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Benefits

provided by FAO species catalogs
The total catch reported for this species to FAO for 1999 was 54 280 t. The countries with the largest catches were Indonesia (34 340 t) and Thailand (6 600 t). Most be sold fresh; a few are frozen.

Brief Summary

provided by FAO species catalogs
Pelagic on the continental shelf.Generally near the bottom during the day, rising to near the surface at night. Often occurs in large schools, and not uncommonly observed swimming on their sides.Usually found in 15 to 40 m depth,generally over muddy bottoms.Feeds on zooplankton.A large parasitic isopod is often present clinging to the tongue.

Size

provided by FAO species catalogs
Maximum about 55 cm total length; common to 30 cm.

Distribution

provided by FAO species catalogs
South Africa, Mozambique, Kenya, the Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, Indonesia, the Philippines, China, southern Japan and Australia. Most abundant on the west coast of India and Indonesia.

Diagnostic Description

provided by FAO species catalogs
Body deep and compressed; dorsal and ventral profiles of body strongly and equally convex. Scales smll and deciduous, and almost completely covering dorsal and anal fins. Mouth terminal with upper jaw unrestricted dorsally and ending below and slightly before anterior margin of eye; both jaws with a single row of small conical teeth. Gill openings unrestricted laterally and ventrally. Dorsal fin with 4-5 short spines (embedded and not apparent in adults) followed by I + 41-44 soft rays. Anal fin with 2 (embedded and not apparent in adults) followed by I + 35-39 soft rays; profile of second dorsal and anal fins nearly identical, with elevated, broadly rounded anterior lobes. Pelvic fins absent in specimens larger than about 10 cm fork and falcate. Lateral line very weakly arched anteriorly, with junction of straight and curved parts below posterior third of dorsal fin; straight part of lateral line with 8 to 19 weak scutes, forming a slight keel on caudal peduncle. Colour in life, adults uniformly silvery-grey to bluish-brown (yellowish-brown when deciduous scales are missing); fins with dark edges. Young with dark vertical bars and long black jugular pelvic fins.

Reference

Catalog On Line. Fischer, W.; G. Bianchi (eds.). - 1984 FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Western Indian Ocean (Fishing Area 51). Prepared and printed with the support of the Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA). Rome, Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Vol. I-6: pag. var. Fishbase: ICLARM .

Diagnostic Description

provided by Fishbase
Deep-bodied and strongly compressed fishes. Lateral line ends in weakly-developed scutes on the caudal peduncle. Pelvic fins lost in individuals over 9 cm. Color is brown above, silvery-white below. The anterior parts of the dorsal and anal fins bluish-gray. The other fins yellowish.
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Recorder
Rainer Froese
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Diseases and Parasites

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Lecithocladium Disease. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.)
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Allan Palacio
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Diseases and Parasites

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Capillaria Infestation. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.)
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Diseases and Parasites

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Lecithocladium Infestation 2. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.)
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Migration

provided by Fishbase
Amphidromous. Refers to fishes that regularly migrate between freshwater and the sea (in both directions), but not for the purpose of breeding, as in anadromous and catadromous species. Sub-division of diadromous. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km.Characteristic elements in amphidromy are: reproduction in fresh water, passage to sea by newly hatched larvae, a period of feeding and growing at sea usually a few months long, return to fresh water of well-grown juveniles, a further period of feeding and growing in fresh water, followed by reproduction there (Ref. 82692).
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Morphology

provided by Fishbase
Dorsal spines (total): 2 - 6; Dorsal soft rays (total): 41 - 46; Analspines: 2; Analsoft rays: 35 - 40; Vertebrae: 24
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Trophic Strategy

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Pelagic species which occurs in inshore waters of the continental shelf (Ref. 75154).
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Pascualita Sa-a
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Biology

provided by Fishbase
Adults inhabit coastal areas with muddy substrate. Found near the bottom during daytime and near the surface at night. They also enter estuaries (Ref. 1479). Normally form large schools (Ref. 5213). Swim on its side near the surface (Ref. 3197). Feed on zooplankton (Ref. 30573). Excellent food fish (Ref. 3197); marketed fresh, may be dried or salted (Ref. 5284).
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Importance

