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Roundear Enope Squid

Pterygioteuthis giardi H. Fischer 1896

Comprehensive Description

provided by Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology
Pterygioteuthis giardi Fischer, 1896

ORIGINAL REFERENCE.—Pterygioteuthis giardi Fischer, 1896:211, pl. IX: figs. 1–7.

DEPOSITION OF TYPES.—Holotype: MNHN 3-7-727, female, 19 mm ML, off Morocco, condition unknown.

Paratypes: None.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.—North and South Atlantic (Voss, 1956; Nesis, 1974; Clarke and Lu, 1974; Lu and Clarke, 1975a, 1975b; Cairns, 1976); Caribbean Sea (Nesis, 1975); eastern tropical Pacific (Hoyle, 1904; Okutani and McGowan, 1969; Nesis, 1972; Okutani, 1974); central Pacific (Young, 1978); South Pacific (Riddell, 1985); Indian Ocean (Okutani and Tsukada, 1988).

COMMENTS.—Riddell (1985) found this species to be common north of 32°S, less common to 35°S, and absent between 35°S and 40°S off New Zealand. Pfeffer (1912) considered that Hoyle's (1904) specimens from the eastern tropical Pacific represented a subspecies, P. giardi hoylei. The validity of this has been supported by Nesis (1982).
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bibliographic citation
Voss, N. A. and Sweeney, M. J. 1998. "Systematics and Biogeography of cephalopods. Volume I." Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. 1-276. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.586

Pterygioteuthis giardi

provided by wikipedia EN

Pterygioteuthis giardi is a species of squid in the family Pyroteuthidae. It is known as the roundear enope squid. The specific name honors the French zoologist and marine biologist Alfred Mathieu Giard (1846-1908).[3]

Pterygioteuthis giardi from Carl Chun's Die Cephalopoden

Anatomy and Morphology

Squid in the family Pyroteuthidae have Photophores (small, light-producing organs) on viscera (internal organs), stalk of tentacles, and five large and ten small photophores underneath the eyes.[4]

The squid has a wide, triangular mantle with a rounded posterior end and rounded fins on the distal dorsal end of the mantle.[5] Their mantles are generally less than 34 mm long.[4]

Their tentacles look like bent clubs due to their permanent constriction.[6] Adult squid in the Pterygioteuthis genera lack hooks on their tentacular clubs, but do have some hooks on the arms.

Male squid have a specialized arm used to transfer sperm to females called hectocotyli. Females do not have suckers on their ventral arms and only have one oviduct developed.[4]

Distribution and habitat

Squid in the Pyroteuthidae family live in the mesopelagic (midwater or twilight zone) during the day. At night, they migrate to the epipelagic waters (0-200m).[7]

There is little knowledge about the life history of these squid due to the difficulties in studying them, but research on P. gemmata estimated its maximum age to be 78 days, and it is presumed that others in the Pyroteuthidae family have similar life-spans.[8]

Similarly, there is little species-specific information about diet, but in a study of diets of cephalopods in the eastern Gulf of Mexico, it was found that P. giardi feed on small crustaceans such as copepods.[7]

P. giardi inhabits the Atlantic ocean between 40°N and 34°S and temperate regions (north and south) of the Pacific, but is not found in the eastern tropical Pacific.[4] Off the coast of Hawaii, P. giardi was found much more abundantly on the leeward (wind-protected) side of the inner boundary zone than the windward zone. Based on data from a study conducted in Hawaii, it was proposed that P. giardi might be a facultative-boundary species, which means that it can live in the boundary between the mesopelagic and neritic (coastal) zones but does not have to in order to survive.[9]

Predators of P. giardi vary by location but they include some large dolphins and fish.[10] In the south Pacific, a study of the diet of the Guadalupe Fur Seal showed that it also preys on P. giardi.[11]

Behavior

In laboratory experiments, P. giardi has been observed to produce a luminescent flash when shocked with an electrode. It is likely that the squid use these flashes as a defense against predators. Organisms with photophores often also use luminescent flashes to attract prey or engage in mating rituals.[12]

P. giardi is also able to use Counter-illumination (break up their silhouette with light from photophores) under light conditions similar to those in the upper mesopelagic zone.[13]

Taxonomy

P. giardi is a part of the P. giardi clade along with P. hoylei, which was originally classified as a subspecies of giardi, but was changed to species classification in 1987. P. giardi and P. hoylei are now recognized to be sister species.[4]

