Brevoortia patronus és una espècie de peix pertanyent a la família dels clupèids.[4]
Hom creu que es reprodueix a l'hivern (de l'octubre al febrer, amb un pic al mes de gener).[5][8][9]
Menja fitoplàncton.[5][10][11]
És parasitat per isòpodes a la boca.[12]
Als Estats Units és depredat per Lobotes surinamensis[13] i Scomberomorus cavalla.[14][15]
És un peix marí, pelàgic-nerític i de clima subtropical (31°N-19°N, 95°W-80°W) que viu entre 0-50 m de fondària.[5][16]
Es troba a l'Atlàntic occidental central: el golf de Mèxic.[5][17][18][19][20]
Es comercialitza fresc, en salaó i en conserva. També és emprat per a produir oli i farina de peix.[21]
És inofensiu per als humans.[5]
The Gulf menhaden (Brevoortia patronus) is a small marine filter-feeding fish belonging to the family Clupeidae. The range of Gulf menhaden encompasses the entirety of the Gulf of Mexico nearshore waters, with the exception of the extreme eastern Yucatan and western Cuba.[2] Evidence from morphology [3] and DNA analyses [4] suggest that the Gulf menhaden is the Gulf of Mexico complement to the Atlantic menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus). Both species support large commercial reduction fisheries,[5] with Gulf menhaden supporting the second largest fishery, by weight, in the United States.[6]
The Gulf menhaden occurs throughout the Gulf of Mexico, but its distribution is patchy. The center of distribution of the species appears to be the northwest/northcentral Gulf,[2] particularly in Louisiana and Texas where populations are very large and numerous. In the southern Gulf of Mexico, the range of Gulf menhaden overlaps that of the closely related finescale menhaden (Brevoortia gunteri),[7] and there is evidence for resource partitioning (a process whereby closely related species occurring in close proximity results in subtle differences in ecological niches) between these species.[8] In the eastern Gulf, the range of Gulf menhaden overlaps that of the yellowfin menhaden (Brevoortia smithi), and hybridization between these species has been demonstrated using morphological [3] and DNA evidence.[9] Gulf menhaden also may have a presence on the southern Atlantic coast of Florida,[9][10] although this finding is based primarily upon DNA evidence.
Gulf menhaden are commonly 8 inches in length but can reach 12 inches. Gulf menhaden are a dull silver with a greenish back. Like their Atlantic counterpart, Gulf menhaden have a prominent black spot found behind the gill cover followed by a row of smaller spots [11]
Gulf menhaden are filter feeders, meaning that they collect food by filtering water through modifications of the branchial apparatus (gill or branchial arches and gill rakers). Like Atlantic menhaden, Gulf menhaden's diet depends on the size of their gill rakers, which change as menhaden age. Larval gulf menhaden feed primary on zooplankton because the rakers are not well developed. The juveniles, which generally correspond to when they are under the age of 1, feed on phytoplankton. As they age and their gill rakers fully developed, menhaden shift their diet to primarily consume zooplankton.[12]
Spawning occurs offshore in winter (October–March).[2] Eggs and larvae are pelagic and are carried into estuarine nursery areas via prevailing currents. As a result, migration at this stage can be lengthy, and populations of Gulf menhaden throughout the Gulf of Mexico are generally thought to comprise a single genetic stock.[13]
The Gulf menhaden fishery is one of the largest in the United States. In 2013, the fishery supported four of the nation's top ten ports by volume of landings.[14] Gulf menhaden are harvested primarily for fish meal and fish oil based products. A much smaller number of menhaden are caught for use as bait. In addition to being one of the largest fisheries in the US, the Gulf menhaden fishery has also been recognized internationally for its sustainability.
The fishery's sustainability has also been certified by independent organizations. Friend of the Sea, an international seafood sustainability certification program, has recognized both the Atlantic menhaden and Gulf menhaden fisheries as sustainable.[15] This is both due to the healthy status of the stock as well as the fishery's low levels of bycatch, which it achieves with the use of purse seine nets.[16]
The gulf menhaden is an important bait fish for recreational anglers.[17]
Gulf menhaden are managed by an interstate compact called the Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission (GSMFC). According to the most recent 2013 stock assessment by the GSMFC, Gulf menhaden are “neither overfished nor experiencing overfishing.”[18] According to the GSMFC, “the Gulf menhaden fishery is probably the most closely monitored and managed fishery in the Gulf of Mexico.”[12] An example of the fishery's monitoring is the Gulf of Mexico purse seine fishery's participation in NOAA's Southeast Fisheries Observer Program since 2011.[19] Specifically, the Menhaden Advisory Committee (MAC) is the GSMFC subcommittee that oversees menhaden management.
