffrey; Vivian, Kathambi; Rono, Peninah Cheptoo; Hu, Guangwan; Wang, Qingfeng (18 April 2019). "An annotated checklist of vascular plants of Cherangani hills, Western Kenya". PhytoKeys. 120: 1–90.
  5. ^ a b c Young, Truman P. (1984). "The comparative demography of semelparous Lobelia telekii and iteroparous Lobelia keniensis on Mount Kenya". Journal of Ecology. 72 (2): 637–650. doi:10.2307/2260073. JSTOR 2260073.
  6. ^ Young, T.P. 1991. La flora, fauna y ecología del Monte Kenia y el Kilimanjaro. Pp. 37-49 En: Guía para el Monte Kenia y el Kilimanjaro (Iain Allan, ed.) Mountain Club of Kenya ISBN 978-9966-9856-0-6
  7. ^ Kilimanjaro. Oh rei da áfrica. Revista Planeta, dezembro de 2005.
  8. ^ Young, Truman P. (1982). "Bird visitation, seed set, and germination rates in two species of Lobelia on Mount Kenya". Ecology. 68 (6): 1983–1986. doi:10.2307/1940139. JSTOR 1940139.
  9. ^ Burd, Martin (1995). "Pollinator behavioural responses to reward size in Lobelia deckenii: no escape from pollen limitation of seed set". Journal of Ecology. 83 (5): 865–872. doi:10.2307/2261423. JSTOR 2261423.
  10. ^ Smith, Alan P.; Truman P. Young (1987). "Tropical Alpine Plant Ecology". Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 18: 137–158. doi:10.1146/annurev.es.18.110187.001033.
  11. ^ Young, Truman P.; Susan Van Orden Robe (1986). "Micro-environmental role of a secreted aqueous solution in afro-alpine Lobelia keniensis". Biotropica. 18 (3): 267–269. doi:10.2307/2388496. JSTOR 2388496.

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Lobelia deckenii: Brief Summary

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Lobelia deckenii is a species of flowering plant in the family Campanulaceae. It is a giant lobelia endemic to the mountains of Tanzania. It is listed as a threatened plant of the forests of Cherangani hills, Kenya. It grows in moist areas, such as valley bottoms and moorland, in contrast to Lobelia telekii which grows in a similar but drier habitat. These two species produce occasional hybrids. Lobelia deckenii plants usually produce multiple rosettes. Each rosette grows for several decades, produces a single large inflorescence and hundreds of thousands of seeds, then dies. Because individual plants have multiple rosettes, they survive to reproduce repeatedly, and plants with more rosettes flower more frequently. It is iteroparous.

Lobelia deckenii plants usually form between one and eighteen rosettes which are connected underground. The individual rosettes grow slowly in the alpine environment, and may take decades to reach reproductive size. The rosette that produces an inflorescence dies after flowering, but the remaining connected rosettes live on.

Lobelia deckenii is the only alpine species of lobelia that is native to Kilimanjaro, occurring between 3,800 and 4,300 m (12,500 and 14,100 ft).

Lobelia deckenii subsp. keniensis is the variety of Lobelia deckenii that occurs on Mount Kenya, between 3,300 and 4,600 m (10,800 and 15,100 ft). It is eaten less by rock hyrax than Lobelia telekii, which occurs more often in hyrax habitat. The lobelia species on Mount Kenya are both pollinated by birds, especially the scarlet-tufted sunbird and the alpine chat.

This species of giant lobelia is known for the reservoirs of water held in its rosettes, which freeze at night and protect the apical meristem which is contained in a dense central leaf bud. When this reservoir is drained, the temperature of the inner meristem drops below freezing, which does not occur when the fluid is left intact. The crescent-shaped ice cubes formed in these rosettes gave rise to the nickname, "gin and tonic lobelia".

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Lobelia deckenii ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Lobelia deckenii es una especie de lobelia gigante natural de las montañas del este de África.

 src=
Vista de la planta en su hábitat

Hábitat

Crece en áreas húmedas de valles profundos, en contrastes con Lobelia telekii que crece de forma similar en hábitat secos. Lobelia deckenii produce a menudo múltiples rosetas.[1]

Descripción

La planta Lobelia deckenii consiste entre una y ocho rosetas, todas conectadas bajo tierra. Las rosetas individuales crecen rápidamente con buenas condiciones y la planta reduce su tamaño si las condiciones no son favorables.[1]​ Las rosetas individuales mueren después de producir las flores, pero el resto de la planta no es afectado.

