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Stachelkopfgräser ( German )

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Die Stachelkopfgräser (Triodia) sind eine Pflanzengattung in der Familie der Süßgräser. Sie kommt nur in Australien vor. Stachelkopfgräser bedecken große Teile des Outbacks in Australien; über 20 % des Kontinents sind damit bewachsen.

Die Stachelkopfgräser sind auch unter dem Namen Spinifex bekannt. Botanisch ist aber Spinifex eine Gattung von küstenbewohnenden Gräsern, die nicht näher mit den Triodia-Arten des Landesinneren verwandt ist. Stachelkopf-Gräser sind für Rinder schwer verdaulich, weswegen im Bereich der Verbreitung dieser Gattung nur extensive Weidewirtschaft bzw. gar keine Viehhaltung erfolgen kann.

Beschreibung

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Triodia-Arten sind stachelig.

Systematik

Die Gattung Triodia wurde 1810 durch Robert Brown aufgestellt.[1]

Ein Teil der über 50 Arten wurde manchmal in eine eigene Gattung Plectrachne Henrard gestellt. Michael Lazarides stellte die Plectrachne-Arten 1997 in die Gattung Triodia.[2]

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Habitus von Triodia basedowii
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Habitus von Triodia pungens
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Habitus von Triodia scariosa
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Habitus von Triodia schinzii
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Habitus von Triodia triaristata

Es gibt seit 2015 etwa 70 Arten in der Gattung Triodia s. l.:[1]

Literatur

  • Michael Lazarides: A revision of Triodia including Plectrachne (Poaceae: Eragrostideae: Triodiinae). In: Australian Systematic Botany, Volume 10, 1997, S. 381–489. doi:10.1071/SB96012

Einzelnachweise

  1. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd Rafaël Govaerts (Hrsg.): Triodia. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) – The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, abgerufen am 30. Mai 2020.
  2. Michael Lazarides: A revision of Triodia including Plectrachne (Poaceae: Eragrostideae: Triodiinae). In: Australian Systematic Botany, Volume 10, 1997, S. 381–489. doi:10.1071/SB96012 .
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Stachelkopfgräser: Brief Summary ( German )

provided by wikipedia DE

Die Stachelkopfgräser (Triodia) sind eine Pflanzengattung in der Familie der Süßgräser. Sie kommt nur in Australien vor. Stachelkopfgräser bedecken große Teile des Outbacks in Australien; über 20 % des Kontinents sind damit bewachsen.

Die Stachelkopfgräser sind auch unter dem Namen Spinifex bekannt. Botanisch ist aber Spinifex eine Gattung von küstenbewohnenden Gräsern, die nicht näher mit den Triodia-Arten des Landesinneren verwandt ist. Stachelkopf-Gräser sind für Rinder schwer verdaulich, weswegen im Bereich der Verbreitung dieser Gattung nur extensive Weidewirtschaft bzw. gar keine Viehhaltung erfolgen kann.

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Triodia (plant)

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Triodia is a large genus of tussock grass endemic to Australia. The species of this genus are known by the common name spinifex, although they are not a part of the coastal genus Spinifex.[1] Many soft-leaved Tridoia species were formerly included in the genus Plectrachne.[3] Triodia is known as tjanpi (grass) in central Australia,[4][5] and have several traditional uses amongst the Aboriginal Australian peoples of the region.

A multiaccess key (SpiKey) is available as a free application for identifying the Triodia of the Pilbara (28 species and one hybrid).[6]

Description

Triodia species are perennial Australian tussock grasses that grow in arid regions. Their leaves (30–40 centimetres long) are subulate (awl-shaped, with a tapering point). The leaf tips, which are high in silica, can break off in the skin, leading to infections.

Uses

Spinifex has had many traditional uses for Aboriginal Australians.Several species were (and are) used extensively as materials for basket weaving.[7] The seeds were collected and ground to make seedcakes. Spinifex resin was an important adhesive used in spear-making. Burning spinifex produces a strong black smoke, and Smoke signals made in this way were an effective means of communication with families and groups over substantial distances.