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fisheries: highly commercial; price category: high; price reliability: reliable: based on ex-vessel price for this species
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分布

provided by The Fish Database of Taiwan
廣泛分布於西起非洲東岸,北迄日本南部,南抵澳洲北部之海域。台灣各地沿岸皆可見,尤以西南部。
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利用

provided by The Fish Database of Taiwan
一般漁法以拖網、流刺網捕獲。以油炸食之較宜。
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描述

provided by The Fish Database of Taiwan
體呈卵圓形,高而甚側扁。背部和腹部輪廓隆起,甚突出。吻鈍圓。眼小。脂性眼瞼不發達。口小,下頜略突出於上頜。上下頜各有一列小圓錐狀齒;鋤骨、腭骨和舌面均無齒。體被小圓鱗,胸部完全具鱗;背鰭及臀鰭上覆蓋有鱗片。側線前部稍呈彎曲,沿體側延伸至尾柄處而直走;稜鱗僅存在於尾柄處,各棘相連而形成一隆起脊。第一背鰭弱,成魚時消失。腹鰭長,但隨著成長而消失。體色一致為銀白色至藍褐色。各鰭皆暗色。幼魚體側具橫斑,腹鰭則為黑色。
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棲地

provided by The Fish Database of Taiwan
通常於白天游動於底層,晚上則於表層休息。經常聚集成群於水深15-40公尺深之沙泥底海域。以浮游性動物為食。
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Black pomfret

provided by wikipedia EN

The black pomfret (Parastromateus niger) is a species of carangid native to reefs of the Indian Ocean and western Pacific Ocean. This species is very important to local fisheries and is the only known member of its genus.

Taxonomy

The black pomfret is the only known member of its genus, Parastromateus.[2] The black pomfret was first scientifically described by German-Jewish medical doctor and naturalist, Marcus Elieser Bloch in his encyclopaedia of fish, Allgemeine Naturgeschichte der Fische.[3] The etymology of the name Parastromateus niger is derived form Para meaning in the side of and stromateus meaning a fish flattened body with a lot of colours.[4]

Anatomy

The black pomfret has a compressed deep body with dorsal and ventral profiles being equally convex.[5] This species has small dark grey scales which cover the entirety of the body. The fork measurement of Black Pomfret is commonly 30 cm but can also range up to 75 cm in length.[6]

The Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations describes the black pomfret as having single row of conical teeth with gill openings unrestricted both laterally and ventrally. The dorsal fins contain four to five short spines which are not apparent in adulthood as well as two more spines on the anal fins which are also not apparent in adulthood. The second dorsal fin and anal fins are almost identical in profile and have broad rounded anterior lobes. Pelvic fins are absent in black pomfret specimens larger than 10 centimetres in length. The colour of the adult black pomfret ranges from silvery-grey to bluish brown. They may sometime appear to be of a yellowish-brown colour but that is due to when deciduous scales are missing. The fins of the black pomfret contain dark edges and young specimens have dark vertical bars with long black jugular pelvic fins.[7]

Habitat

The black pomfret is found off the coast of South Africa, Mozambique, Kenya, the Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, Persian Gulf, Indonesia, the Philippines, China, southern Japan and Australia.[8] The Black Pomfret is pelagic and is often found within the depths of 15–40 metres but can also be found at depths of up to 105 metres.[9] The black pomfret is found generally on the seafloor during the daytime and at night-time is found at the surface.[10]

Diet

The diet of the black pomfret is rather varied. Steven Dadzie of the Department of Biological Sciences at Kuwait University in his journal article, Food and Feeding Habits of the Black Pomfret, Parastromateus Niger (Carangidae) in the Kuwaiti Waters of the Arabian Gulf writes of the food and feeding habits of the black pomfret in the waters surrounding Kuwait. His study concluded, of the 1108 samples the three major dietary components of the black pomfret were: Bacillariophyceae, which accounted for 23% of the diet; fish eggs and larvae, contributing 21% of the diet and crustaceans, accounting for 20% of the diet (Dadzie, 2007). Under the heading of crustaceans, the crustaceans found in the diet of the black pomfret include copepods (77%), followed by brachyuran zoeae (65%), post-larvae of shrimp (29%) and penaeids of shrimp (16%).[11]

Ecology

The black pomfret is susceptible to parasites which cause damage to its growth, diet and overall living. A journal article by P. Vigneshwaran, S. Ravichandran and M. Prema of the Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Annamalai University in India write of the impact of the parasitic isopod Cymothea eremita on the black pomfret. The study concludes that the parasite Cymothea eremita could be related to the health status of the black pomfret, affecting its growth and decreased feeding efficiency, which greatly affect the survival of the black pomfret.[12]

A further defect found in black pomfret fish is Saddleback Syndrome. Saddleback Syndrome is a deformity in the dorsal fin of the fish but the cause of the syndrome is unknown. Studies suggest that the deformity is caused by pollution, nutritional deficiency or genetic mutation.[13] Further research and study has to be done however to locate the real cause of Saddleback Syndrome.

