Pacific Sardine | NOAA FishWatch.gov
provided by EOL authors
The West Coast Pacific sardine fishery was first developed during World War I to fill an increased demand for nutritious food that could be canned and easily carried onto battlefields...
Benefits
provided by FAO species catalogs
One of the most important commercial fishes of Japan. The total catch for 1983 was 4 219 677 t. Record catches in 1934-39 (over 2 000 000 t) were succeeded by a sharp decline around 1941, with only partial recovery from 1945 and then further decline. Fluctuations in the catches and their relationship to the Kuroshio current were reviewed by Kawasaki (1979) and Watanabe, Honjo & Okutani (1979). The total catch reported for this species to FAO for 1999 was 515 477 t. The countries with the largest catches were Japan (351 207 t) and China (147 125 t). This species is mainly caught by "small pelagic purse seining", particularly "American boat operated purse seine".
- bibliographic citation
- FAO Species catalogue Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world. (Suborder CLUPEOIDEI) An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, anchovies and wolf-herrings. Part 1. Chirocentridae, Clupeidae and Pristigasteridae.Whitehead, P.J.P. 1985. FAO Fish. Synop., (125)Vol.7 Pt. 1:303 p.
- author
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN
Brief Summary
provided by FAO species catalogs
Coastalpelagic, forming large schools,migratory, moving northward in summer and tending also to move more inshore, the reverse as temperatures begin to drop.Feeds mainly on zooplankton, especially copepods, but also phytoplankton. Breeds from December to the beginning of May, earlier in the southern than the northern parts of range, in bays and in coastal parts of open sea; fishes mostly mature in second year.
- bibliographic citation
- FAO Species catalogue Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world. (Suborder CLUPEOIDEI) An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, anchovies and wolf-herrings. Part 1. Chirocentridae, Clupeidae and Pristigasteridae.Whitehead, P.J.P. 1985. FAO Fish. Synop., (125)Vol.7 Pt. 1:303 p.
- author
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN
Size
provided by FAO species catalogs
To 24 cm standard length, usually 15 to 20 cm.
- bibliographic citation
- FAO Species catalogue Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world. (Suborder CLUPEOIDEI) An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, anchovies and wolf-herrings. Part 1. Chirocentridae, Clupeidae and Pristigasteridae.Whitehead, P.J.P. 1985. FAO Fish. Synop., (125)Vol.7 Pt. 1:303 p.
- author
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN
Diagnostic Description
provided by FAO species catalogs
The radiating bony striae on the operculum distinguish this fish from all other clupeoids in the area; in addition, species, of Sardinella and Herklotsichthys have two fleshy outgrowths on the hind margin of the gill opening and no series of dark spots along the flank (Amblygaster sirm has similar spots, but seems to be rare north of Taiwan Island, possibly to Okinawa); Clupea pallasii has the pelvic fin insertion before the dorsal fin origin and lacks spots on the flank; and Etrumeus teres and Dussumieria elopsoides lack scutes along the belly, also no spots.
- Hayashi, (1960 - fisheries). A great deal of Japanese literature is available, summarized to 1959 by the papers cited here
- Kurita, (1960 - fisheries)
- Nakai, (1960 - fisheries)
- Svetovidov, (1952, 1963 - full synopsis of biology); also, see Anon. (1960- biology, synopsis)
- Uda, (1960 - fisheries)
- bibliographic citation
- FAO Species catalogue Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world. (Suborder CLUPEOIDEI) An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, anchovies and wolf-herrings. Part 1. Chirocentridae, Clupeidae and Pristigasteridae.Whitehead, P.J.P. 1985. FAO Fish. Synop., (125)Vol.7 Pt. 1:303 p.
- author
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN
Migration
provided by Fishbase
Oceanodromous. Migrating within oceans typically between spawning and different feeding areas, as tunas do. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km.