The species Triodia wiseana is used for building shelters; bunched together it is used for trapping fish against creek beds. It is called baru in the languages of the Yindjibarndi and Ngarluma people, the English term is hard spinifex.[8]

A controlled burn of Triodia (1989), CSIRO

Triodia nanofibres have been used to reinforce rubber and latex products. As of 2023, a Brisbane-based company has raised funds to develop medical gels from spinifex resin.[9]

Species

Species currently include:[10][11]

Formerly included species

Numerous species once considered members of Triodia have been reassigned to other genera, including: Austrofestuca, Chascolytrum, Danthonia, Dasyochloa, Deschampsia, Diplachne, Disakisperma, Erioneuron, Gouinia, Graphephorum, Leptocarydion, Notochloe, Plinthanthesis, Poa, Puccinellia, Rytidosperma, Scolochloa, Spartina, Torreyochloa, Trichoneura, Tridens, Triplasis, Tripogon, and Vaseyochloa.[2]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b M. Lazarides (1997). "A revision of Triodia including Plectrachne (Poaceae, Eragrostideae, Triodiinae)". Australian Systematic Botany. 10 (3): 381–489. doi:10.1071/SB96012.
  2. ^ a b "Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families". kew.org. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
  3. ^ Watson, L., and Dallwitz, M.J. 1992 onwards. The grass genera of the world: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval; including synonyms, morphology, anatomy, physiology, phytochemistry, cytology, classification, pathogens, world and local distribution, and references. Version: 28 November 2005
  4. ^ "Special spinifex". Bush Heritage Australia. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
  5. ^ "Fact Sheet: Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park" (PDF). Parks Australia. Retrieved 16 March 2020. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  6. ^ M.D. Barrett, B.M. Anderson, K.R.Thiele (2017-06-05). "SPIKEY: An interactive key to Triodia spinifex grasses of the Pilbara, Western Australia Version". Welcome to Identic. Retrieved 2020-05-02.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ "Our Artists". Tjanpi Desert Weavers. 7 January 2019. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
  8. ^ Burndud (1990). Wanggalili; Yinjibarndi and Ngarluma Plants. Juluwarlu Aboriginal Corporation. p. 17.
  9. ^ "Medical gels made from spinifex grass to provide 'safer' treatments, jobs for Indigenous Australians - ABC News". amp.abc.net.au. Retrieved 2023-03-09.
  10. ^ "Triodia". The Plant List. Retrieved 25 March 2015.
  11. ^ Australia, Atlas of Living. "Triodia". bie.ala.org.au. Retrieved 19 January 2019.

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Triodia (plant): Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN

Triodia is a large genus of tussock grass endemic to Australia. The species of this genus are known by the common name spinifex, although they are not a part of the coastal genus Spinifex. Many soft-leaved Tridoia species were formerly included in the genus Plectrachne. Triodia is known as tjanpi (grass) in central Australia, and have several traditional uses amongst the Aboriginal Australian peoples of the region.

A multiaccess key (SpiKey) is available as a free application for identifying the Triodia of the Pilbara (28 species and one hybrid).

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Triodia ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Triodia es un género de plantas herbáceas de la familia de las gramíneas o poáceas.[1]​ Es endémico de Australia y tiene 112 especies descritas y de estas, solo 68 aceptadas.[2]

Descripción

Es una planta herbácea perenne que crece en regiones áridas y tiene las hojas punzantes y teñidas. Son conocidas popularmente como spinifex, aunque no pertenece al género costero Spinifex.

Triodia ha sido muy utilizado por los aborígenes australianos. Sus semillas se han recolectado para hacer pasteles, con la resina de la planta hacen pegamento para sus lanzas y con sus ramas hacían señales de humo para comunicarse a distancia con sus familias, ya que producen un intenso humo negro.

