Life Cycle
provided by Fishbase
The male builds, guards and aerates the nest (Ref. 205).
Trophic Strategy
provided by Fishbase
Occurs mainly along weedy bays and backwaters, entering brackish water and to a limited extent, fresh water. Food in the marine environment includes planktonic gammarids, isopods, chironomids and plants, while larvae of cladoceranas, chironomids, ephemeropterans, arthropods and other insects are eaten by freshwater populations. It is preyed upon by American eels (Anguilla rostrata), killfish (Fundulus), Atlantic tomcod (Microgadus tomcod) and sticklebacks.
Biology
provided by Fishbase
Adults occur mainly along weedy bays and backwaters, entering brackish water and to a limited extent, fresh water (Ref. 3814). Feed along the bottom, primarily on diatoms, worms and crustaceans by sucking in the prey with a pipetting action (Ref. 27549). Males build, guard and aerate the nest where the eggs are deposited (Ref. 205).
Importance
provided by Fishbase
aquarium: public aquariums
Apeltes
provided by wikipedia EN
Apeltes is a monospecific genus old ray-finned fish belonging to the family Gasterosteidae, the sticklebacks. The only species in the genus is Apeltes quadracus, the fourspine stickleback or bloody stickleback, which lives in freshwater, brackish and benthopelagic environments of the northwestern Atlantic Ocean between Newfoundland and South Carolina.
Appearance
Fourspine stickleback size comparison to three other species of
Gasterosteidae.
The fourspine stickleback is the smallest member of the family Gasterosteidae.[3] It generally has either four or five dorsal spines but may have as many as seven.[4] It has an elongated fusiform body that is spotted brown to olive green except for the underside. Its belly is silvery white. Males tend to be darker than females and develop red pelvic spines.[5] The first three dorsal spines are close together and stick out at acute angles, each with their own triangular membrane.[6] The fourth spine is straight and associated with the dorsal fin. Its lateral line ends blow the origin of the second dorsal fin. Its pelvic fins sit almost right below the pectoral fins in the thoracic region. The species does not have scales.[7] They can grow 5 to 6 centimeters in length, but they usually grow to be about 4 centimeters.
Occurrence
The species is found from Newfoundland and Quebec[8] southward to North Carolina,[9] living close to the freshwater shores in well-vegetated areas. It has been introduced to a few freshwater bodies in Pennsylvania, Alabama, New Jersey, and in Lake Superior.[10]
Ecology
Fourspine sticklebacks are largely solitary, spending most of their time near the bottom of lakes. Their diet consists of microscopic invertebrates and plankton.[11] Fourspine stickleback generally breed at one year of age, though some individuals may survive to breed at age two.[12] Their breeding season lasts from April until late July, often breeding at the same time and location as three other stickleback species (threespine, ninespine, and blackspotted stickleback).[13] Males establish territories and construct nests out of vegetation either on the bottom or on underwater structures,[14] and may construct as many as five nests stacked in a tiered effect.[15] Once he has attracted a female and fertilized her eggs, the male will watch over the nest until the eggs hatch.[16] Females may produce several clutches of eggs per year.[17]
References
-
^ NatureServe. (2019) [amended version of 2013 assessment]. "Apeltes quadracus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T154731A151597449. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T154731A151597449.en. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
-
^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2022). "Apeltes quadracus" in FishBase. June 2022 version.
-
^ Courtenay, S. C., & Keenleyside, M. H. (1983). Nest site selection by the fourspine stickleback, Apeltes quadracus (Mitchill). Canadian journal of zoology, 61(7), 1443-1447.
-
^ Blouw, D. M., & Hagen, D. W. (1981). Ecology of the fourspine stickleback, Apeltes quadracus, with respect to a polymorphism for dorsal spine number. Canadian Journal of Zoologly, 59(9), 1677-1692.
-
^ Scott, W. B., & Crossman, E. J. (1973). Freshwater fishes of Canada. Fisheries Research Board of Canada Bulletin, 184.
-
^ Blouw, D. M., & Hagen, D. W. (1981). Ecology of the fourspine stickleback, Apeltes quadracus, with respect to a polymorphism for dorsal spine number. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 59(9), 1677-1692.
-
^ Bigelow, H. B., & Schroeder, W. C. (1953). Fishes of the Gulf of Maine (Vol. 53). Washington: US Government Printing Office.
-
^ Scott, W. B., & Scott, M. G. (1988). Atlantic fishes of Canada. Canadian Bulletin of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 219:1–731.
-
^ Burgess, G. H., and D. S. Lee. 1978. Apeltes quadracus (Mitchill), fourspine stickleback, p. 561. In: Atlas of North American Freshwater Fishes. D. S. Lee, C. R. Gilbert, C. H. Hocutt, R. E. Jenkins, D. E. McAllister, and J. R. Stauffer, Jr. (eds.). North Carolina State Museum of Natural History, Raleigh, North Carolina.
-
^ "Fourspine Stickleback (Apeltes quadracus) - Species Profile".
-
^ "Fourspine Stickleback (Apeltes quadracus) - Species Profile".
-
^ Craig, D., & FitzGerald, G. J. (1982). Reproductive tactics of four sympatric sticklebacks (Gasterosteidae). Environmental Biology of Fishes, 7(4), 369-375.
-
^ Worgan, J. P., & FitzGerald, G. J. (1981). Habitat segregation in a salt marsh among adult sticklebacks (Gasterosteidae). Environmental Biology of Fish, 6, 105-109.
-
^ Courtenay, S. C., & Keenleyside, M. H. (1983). Nest site selection by the fourspine stickleback, Apeltes quadracus (Mitchill). Canadian journal of zoology, 61(7), 1443-1447.
-
^ Reisman, H.M. 1963. Reproductive behaviour of Apeltes quadracus, including some comparisons with other Gasterosteid fishes. Copeia, 1, 191-192.
-
^ "Fourspine Stickleback (Apeltes quadracus) - Species Profile".
-
^ Wootton, R. J. (1984). A functional biology of sticklebacks. University of California Press.
- license
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- copyright
- Wikipedia authors and editors
Apeltes: Brief Summary
provided by wikipedia EN
Apeltes is a monospecific genus old ray-finned fish belonging to the family Gasterosteidae, the sticklebacks. The only species in the genus is Apeltes quadracus, the fourspine stickleback or bloody stickleback, which lives in freshwater, brackish and benthopelagic environments of the northwestern Atlantic Ocean between Newfoundland and South Carolina.
- license
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- copyright
- Wikipedia authors and editors
Diet
provided by World Register of Marine Species
Feeds on (marine) gammarids, isopods, chironomids and plants; (freshwater) arthropods and larvae of cladocerans, chironomids and ephemeropterans
North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)
- license
- cc-by-4.0
- copyright
- WoRMS Editorial Board
Distribution
provided by World Register of Marine Species
Gulf of St. Lawrence to North Carolina
North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)
- license
- cc-by-4.0
- copyright
- WoRMS Editorial Board
Habitat
provided by World Register of Marine Species
Primarily a saltwater fish found along weedy bays, but can be found in freshwater.
North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)
- license
- cc-by-4.0
- copyright
- WoRMS Editorial Board
Habitat
provided by World Register of Marine Species
nektonic
North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)
- license
- cc-by-4.0
- copyright
- WoRMS Editorial Board