Lobelia deckenii es la única especie que vive en el Kilimanjaro.[2]

Lobelia deckenii ssp. keniensis es la variedad de Lobelia deckenii que vive en el Monte Kenia, entre 3,300m 4,600m de altura.

Taxonomía

Lobelia deckenii fue descrita por (Asch.) Hemsl. y publicado en Flora of Tropical Africa 3: 466. 1877.[3]

Etimología

Lobelia: nombre genérico que fue nombrado en honor del botánico belga Matthias de Lobel (1538-1616).[4]

deckenii: epíteto

Sinonimia
  • Dortmannia deckenii (Asch.) Kuntze
  • Tupa deckenii Asch.
  • Tupa kerstenii Vatke[5][6]
  1. a b Young, Truman P. (1984). «The comparative demography of semelparous Lobelia telekii and iteroparous Lobelia keniensis on Mount Kenya». Journal of Ecology 72: 637-650.
  2. The Mountain Club of Kenya Guide of Mount Kenya and Kilimanjaro, Iain Allan (1981) Mountain Club of Kenya ISBN 978-9966-9856-0-6
  3. «Lobelia deckenii». Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Consultado el 11 de octubre de 2013.
  4. Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan ISBN 0-333-47494-5.
  5. Lobelia deckenii en PlantList
  6. «Lobelia deckenii». World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Consultado el 11 de octubre de 2013.

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Lobelia deckenii: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Lobelia deckenii es una especie de lobelia gigante natural de las montañas del este de África.

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Lobelia deckenii ( French )

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Lobelia deckenii est une espèce de Lobelia géant de la famille des Campanulaceae. Elle est issue des montagnes orientales africaines. Elle se développe dans des secteurs frais, comme des fonds de vallée ou des landes humides ; par contraste Lobelia telekii grandit dans un habitat plus sec[1]. Lobelia deckenii est la seule espèce alpine de Lobelia à vivre sur le Kilimandjaro[2].

Lobelia deckenii consiste en un « millefeuille » de 2 à 18 rosettes de feuilles rassemblées les unes aux autres par des connexions internes. Plus la plante comportera de rosettes, plus elle produira de fleurs. Des rosettes secondaires produisant les fleurs naissent rapidement lorsque les conditions de lumière et d'humidité sont bonnes. Si ces conditions deviennent défavorables, la plante est capable de ralentir voire de stopper son développement. Ces rosettes secondaires se détachent, une fois la floraison accomplie[1] .

Lobelia deckenii ssp. keniensis est une sous-espèce de Lobelia deckenii se développant spécifiquement sur le mont Kenya, entre 3 300 m et 4 600 m[3].

Notes et références

  1. a et b Young, Truman P. (1984). « The comparative demography of semelparous Lobelia telekii and iteroparous Lobelia keniensis on Mount Kenya ». Journal of Ecology 72: 637-650.
  2. The Mountain Club of Kenya Guide of Mount Kenya and Kilimanjaro, Iain Allan (1981) Mountain Club of Kenya
  3. Smith, Alan P.; Truman P. Young (1987). « Tropical Alpine Plant Ecology ». Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 18: 137-158

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Lobelia deckenii: Brief Summary ( French )

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Lobelia deckenii est une espèce de Lobelia géant de la famille des Campanulaceae. Elle est issue des montagnes orientales africaines. Elle se développe dans des secteurs frais, comme des fonds de vallée ou des landes humides ; par contraste Lobelia telekii grandit dans un habitat plus sec. Lobelia deckenii est la seule espèce alpine de Lobelia à vivre sur le Kilimandjaro.

Lobelia deckenii consiste en un « millefeuille » de 2 à 18 rosettes de feuilles rassemblées les unes aux autres par des connexions internes. Plus la plante comportera de rosettes, plus elle produira de fleurs. Des rosettes secondaires produisant les fleurs naissent rapidement lorsque les conditions de lumière et d'humidité sont bonnes. Si ces conditions deviennent défavorables, la plante est capable de ralentir voire de stopper son développement. Ces rosettes secondaires se détachent, une fois la floraison accomplie .