Taxonomía

El género fue descrito por Robert Brown y publicado en Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae 182. 1810.[3]

Etimología

Triodia: nombre genérico que deriva de las palabras griegas: treis = (tres) y odous = (dientes), en referencia a 3 dientes o lemas tri-lobulado.

Especies

Anteriormente incluidas

Numerosas especies fueron incluidas en Triodia pero posteriormente han sido clasificadas en otros géneros: Austrofestuca Chascolytrum Danthonia Dasyochloa Deschampsia Diplachne Disakisperma Erioneuron Gouinia Graphephorum Leptocarydion Notochloe Plinthanthesis Poa Puccinellia Rytidosperma Scolochloa Spartina Torreyochloa Trichoneura Tridens Triplasis Tripogon Vaseyochloa

Referencias

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Triodia: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Triodia es un género de plantas herbáceas de la familia de las gramíneas o poáceas.​ Es endémico de Australia y tiene 112 especies descritas y de estas, solo 68 aceptadas.​

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Triodia (plante) ( French )

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Le genre Triodia est un genre de la famille des Poaceae (Graminées), endémique et largement répandu en Australie. Il est communément appelé spinifex quoiqu'il ne fasse pas partie de cet autre genre de Poaceae qui ne pousse que dans les régions côtières.

Ce genre comprend environ 40 espèces. Ce sont des plantes vivaces qui poussent dans les régions australiennes arides.

L'« herbe porc-épic » (Triodia irritans) est si dure qu'elle peut percer un réservoir de voiture, et si sèche que le contact avec des pots d'échappement l'enflamme.

Utilisations

Ces plantes jouaient un grand rôle chez les aborigènes australiens qui ramassaient les graines, les écrasaient et les consommaient sous forme de pain de brousse. Ils utilisaient la résine pour faire de la colle, et faisaient brûler des plantes, qui dégagent en brûlant une épaisse fumée noire, pour communiquer entre eux.

Des chercheurs de l'Université du Queensland ont mis au point un procédé pour extraire la nanocellulose de la plante pour fabriquer des préservatifs ou des gants chirurgicaux très fins en l'utilisant comme additif au latex[1].

Liste d'espèces

Selon World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) (15 juillet 2016)[2] :

Notes et références

  • L. Watson et M.J. Dallwitz, depuis 1992. The grass genera of the world: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval; including synonyms, morphology, anatomy, physiology, phytochemistry, cytology, classification, pathogens, world and local distribution, and references. Version du 28 novembre 2005

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Triodia (plante): Brief Summary ( French )

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Le genre Triodia est un genre de la famille des Poaceae (Graminées), endémique et largement répandu en Australie. Il est communément appelé spinifex quoiqu'il ne fasse pas partie de cet autre genre de Poaceae qui ne pousse que dans les régions côtières.

Ce genre comprend environ 40 espèces. Ce sont des plantes vivaces qui poussent dans les régions australiennes arides.

L'« herbe porc-épic » (Triodia irritans) est si dure qu'elle peut percer un réservoir de voiture, et si sèche que le contact avec des pots d'échappement l'enflamme.

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Triodia ( Italian )

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Triodia R.Br., 1810 è un genere di piante erbacee della famiglia delle Poaceae o Graminaceae.[1], endemico dell'Australia. Localmente le specie di questo genere sono note come spinifex (da non confondere le specie dell'omonimo genere delle Graminacee Spinifex). La Triondia fa parte di distese di erba che si trovano soprattutto nelle savane dell'Australia.

Tassonomia

Il genere comprende le seguenti specie:[1]

Note

  1. ^ a b (EN) Triodia, in The Plant List. URL consultato il 26 marzo 2017.

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Triodia: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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Triodia R.Br., 1810 è un genere di piante erbacee della famiglia delle Poaceae o Graminaceae., endemico dell'Australia. Localmente le specie di questo genere sono note come spinifex (da non confondere le specie dell'omonimo genere delle Graminacee Spinifex). La Triondia fa parte di distese di erba che si trovano soprattutto nelle savane dell'Australia.