- Recorder
- Crispina B. Binohlan
Trophic Strategy
provided by Fishbase
In South America it is caught down to depths of about 40 m, in summer at 16 to 23 C, in winter at 10 to 18 C. Forms large schools in the Peru current. Likewise in North America, it forms large schools, up to 10 million individuals; it is migratory with a definite northward movement between California and British Columbia waters in summer and return in autumn, winter. Zooplankton and phytoplankton feeder. Food items of larvae and early juveniles consist of copepods and larvaceans (Ref. 32837). Young fish feeds on zooplankton such as copepods and adults on phytoplankton (Ref. 39882). Employs both filter- and particulate-feeding modes on phytoplankton and zooplankton (Ref. 42392).
- Recorder
- Crispina B. Binohlan
Morphology
provided by Fishbase
Dorsal spines (total): 0; Dorsal soft rays (total): 13 - 21; Analspines: 0; Analsoft rays: 12 - 23; Vertebrae: 48 - 54
- Recorder
- Crispina B. Binohlan
Life Cycle
provided by Fishbase
Oviparous (Ref. 265). In the Gulf of California, some individuals spawn in their first year, but most in their second (Ref. 188).In Australia (as S. neopilchardus), this species breeds in spring and summer in southern part of range, and in summer and autumn in northern part, apparently related to seasonal movement of the limiting 14°C and 21°C isotherms, then autumn to early spring (Ref. 6390). It was believed that individual Australian pilchards only spawn once or twice in a season (Ref. 26422, 26424), but research on related species suggests that they may spawn a number of times (Ref. 6882). Batch fecundities range from about 10,000 eggs in 13 cm long females to about 45,000 eggs in females of about 18 cm (Ref. 26420).
- Recorder
- Crispina B. Binohlan
Diseases and Parasites
provided by Fishbase
Pilchard Herpes Virus. Viral diseases
Diagnostic Description
provided by Fishbase
Body cylindrical and elongate; ventral part of operculum with clear cut bony striae radiating downwards; belly rounded with ventral scutes; back blue green; flanks white, with 1 to 3 series of dark spots along the middle (Ref. 55763). The radiating bony striae on the operculum distinguish this species from all other clupeids in the area. The radiating bony striae on the operculum distinguish this fish from all other clupeids in the area. In New Zealand the species appears to grow larger (21.3 cm standard length; cf. 19.7 cm), has slightly larger eggs and a higher mean number of vertebrae (50.52; cf. 49 to 50.08 in various samples) (Ref. 859).
- Recorder
- Crispina B. Binohlan
Biology
provided by Fishbase
Neritic (Ref. 11230). A coastal species that forms large schools (Ref. 188). Occur at temperatures ranging from 16° to 23°C in summer and from 10° to 18°C in winter. Feed mainly on planktonic crustaceans. Young fish feed on zooplankton such as copepod and adults on phytoplankton (Ref. 39882). Oviparous, with pelagic eggs, and pelagic larvae (Ref. 265). Possibly can live up to 25 years (Ref. 265). In the California region, pilchards make northward migrations early in summer and travel back south again in autumn. With each year of life, the migration becomes farther (Ref. 6885). Marketed fresh, frozen or canned. Utilized mainly for fish meal; but also eaten fried and broiled (Ref. 9988). Main source of landing: NE Pacific: Mexico (Ref. 4931).