Lobelia deckenii ssp. keniensis est une sous-espèce de Lobelia deckenii se développant spécifiquement sur le mont Kenya, entre 3 300 m et 4 600 m.

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Lobelia deckenii ( Indonesian )

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Lobelia deckenii (sin. Lobelia keniensis) adalah spesies lobelia raksasa dari pegunungan Afrika Timur. Tumbuhan ini tumbuh di area lembab, seperti dasar lembah dan daerah tegalan yang luas, hal ini bertolak belakang dengan Lobelia telekii yang tumbuh di habitat serupa, tetapi lebih kering. Kedua spesies ini menghasilkan hibrida sesekali. Tumbuhan Lobelia deckenii biasanya menghasilkan beberapa roset. Setiap roset tumbuh selama beberapa dekade, menghasilkan perbungaan besar dan ratusan ribu biji, kemudian mati. Karena tanaman individu memiliki beberapa roset, mereka bertahan untuk bereproduksi berulang kali, dan tanaman dengan banyak roset akan lebih sering bereproduksi. Ini adalah sejenis mekanisme reproduksi yang disebut iteroparous.[2]

Tumbuhan Lobelia deckenii biasanya memiliki antara satu hingga delapan belas roset, terhubung ke bawah tanah. Setiap roset tunggal tumbuh perlahan di lingkungan pegunungan.[2] Setiap roset mungkin memakan waktu puluhan tahun untuk mencapai ukuran reproduksi, kemudian mati setelah berbunga, tapi roset yang terhubung tetap hidup.[2]

Lobelia deckenii adalah satu-satunya spesies lobelia pegunungan yang hidup di Kilimanjaro,[3] umumnya ditemukan antara 3,800 dan 4,300 m (12,47 dan 14,11 ft).[4]

Lobelia deckenii ssp. keniensis adalah varietas Lobelia deckenii yang hidup di Gunung Kenya, antara 3,300 dan 4,600 m (10,83 dan 15,09 ft). Varietas ini lebih sedikit dimakan oleh hiraks batu (Procavia capensis) daripada Lobelia telekii, yang banyak tumbuh di habitat hyrax. Spesies lobelia di Gunung Kenya diserbuki baik oleh burung,[5][6] khususnya Nectarinia johnstoni dan Pinarochroa sordida.[7]

Spesies lobelia raksasa ini dikenal dengan reservoir air yang tertampung di dalam roset, yang membeku di malam hari dan melindungi meristem apikal yang ada di tengah kuncup daun padat. Bila reservoir ini dikeringkan, suhu meristem dalam turun di bawah titik beku, yang tidak terjadi bila cairan dibiarkan utuh.[8] Batu es berbentuk bulan sabit yang terbentuk dalam roset ini memberinya julukan, lobelia "gin dan tonik".

Referensi

  1. ^ International Plant Names Index
  2. ^ a b c Young, Truman P. (1984). "The comparative demography of semelparous Lobelia telekii and iteroparous Lobelia keniensis on Mount Kenya". Journal of Ecology. 72 (2): 637–650. doi:10.2307/2260073. JSTOR 2260073.
  3. ^ Young, T.P. 1991. The flora, fauna, and ecology of Mount Kenya and Kilimanjaro. Pp. 37-49 In: Guide to Mount Kenya and Kilimanjaro (Iain Allan, ed.) Mountain Club of Kenya ISBN 978-9966-9856-0-6
  4. ^ Kilimanjaro. O rei da África. Revista Planeta, dezembro de 2005.
  5. ^ Young, Truman P. (1982). "Bird visitation, seed set, and germination rates in two species of Lobelia on Mount Kenya". Ecology. 68: 1983–1986. doi:10.2307/1940139.
  6. ^ Burd, Martin (1995). "Pollinator behavioural responses to reward size in Lobelia deckenii: no escape from pollen limitation of seed set". Journal of Ecology. 83: 865–872. doi:10.2307/2261423.
  7. ^ Smith, Alan P.; Truman P. Young (1987). "Tropical Alpine Plant Ecology". Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 18: 137–158. doi:10.1146/annurev.es.18.110187.001033.
  8. ^ Young, Truman P.; Susan Van Orden Robe (1986). "Micro-environmental role of a secreted aqueous solution in afro-alpine Lobelia keniensis". Biotropica. 18 (3): 267–269. doi:10.2307/2388496. JSTOR 2388496.