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Triodia ( Portuguese )

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Triodia é um género botânico pertencente à família Poaceae[1].

  1. «Triodia — World Flora Online». www.worldfloraonline.org. Consultado em 19 de agosto de 2020
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Triodia: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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Triodia é um género botânico pertencente à família Poaceae.

«Triodia — World Flora Online». www.worldfloraonline.org. Consultado em 19 de agosto de 2020  title=
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Triodia (насекомые) ( Russian )

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У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Triodia.
Царство: Животные
Подцарство: Эуметазои
Без ранга: Первичноротые
Без ранга: Линяющие
Без ранга: Panarthropoda
Надкласс: Шестиногие
Класс: Насекомые
Надотряд: Amphiesmenoptera
Подотряд: Хоботковые
Инфраотряд: Exoporia
Надсемейство: Hepialoidea
Семейство: Тонкопряды
Род: Triodia
Международное научное название

Triodia Hübner, 1820

Синонимы
  • Alphus Wallengren, 1869 (nec Dejean, 1833)
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Систематика
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Изображения
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NCBI 537461EOL 3069615

Triodia (лат.) — род мелких бабочек-тонкопрядов из семейства Hepialidae. 7 видов.

Описание

Встречаются в западной и южной Евразии. Длина переднего крыла Triodia nubifer у самца от 14 до 15 мм, у самки от 19 до 28 мм; или у Triodia sylvina у самца от 27 до 36 мм, у самки от 31 до 43 мм. Бабочки с редуцированными ротовыми органами (хоботка нет, имаго афаги, гусеницы на корнях в почве). Усики гребенчатые. Основная окраска самцов красновато-коричневая, самок — серовато-коричневая со светлыми отметинами[1]. Род был впервые выделен в 1820 году немецким энтомологом Якобом Хюбнером (Jacob Hübner; 1761—1826) на основании типового вида Phalaena sylvina Linnaeus, 1761.

Классификация

7 видов[2]

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    Trioda adriaticus

  •  src=

    Trioda amasinus

  •  src=

    Trioda sylvina

Примечания

  1. 1 2 Dubatolov, V.V. & Knyazev, S.A., 2011. Triodia nubifer (Lederer, 1853) (Lepidoptera, Hepialidae) from the Altai Mountains — a new species for the Russian fauna. — Amurian Zoological Journal 3 (4): 367—369, color plate VII—VIII.
  2. Nielsen E.S. ; G.S. Robinson & D.L. Wagner, 2000: Ghost-moths of the world: a global inventory and bibliography of the Exoporia (Mnesarchaeoidea and Hepialoidea) (Lepidoptera). — Journal of Natural History 34 (6): 823—878. https://doi.org/10.1080/002229300299282
  3. Is Triodia nubifer (Lepidoptera, Hepialidae) the only pre- or interglacial relic species of Lepidoptera in the Altai-Sayan Mountain System? Euroasian entomological journal, 2015. 14(2): 134—138.
  4. Определитель насекомых европейской части СССР. Т. IV. Чешуекрылые. Первая часть. //(Загуляев А. К. и др.) / под общ.ред. Г. С. Медведева. — Ленинград: «Наука», 1978. — С. 52. — 712 с. — (Определители по фауне СССР, издаваемые Зоологическим институтом АН СССР; вып.117.). — 3500 экз.
  5. Perju T. and Ghizdavu I., 1977, Contributii la cunoasterea biologiei si ecologiei omizii hameiului, Triodia sylvina (L.) (Hepialidae, Lepidoptera), Studii Cercet aÏ ri de Biologie, Seria Biologie Animala, 29, 81—85.
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Triodia (насекомые): Brief Summary ( Russian )

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Triodia (лат.) — род мелких бабочек-тонкопрядов из семейства Hepialidae. 7 видов.

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