Trophic Strategy
provided by Fishbase
Feeds on fish, cephalopods and crustaceans (Ref. 9302).
Morphology
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Dorsal spines (total): 27 - 33; Dorsal soft rays (total): 10 - 14; Analspines: 3; Analsoft rays: 10 - 12; Vertebrae: 48 - 55
Diagnostic Description
provided by Fishbase
Body is elongated and strongly compressed. The mouth is large with fang-like teeth. There are two lateral lines, both originating below the first spine of the dorsal fin. The upper lateral line follows the dorsal contour of the body to the end of the first dorsal fin base. The lower descends gradually posterior to about the tip of the pectoral fin and runs mid-laterally. Body color is uniformly dark brown; all fins dark brown with somewhat darker margins.
Migration
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Oceanodromous. Migrating within oceans typically between spawning and different feeding areas, as tunas do. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km.
Biology
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Strictly oceanic and usually solitary (Ref. 6181). Adults migrate to the surface at night while larvae and juveniles are found near the surface during the day (Ref. 6181). Feed on fishes, cephalopods and crustaceans (Ref. 9302). Males mature at 43 cm SL, females at 50 cm (Ref. 36731). Eggs and larvae are pelagic (Ref. 6766). Sold frozen, as sausages or fish cake (Ref. 9302). Not eaten raw, but cooked in any way, also dried (Ref. 7364).
Importance
provided by Fishbase
fisheries: minor commercial; bait: occasionally; price category: unknown; price reliability:
分布
provided by The Fish Database of Taiwan
廣泛分布於全世界熱帶及亞熱帶海域。台灣分布於北部、東北部及南部。
利用
provided by The Fish Database of Taiwan
一般為底拖網、延繩釣或鮪釣之意外漁獲物,食用魚,但不宜生食,是次要之經濟魚種,主要以加工食之。
描述
provided by The Fish Database of Taiwan
體極為延長而側扁,背、腹輪廓平直,尾柄無稜脊;體長約為體高之16倍。頭尖窄而側扁。吻尖突。口裂大,平直;下頜突出於上頜;上下頜具大小不一之犬齒。側線二條,上側線沿著背鰭基部,下側線位於體側中央線。第一背鰭具棘XXVIII-XXXII;第二背鰭硬棘I,
軟條11-14,離鰭5-7;臀鰭硬棘III,
軟條10-13,離鰭5-7;腹鰭小,具I,3;尾鰭深叉。體一致為帶明亮光澤之黑褐色。
棲地
provided by The Fish Database of Taiwan
近海大洋性中表層洄游魚種,一般棲息深度在0-200公尺間,可棲息於更深海域。獨游性。成魚於夜間遷移至水表層,仔魚及幼魚則於日間停留於水表層。以鯡、鯷等小魚、甲殼類及烏賊等為食。
Snake mackerel
provided by wikipedia EN
The snake mackerel (Gempylus serpens) is the sole species of fish in the monotypic genus Gempylus, belonging to the family Gempylidae (which is also referred to generally as "snake mackerels"). It is found worldwide in tropical and subtropical oceans between the latitudes of 42°N and 40°S; adults are known to stray into temperate waters. It is found to a depth of 600 meters (2,000 feet).[2] Populations of the snake mackerel from the Atlantic and the Indo-Pacific differ in vertebral count (51–55 versus 48–50) and number of first dorsal fin spines (30–32 versus 26–30), and so may represent separate species.[3]
Description
The snake mackerel has a very long, slender, laterally compressed body. It has a long, pointed head, measuring 17–18% of the standard length, and a large mouth with the lower jaw protruding beyond the upper. Both jaws are densely packed with sharp teeth; the first few teeth in the upper jaw are enlarged into fangs. The pectoral fins contain 12–15 rays; the pelvic fins are tiny and located beneath the pectorals, containing 1 small spine and 3–4 rays. There are two dorsal fins; the first is long and spiny, and is followed immediately by the second, which contains 1 tiny spine and 11–14 soft rays. The anal fin originates opposite the second dorsal fin and consists of 2 free spines followed by 1 spine and 10–12 rays. The dorsal and anal fins are followed by 6–7 finlets. There are two lateral lines, with the upper running to the rear of the first dorsal fin and the lower running to the caudal peduncle. The scales are mostly absent. The coloration is metallic brown, with dark fins. This species grows to 1 meter (3.3 feet) in length.[4][5]
Behaviour
The head of a snake mackerel. Note the enlarged front teeth in the upper jaw.