Pranala luar

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Lobelia deckenii: Brief Summary ( Indonesian )

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Lobelia deckenii (sin. Lobelia keniensis) adalah spesies lobelia raksasa dari pegunungan Afrika Timur. Tumbuhan ini tumbuh di area lembab, seperti dasar lembah dan daerah tegalan yang luas, hal ini bertolak belakang dengan Lobelia telekii yang tumbuh di habitat serupa, tetapi lebih kering. Kedua spesies ini menghasilkan hibrida sesekali. Tumbuhan Lobelia deckenii biasanya menghasilkan beberapa roset. Setiap roset tumbuh selama beberapa dekade, menghasilkan perbungaan besar dan ratusan ribu biji, kemudian mati. Karena tanaman individu memiliki beberapa roset, mereka bertahan untuk bereproduksi berulang kali, dan tanaman dengan banyak roset akan lebih sering bereproduksi. Ini adalah sejenis mekanisme reproduksi yang disebut iteroparous.

Tumbuhan Lobelia deckenii biasanya memiliki antara satu hingga delapan belas roset, terhubung ke bawah tanah. Setiap roset tunggal tumbuh perlahan di lingkungan pegunungan. Setiap roset mungkin memakan waktu puluhan tahun untuk mencapai ukuran reproduksi, kemudian mati setelah berbunga, tapi roset yang terhubung tetap hidup.

Lobelia deckenii adalah satu-satunya spesies lobelia pegunungan yang hidup di Kilimanjaro, umumnya ditemukan antara 3,800 dan 4,300 m (12,47 dan 14,11 ft).

Lobelia deckenii ssp. keniensis adalah varietas Lobelia deckenii yang hidup di Gunung Kenya, antara 3,300 dan 4,600 m (10,83 dan 15,09 ft). Varietas ini lebih sedikit dimakan oleh hiraks batu (Procavia capensis) daripada Lobelia telekii, yang banyak tumbuh di habitat hyrax. Spesies lobelia di Gunung Kenya diserbuki baik oleh burung, khususnya Nectarinia johnstoni dan Pinarochroa sordida.

Spesies lobelia raksasa ini dikenal dengan reservoir air yang tertampung di dalam roset, yang membeku di malam hari dan melindungi meristem apikal yang ada di tengah kuncup daun padat. Bila reservoir ini dikeringkan, suhu meristem dalam turun di bawah titik beku, yang tidak terjadi bila cairan dibiarkan utuh. Batu es berbentuk bulan sabit yang terbentuk dalam roset ini memberinya julukan, lobelia "gin dan tonik".

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Lobelia deckenii ( Italian )

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Lobelia deckenii (Asch.) Hemsl., 1877 è una pianta tropicale appartenente alla famiglia delle Campanulaceae.[1][2]

Descrizione

Può raggiungere un'altezza di 3 metri, ha fusto cavo e fiori blu disposti su grandi spighe verticali claviformi sorrette da un'ampia rosetta fogliare.

Nectarinia johnstonii.jpg

Biologia

Per adattarsi a condizioni climatiche caratterizzate da scarsezza di acqua e ampie escursioni termiche questa pianta ha sviluppato singolari strategie: durante la notte le foglie si richiudono verso il fusto centrale e secernono piccole quantità di soluzione acquosa che ricopre le gemme. Di notte l'acqua gelando riveste con uno strato di ghiaccio i delicati organi proteggendoli dalle basse temperature.

Lobelia deckenii si riproduce prevalentemente per impollinazione ornitogama, ad opera di Nectarinia johnstoni.

Distribuzione e habitat

È una delle specie vegetali caratteristiche della zona di brughiera del Parco nazionale del Kilimanjaro (Tanzania).