Reproduction

The reproduction of the black pomfret is rather unknown, as is its lifespan. Studies show that the black pomfret can live up to 7 years, but the maximum lifespan of the black pomfret is undetermined. Further studies need to be done in order to determine the maximum age of the black pomfret as well as the reproduction.

Human uses

The black pomfret has a slight 'fishy' flavour, is slightly oily and has few bones. It is recommended for cooking to be steamed, poached, deep fried, pan fried, grilled, smoked, barbecued, pickled or served raw.[14] The black pomfret is a highly sought after fish in Asia, where 74,607 tonnes of Black Pomfret were caught in 2016.[15]

References

  1. ^ Smith-Vaniz, W.F.; Borsa, P.; Carpenter, K.E.; Obota, C.; Jiddawi, N.; Yahya, S. (2018). "Parastromateus niger". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T20432288A46664109. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T20432288A46664109.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  2. ^ Parastromateus niger summary page. FishBase. (2021). Retrieved 23 April 2021, from https://www.fishbase.se/summary/Parastromateus-niger.html#.
  3. ^ BLOCH, MARCUS ELIEZER - JewishEncyclopedia.com. jewishencyclopedia.com. (2021). Retrieved 23 April 2021, from https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/3394-bloch-marcus-eliezer.
  4. ^ Parastromateus niger summary page. FishBase. (2021). Retrieved 23 April 2021, from https://www.fishbase.se/summary/Parastromateus-niger.html#.
  5. ^ FAO Fisheries & Aquaculture - Aquatic species. fao.org. (2021). Retrieved 23 April 2021, from http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/3127/en.
  6. ^ Parastromateus niger summary page. FishBase. (2021). Retrieved 23 April 2021, from https://www.fishbase.se/summary/Parastromateus-niger.html#.
  7. ^ FAO Fisheries & Aquaculture - Aquatic species. fao.org. (2021). Retrieved 23 April 2021, from http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/3127/en.
  8. ^ Parastromateus niger summary page. FishBase. (2021). Retrieved 23 April 2021, from https://www.fishbase.se/summary/Parastromateus-niger.html#.
  9. ^ FAO Fisheries & Aquaculture - Aquatic species. fao.org. (2021). Retrieved 23 April 2021, from http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/3127/en.
  10. ^ FAO Fisheries & Aquaculture - Aquatic species. fao.org. (2021). Retrieved 23 April 2021, from http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/3127/en.
  11. ^ Dadzie, Steven. "Food and Feeding Habits of the Black Pomfret, Parastromateus Niger (Carangidae) in the Kuwaiti Waters of the Arabian Gulf". Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 2007, sfi-cybium.fr/sites/default/files/pdfs-cybium/16.Dadzie%20437.pdf.
  12. ^ Vigneshwaran, P., et al. “Parasitic Isopod Cymothoa Eremita (Brünnich 1783) (Isopoda: Cymothoidae) Affects the Growth of Black Pomfret Parastromateus Niger (Bloch 1795) in the Southeast Coast of India.” Thalassas: An International Journal of Marine Sciences, vol. 35, no. 1, 2018, pp. 109–115., doi:10.1007/s41208-018-0097-7.
  13. ^ Silambarasan, K., et al. “Saddleback Syndrome in Wild Black Pomfret Parastromateus Niger (Bloch, 1795), From Southeast Coast of India.” Thalassas: An International Journal of Marine Sciences, vol. 37, no. 1, 2021, pp. 209–214., doi:10.1007/s41208-021-00287-3.
  14. ^ Information, S. (2021). Black Pomfret. Sydney Fish Market. Retrieved 23 April 2021, from https://www.sydneyfishmarket.com.au/Home/Seafood/Species-Information/List/Black-Pomfret.
  15. ^ FAO Fisheries & Aquaculture - Aquatic species. fao.org. (2021). Retrieved 23 April 2021, from http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/3127/en.
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Black pomfret: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN

The black pomfret (Parastromateus niger) is a species of carangid native to reefs of the Indian Ocean and western Pacific Ocean. This species is very important to local fisheries and is the only known member of its genus.

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Description

provided by World Register of Marine Species
Inhabits coastal areas with muddy substrate. Found near the bottom during daytime and is near the water surface at night. Normally forms large schools (Ref. 5213). Marketed fresh, may be dried or salted (Ref. 5284).

Reference

Froese, R. & D. Pauly (Editors). (2023). FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. version (02/2023).

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