- Recorder
- Crispina B. Binohlan
Importance
provided by Fishbase
fisheries: highly commercial; bait: usually; price category: low; price reliability: reliable: based on ex-vessel price for this species
- Recorder
- Crispina B. Binohlan
分布
provided by The Fish Database of Taiwan
分布於印度-太平洋區，由非洲南部至東太平洋。臺灣各地均有產。
利用
provided by The Fish Database of Taiwan
產量高之高經濟性魚種，全世界年產量超過500,000公噸，主要漁法為流刺網、圍網、焚寄網與拖網，主要漁期在夏秋之間。在台灣多醃漬後出售，體型較小者，則多利用來製造魚粉供飼料用。
描述
provided by The Fish Database of Taiwan
體長梭形，背、腹緣近似乎直；具弱稜鱗，20+
16個。吻略長而尖。眼中等大，上側位，具脂性眼臉。口端位，較小；下頜略長於上略，上頜骨末端延伸至眼中部下方。鰓蓋具放射狀隆起線；下枝鰓耙數44-45。體被細薄圓鱗，極易脫落；無側線。背鰭位於體中部前方，具軟條16-20；臀鰭位於體之後半部，具軟條16-19；腹鰭軟條8；尾鰭深叉。體背部青綠色，體側下方和腹部銀白色；體側常有1列黑色黑斑，其下方另具不規則、不連續、不清晰之黑點；鰓蓋末緣無明顯黑斑。背鰭淡黃，前端基部不具黑點；尾鰭淡灰黃，上下葉略具黑緣，末端不具大塊黑斑；胸鰭淡黃；餘鰭淡色。以前所記載之遠東砂璃魚(/Sardinops
melanosticta/)為本種之亞種。
棲地
provided by The Fish Database of Taiwan
沿近海中上層洄游性中小型魚類。群游性。以浮游生物，如矽藻、橈腳類及其它小型無脊椎動物為主要食物。
Sardinops
provided by wikipedia EN
Sardinops is a monotypic genus of sardines of the family Clupeidae. The only member of the genus is Sardinops sagax. It is found in the Indo-Pacific and East Pacific oceans. Its length is up to 40 cm (16 in). It has numerous common or vernacular names, some of which more appropriately refer to subspecies, including blue pilchard, Australian pilchard (S. s. neopilchardus), blue-bait, Californian pilchard (S. s. caeruleus), Peruvian Pacific sardine (S. s. sagax), South American pilchard, Chilean sardine (S. s. sagax), Japanese pilchard (S. s. melanostictus), Pacific sardine, and Southern African pilchard (S. s. ocellatus).
South Australian sardine fishery
South Australian sardine fishery - Total catch (1990-2012)
The South Australian sardine fishery targets Sardinops sagax and is the highest yielding single species fishery in Australia by volume. The fishery employs the technique of purse seining. Schools of sardines are encircled by a net up to 1 kilometre in length which is then drawn closed at the bottom. The catch is then pumped on board the fishing vessel where it is stored in refrigerated holds at below freezing temperatures. 94% of the catch is used as feed in Southern bluefin tuna ranching operations off Port Lincoln, South Australia. The remaining 6% of the catch serves human consumption, recreational fishing bait and premium pet food markets.[2]
The industry commenced in South Australia in 1991 with an annual catch quota of 1,000 metric tons (980 long tons; 1,100 short tons). In 2003, the fishery's annual quota was set at 36,000 metric tons (35,000 long tons; 40,000 short tons).[3] By 2014, the annual quota had increased to 38,000 metric tons (37,000 long tons; 42,000 short tons).[4] The fishery's total landed catch peaked at 56,952 metric tons (56,053 long tons; 62,779 short tons) in the financial year 2004-05 stabilising at around 32,000 metric tons (31,000 long tons; 35,000 short tons) per year thereafter.
A key area of concern for industry compliance in 2004 was quota evasion. Quota evasion had previously occurred in several forms: unloading catch directly to tuna farms, failing to report prior to unloading catch and dumping excess catch at sea.[3]
Gallery
Catch of Pacific sardines
Pacific sardines are blue-green on the back and have white flanks with 1 to 3 lengthwise rows of dark spots.
See also
References
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Sardinops: Brief Summary
provided by wikipedia EN
Sardinops is a monotypic genus of sardines of the family Clupeidae. The only member of the genus is Sardinops sagax. It is found in the Indo-Pacific and East Pacific oceans. Its length is up to 40 cm (16 in). It has numerous common or vernacular names, some of which more appropriately refer to subspecies, including blue pilchard, Australian pilchard (S. s. neopilchardus), blue-bait, Californian pilchard (S. s. caeruleus), Peruvian Pacific sardine (S. s. sagax), South American pilchard, Chilean sardine (S. s. sagax), Japanese pilchard (S. s. melanostictus), Pacific sardine, and Southern African pilchard (S. s. ocellatus).
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- cc-by-sa-3.0
- copyright
- Wikipedia authors and editors
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