Conservation status

P. giardi is listed as a least concern species on the IUCN Red List. However, they list the need for further research into species-specific population size and dynamics, life history, ecology, and threats.[14]

References

  1. ^ Barratt, I.; Allcock, L. (2014). "Pterygioteuthis giardi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T176088A1428801. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T176088A1428801.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ Julian Finn (2016). Bieler R, Bouchet P, Gofas S, Marshall B, Rosenberg G, La Perna R, Neubauer TA, Sartori AF, Schneider S, Vos C, ter Poorten JJ, Taylor J, Dijkstra H, Finn J, Bank R, Neubert E, Moretzsohn F, Faber M, Houart R, Picton B, Garcia-Alvarez O (eds.). "Pterygioteuthis giardi Fischer, 1896". MolluscaBase. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 18 March 2018.
  3. ^ "Biographical Etymology of Marine Organism Names. G". Hans G. Hansson. Retrieved 18 March 2018.
  4. ^ a b c d e Lindgren, Annie R. (2010-11-01). "Systematics and distribution of the squid genus Pterygioteuthis (Cephalopoda: Oegopsida) in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean". Journal of Molluscan Studies. 76 (4): 389–398. doi:10.1093/mollus/eyq028. ISSN 0260-1230.
  5. ^ Young, Richard E. (1992). "The enoploteuthid group of families". Smithson. Contributions Zool.: 55–66.
  6. ^ Bower, JR; Seki, MP; Young, RE; Bigelow, KA; Hirota, J; Flament, P (1999). "Cephalopod paralarvae assemblages in Hawaiian Islands waters". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 185: 203–212. Bibcode:1999MEPS..185..203B. doi:10.3354/meps185203. ISSN 0171-8630.
  7. ^ a b Passarella, Kenneth C.; Hopkins, Thomas L. (September 1991). "Species Composition and Food Habits of the Micronektonic Cephalopod Assemblage in the Eastern Gulf of Mexico". Bulletin of Marine Science. 49 (1–2): 638–659. Retrieved 2020-04-14.
  8. ^ Arkhipkin, A. I. (1997-05-01). "Age of the micronektonic squid Pterygioteuthis gemmata (Cephalopoda: Pyroteuthidae) from the central-east Atlantic based on statolith growth increments". Journal of Molluscan Studies. 63 (2): 287–290. doi:10.1093/mollus/63.2.287. ISSN 0260-1230.
  9. ^ Young, Richard E. (1995). "Aspects of the Natural History of Pelagic Cephalopods of the Hawaiian Mesopelagic-Boundary Region" (PDF). Pacific Science. 49: 143–155.
  10. ^ Jereb, P. (ed ); Roper, C. F. E. (ed ) (2010). "Cephalopods of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of cephalopod species known to date. Volume 2. Myopsid and Oegopsid Squids". FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes (FAO). ISSN 1020-8682. {{cite journal}}: |first1= has generic name (help)
  11. ^ Esperón-Rodríguez, Manuel (2013-06-01). "Juvenile and Subadult Feeding Preferences of the Guadalupe Fur Seal (Arctocephalus townsendi) at San Benito Archipelago, Mexico". Aquatic Mammals. 39 (2): 125–131. doi:10.1578/AM.39.2.2013.125.
  12. ^ Young, R. E.; Seapy, R. R.; Mangold, K. M.; Hochberg, F. G. (1982-08-01). "Luminescent flashing in the midwater squids Pterygioteuthis microlampas and P. giardi". Marine Biology. 69 (3): 299–308. doi:10.1007/BF00397495. ISSN 1432-1793. S2CID 83581756.
  13. ^ Young, Richard Edward; Kampa, Elizabeth M.; Maynard, Sherwood D.; Mencher, Frederick M.; Roper, Clyde F. E. (1980-09-01). "Counterillumination and the upper depth limits of midwater animals". Deep Sea Research Part A. Oceanographic Research Papers. 27 (9): 671–691. Bibcode:1980DSRA...27..671Y. doi:10.1016/0198-0149(80)90022-9. ISSN 0198-0149.
  14. ^ Barratt (SRLI), Iain; Allcock (SRLI), Louise (2010-05-11). "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Pterygioteuthis giardi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2014-1.rlts.t176088a1428801.en. Retrieved 2020-04-14.