Adult snake mackerels conduct a diel vertical migration, staying in deeper water during the day and rising to the surface at night to feed. The young and juveniles also migrate vertically but in the opposite direction, staying near the surface during the day and moving deeper at night.[6] This species feeds on squid, pelagic crustaceans, and bony fishes such as lanternfishes, flying fishes, sauries, and mackerel.[5] It is in turn preyed upon by tuna and marlin. There was an 80 cm long specimen found inside a dead black swallower which measured 25 cm.[4] Reproduction is oviparous, with females producing 300,000 to 1,000,000 eggs.[5] Spawning occurs year-round; spawning areas are known to exist in the Caribbean Sea and off the coast of Florida.[6] Males reach sexual maturity at 43 cm (17 in) long and females at 50 cm (20 in) long.[5] As the fish mature and move into deeper water where there is less available light, they lose the cone cells in their eyes in favor of rod cells.[7]
Human interaction
The snake mackerel is caught as bycatch in the tuna longline fishery and is of minor commercial importance. It is marketed frozen or in sausages and fish cakes.[2][3] In Hawaii, this fish is known as hāuliuli and is considered good eating cooked or dried. King Kamehameha was apparently not fond of it, as he once remarked that it is a "delicious fish for the back country people", meaning fine for those who could not obtain anything better.[8] A night-time encounter with Gempylus species in the open sea is described by Thor Heyerdahl in the accounts of the Kon-Tiki expedition. After a member of the raft expedition was awoken by a mysterious fish landing on his sleeping bag, the crew member caught a long thin fish that was "over three feet long, as slender as a snake, with dull black eyes and long snout with a greedy jaw full of long sharp teeth. The teeth were sharp as knives and could be folded back into the roof of the mouth to make way for what is swallowed." Later Thor Heyerdahl notes: "Only the skeleton of a fish like this one had been found a few times on the coast of South America and the Galapagos Islands; ichthyologists ... thought it lived at the bottom of the sea at a great depth, because no one had ever seen it alive. But if it lived at a great depth, this must at any rate be by day, when the sun blinded the big eyes. For on dark nights Gempylus was abroad high over the surface of the sea; we on the raft had experience of that".[9]
References
-
^ Collette, B.; Smith-Vaniz, W.F.; Williams, J.T.; Pina Amargos, F.; Curtis, M.; Grijalba Bendeck, L. (2015). "Gempylus serpens". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T16509126A16510882. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T16509126A16510882.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
-
^ a b Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2009). "Gempylus serpens" in FishBase. March 2009 version.
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^ a b Nakamura, I. & Parin, N.V. (1993). FAO Species Catalogue Vol. 15: Snake Mackerels and Cutlassfishes of the World. Rome: Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. ISBN 92-5-103124-X.
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^ a b Peterson, R.T.; Eschmeyer, W.N. & Herald, E.S. (1999). A Field Guide to Pacific Coast Fishes: North America. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 0-618-00212-X.
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^ a b c d McEachran, J.D. & Fechhelm, J.D. (2005). Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico: Scorpaeniformes to Tetraodontiformes. University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-70634-0.
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^ a b Burton, R. (2002). International Wildlife Encyclopedia. Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 0-7614-7266-5.
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^ Collin, S.P. & Marshall, N.J. (2003). Sensory Processing in Aquatic Environments. Springer. ISBN 0-387-95527-5.
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^ Titcomb, M. & Pukui, M.K. (1972). Native Use of Fish in Hawaii (2nd ed.). University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-0592-5.
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^ Heyerdahl, Thor (1950). The Kon-Tiki Expedition: By Raft Across the South Seas (1996 ed.). Flamingo. pp. 89–90. ISBN 9780006550334.
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Snake mackerel: Brief Summary
provided by wikipedia EN
The snake mackerel (Gempylus serpens) is the sole species of fish in the monotypic genus Gempylus, belonging to the family Gempylidae (which is also referred to generally as "snake mackerels"). It is found worldwide in tropical and subtropical oceans between the latitudes of 42°N and 40°S; adults are known to stray into temperate waters. It is found to a depth of 600 meters (2,000 feet). Populations of the snake mackerel from the Atlantic and the Indo-Pacific differ in vertebral count (51–55 versus 48–50) and number of first dorsal fin spines (30–32 versus 26–30), and so may represent separate species.
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Description
provided by World Register of Marine Species
Strictly oceanic, epipelagic and mesopelagic and occurring solitarily. Adults migrate to the surface at night while larvae and juveniles stay near the surface only during the day. Feeds on fishes (myctophids, exocoetids, sauries, scombrids), crustaceans and cephalopods. Males mature at 43 cm SL, females at 50 cm. Spawns in tropical waters year round. Fecundity of about 300 thousand to 1 million eggs. No special fishery, but appears sometimes as by-catch in the tuna longline fishery (Ref. 9784). Not eaten raw, but cooked in any way, also dried (Ref. 7364). May also be sold as sausages and fish cake (Ref. 9302).
Froese, R. & D. Pauly (Editors). (2023). FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. version (02/2023).
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Diet
provided by World Register of Marine Species
Feeds on fishes, cephalopods and crustaceans
North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)
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Distribution
provided by World Register of Marine Species
Worldwide in tropical and subtropical seas; adults also often caught in temperate waters, as far north as 41°N
North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)
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Habitat
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nektonic
North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)
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Habitat
provided by World Register of Marine Species
Strictly oceanic and usually solitary. Adults migrate to the surface at night while larvae and juveniles are found near the surface during the day.
North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)
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Habitat
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Known from seamounts and knolls
Stocks, K. 2009. Seamounts Online: an online information system for seamount biology. Version 2009-1. World Wide Web electronic publication.
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