Tassonomia

Sono note le seguenti sottospecie:[3]

  • Lobelia deckenii deckenii
  • Lobelia deckenii incipiens E.B.Knox, 1993

La sottospecie Lobelia deckenii keniensis, presente sul Monte Kenya, è oggi considerata una specie a sé stante, Lobelia gregoriana.[4]

La sottospecie Lobelia deckenii sattimae, endemica dei monti Aberdare del Kenya, è oggi classificata come Lobelia gregoriana subsp. sattimae.[5]

Note

  1. ^ (EN) The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the ordines and families of flowering plants: APG IV, in Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, vol. 181, n. 1, 2016, pp. 1–20.
  2. ^ World Checklist - Royal Botanic Gardens KEW, su powo.science.kew.org. URL consultato il 22 gennaio 2021.
  3. ^ (EN) Lobelia deckenii, in World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. URL consultato il 23 novembre 2019.
  4. ^ (EN) Lobelia deckenii subsp. keniensis, in World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  5. ^ (EN) Lobelia deckenii subsp. sattimae, in World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Bibliografia

  • Alan P. Smith, Truman P. Young, Tropical Alpine Plant Ecology, in Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, vol. 18, 1987, pp. 137-158.

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Lobelia deckenii: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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Lobelia deckenii (Asch.) Hemsl., 1877 è una pianta tropicale appartenente alla famiglia delle Campanulaceae.

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Lobelia deckenii ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Lobelia deckenii (synoniem: L. keniensis) is een plant die behoort tot de klokjesfamilie (Campanulaceae).

Kenmerken

Vergeleken met veel andere lobelia's is L. deckenii een relatief grote plant. Hij produceert een tot achttien rozetten die onder de grond zijn verbonden. Individuele rozetten groeien enkele tientallen jaren, waarop ze een enkele bloeiwijze met honderden tot duizenden zaden produceren en vervolgens afsterven. Doordat een enkele plant meestal meerdere rozetten heeft is hij iteropaar, wat wil zeggen dat hij zich meerdere keren kan voortplanten.

De rozetten bevatten meestal phytotelmata (waterreservoirs), die 's nachts bevriezen en de onderliggende plantendelen tegen de vorst beschermen. Wanneer de rozetten geen water bevatten daalt de temperatuur in de plant automatisch tot onder het vriespunt, zodat de plant niet wordt beschadigd door de vorst.[1]

 src=
Lobeliahoningzuiger op een rozet

Ecologie

Bestuiving vindt gewoonlijk plaats door vogels als de lobeliahoningzuiger (Nectarinia johnstoni). De plantendelen worden vaak gegeten door Kaapse klipdassen (Procavia capensis).

Verspreiding en habitat

Lobelia deckenii groeit in vochtige gebieden in Oost-Afrika, dit in tegenstelling tot de verwant L. telekii, die een drogere habitat prefereert. Soms komen hybriden van deze twee soorten voor. L. deckenii is de enige lobelia die op de Kilimanjaro groeit, tussen de 3800 en 4300 meter hoogte boven zeeniveau. L. deckenii keniensis is een ondersoort die voorkomt op Mount Kenya, op een hoogte van 3300 en 4600 meter.

Taxonomie

Lobelia deckenii is vernoemd naar de Duitse ontdekkingsreiziger Karl Klaus von der Decken, die de plant ontdekte toen hij in 1861 de Kilimanjaro verkende.[2] De plant werd in 1877 voor het eerst wetenschappelijk gepubliceerd door William Botting Hemsley.

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. Truman P. Young, Susan Van Orden Robe (1986). Micro-environmental role of a secreted aqueous solution in afro-alpine Lobelia keniensis. Biotropica 18 (3): 267–269 . DOI: 10.2307/2388496.
  2. (en) Richard Thornton in Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society of London, volume 6 1861-1862 von Royal Geographical Society (Great Britain) pp. 47-51 Expedition to Kilimanjaro (in Company with the Baron von der Decken)
  • (en) Truman P. Young (1984). The comparative demography of semelparous Lobelia telekii and iteroparous Lobelia keniensis on Mount Kenya. Journal of Ecology 72 (2): 637–650 . DOI: 10.2307/2260073.
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Lobelia deckenii: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Lobelia deckenii (synoniem: L. keniensis) is een plant die behoort tot de klokjesfamilie (Campanulaceae).

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Lobelia deckenii ( Vietnamese )

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Lobelia deckenii là loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Hoa chuông. Loài này được (Asch.) Hemsl. mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1877.[1]

Chú thích

  1. ^ The Plant List (2010). Lobelia deckenii. Truy cập ngày 18 tháng 6 năm 2013.

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Lobelia deckenii: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Lobelia deckenii là loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Hoa chuông. Loài này được (Asch.) Hemsl. mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1877.

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