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Pterygioteuthis giardi: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN

Pterygioteuthis giardi is a species of squid in the family Pyroteuthidae. It is known as the roundear enope squid. The specific name honors the French zoologist and marine biologist Alfred Mathieu Giard (1846-1908).

Pterygioteuthis giardi from Carl Chun's Die Cephalopoden
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Pterygioteuthis giardi ( Italian )

provided by wikipedia IT

Il totanello orecchiuto[1] (Pterygioteuthis giardi P. Fischer, 1896) è un mollusco cefalopode appartenente alla famiglia Pyroteuthidae[2].

Descrizione

Come tutte le specie della sua famiglia è un calamaro di piccole dimensioni: il mantello, di forma allungata, non supera i 4 cm[1]. Le braccia sono piuttosto tozze, mentre i tentacoli sono più sottili. Il braccio sinistro del quarto paio di braccia nei maschi è modificato in un organo detto ectocotilo[1], utilizzato durante la riproduzione. Presenta fotofori[3].

Può essere confuso con Pterygioteuthis gemmata[3].

Biologia

Predatori

I principali predatori sono pesci e delfini[1].

Riproduzione

È oviparo. Le uova sono piccole, di 1 mm di lunghezza[3].

Distribuzione e habitat

È diffuso in tutti gli oceani[3] fino a 500 m di profondità, ma di notte risale più vicino alla superficie, talvolta anche a 50 m[1].

Note

  1. ^ a b c d e P. Jereb, C.F.E. Roper, p. 383.
  2. ^ (EN) Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2014), Pterygioteuthis giardi, in WoRMS (World Register of Marine Species).
  3. ^ a b c d (EN) D. Boltovskoy, Pterygioteuthis giardi, in Zooplankton of the South Atlantic Ocean, Marine Species Identification Portal.

Bibliografia

  • (EN) P. Jereb, C.F.E. Roper, Pyroteuthidae (PDF), in Cephalopods of the World. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of species of interest to fisheries, FAO Species catalogue, vol. 2 Myopsid and Oegopsid Squids, FAO Fish. Synop, 1984.

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Pterygioteuthis giardi: Brief Summary ( Italian )

provided by wikipedia IT

Il totanello orecchiuto (Pterygioteuthis giardi P. Fischer, 1896) è un mollusco cefalopode appartenente alla famiglia Pyroteuthidae.

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Pterygioteuthis giardi ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Pterygioteuthis giardi is een inktvissensoort uit de familie van de Pyroteuthidae.[1] De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1896 door P. Fischer.

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2012). Pterygioteuthis giardi. Geraadpleegd via: World Register of Marine Species op http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=141097
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Pterygioteuthis giardi ( Portuguese )

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Pterygioteuthis giardi é uma espécie de molusco pertencente à família Pyroteuthidae.

A autoridade científica da espécie é P. Fischer, tendo sido descrita no ano de 1896.

Trata-se de uma espécie presente no território português, incluindo a zona económica exclusiva.

Referências

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Pterygioteuthis giardi: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

provided by wikipedia PT

Pterygioteuthis giardi é uma espécie de molusco pertencente à família Pyroteuthidae.

A autoridade científica da espécie é P. Fischer, tendo sido descrita no ano de 1896.

Trata-se de uma espécie presente no território português, incluindo a zona económica exclusiva.

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Pterygioteuthis giardi ( Vietnamese )

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Pterygioteuthis giardi là một loài mực trong họ Pyroteuthidae. Các phân loài P. giardi giardiP. giardi hoylei là các phân loài được công nhận của loài P. giardi.

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Pterygioteuthis giardi từ Carl Chun's Die Cephalopoden

Chú thích

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Pterygioteuthis giardi: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Pterygioteuthis giardi là một loài mực trong họ Pyroteuthidae. Các phân loài P. giardi giardi và P. giardi hoylei là các phân loài được công nhận của loài P. giardi.

 src= Pterygioteuthis giardi từ Carl Chun's Die Cephalopoden
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Distribution

provided by World Register of Marine Species
circum-(sub)tropical

Reference

van der Land, J. (ed). (2008). UNESCO-IOC Register of Marine Organisms (URMO).

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Habitat

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epi-mesopelagic

Reference

van der Land, J. (ed). (2008). UNESCO-IOC Register of Marine Organisms (URMO).

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