According to the GSMFC: “Menhaden do not have the capacity to reduce unwanted phytoplankton blooms that arise from manmade sources, primarily because they eat mostly zooplankton. In addition, menhaden excrete large amounts of ammonia (a nitrogenous product), contributing to an already high nitrogen load.”[12] In addition, the commercial menhaden fishery only targets adult menhaden, which consume zooplankton, not juvenile menhaden, which do consume phytoplankton [20]
The Gulf menhaden (Brevoortia patronus) is a small marine filter-feeding fish belonging to the family Clupeidae. The range of Gulf menhaden encompasses the entirety of the Gulf of Mexico nearshore waters, with the exception of the extreme eastern Yucatan and western Cuba. Evidence from morphology and DNA analyses suggest that the Gulf menhaden is the Gulf of Mexico complement to the Atlantic menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus). Both species support large commercial reduction fisheries, with Gulf menhaden supporting the second largest fishery, by weight, in the United States.
La lacha escamuda[1] (Brevoortia patronus) es una especie de pez clupeiforme de la familia Clupeidae.[2][3] Habita en aguas cercanas a la costa del golfo de México, a excepción de extremo este de Yucatán y el oeste de Cuba.[4]
Evidencia morfológica[5] y análisis de ADN[6] sugieren que es complemento de Brevoortia tyrannus.
La lacha escamuda (Brevoortia patronus) es una especie de pez clupeiforme de la familia Clupeidae. Habita en aguas cercanas a la costa del golfo de México, a excepción de extremo este de Yucatán y el oeste de Cuba.
Evidencia morfológica y análisis de ADN sugieren que es complemento de Brevoortia tyrannus.
Brevoortia patronus Brevoortia generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Clupeidae familian sailkatzen da.
Brevoortia patronus Brevoortia generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Clupeidae familian sailkatzen da.
Brevoortia patronus (Goode, 1878) è un pesce osseo marino appartenente alla famiglia Clupeidae.
L'aspetto di questo clupeide è abbastanza simile a quello dell'affine Brevoortia tyrannus con corpo alto e piuttosto compresso lateralmente. Non ci sono denti ma l'apice della mascella superiore ha un "dentino" mediano. Gli scutelli (scaglie rigide lungo il profilo ventrale) sono evidenti. Le scaglie lungo la linea laterale sono leggermente più grandi delle altre. Le pinne ventrali hanno il bordo interno arrotondato.[1][2]
Il colore è grigio bluastro sul dorso e verdastro con riflessi dorati sui fianchi. È presente una macchia nera dietro l'opercolo, spesso seguita da una o più linee formate da punti scuri sui fianchi.[1]
La taglia massima è di 35 cm, normalmente non supera però i 20 cm.[1]
Questa specie è endemica del Golfo del Messico. Le segnalazioni dal mar dei Caraibi non sono confermate.[1]
Si tratta di un pesce pelagico costiero che effettua migrazioni verso acque profonde fino a 50 metri nella stagione fredda. È una specie eurialina che può tollerare acqua da quasi dolce a salinità del 60 per mille, quindi superiori a quelle marine. La maggior parte delle catture avviene in acque salmastre tra il 5 e il 24 per mille di salinità. Penetra nelle lagune sia d'acqua dolce che ipersalina.[1][2]
Gregario, forma densi banchi soprattutto durante l'alimentazione.[1][2]
Si nutre per filtrazione di fitoplancton ma probabilmente può cibarsi anche sul fondo di organismi del benthos.[1][2]
Pare avvenga in inverno. I giovanili dapprima sono pelagici quindi penetrano in acqua salmastra dove si accrescono.[1][2]
È una specie importante per la pesca commerciale degli Stati Uniti. Viene impiegata prevalentemente per la produzione di olio di pesce, secondariamente viene consumata fresca o sotto forma di farina di pesce.[1][2]
Brevoortia patronus (Goode, 1878) è un pesce osseo marino appartenente alla famiglia Clupeidae.
Brevoortia patronus is een straalvinnige vissensoort uit de familie van haringen (Clupeidae).[2] De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1878 door Goode.
Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
Gulfmenhaden (Brevoortia patronus) är en art i familjen sillfiskar som lever i Mexikanska golfen och är en betydande industri- och matfisk.
Kroppen är tämligen hög och sammantryckt från sidorna.[3] Ryggen är blågrå till grönaktig, medan sidor och buk är silverfärgade. Bakom gällocket har den en stor, mörk fläck, och oftast flera mindre fläckar bakom den hos större individer (över 5 till 7,5 cm).[4] Arten kan bli upp till 35 cm lång, men är vanligtvis mindre.[5]
Arten lever i stora stim på djup från havsytan till 50 m; på sommaren i kustnära, grunda vatten, varifrån den drar sig ut på djupare vatten under hösten.[5] Arten är en filtrerare, som simmar pelagiskt med öppet gap och filtrerar växt- och djurplankton från det omgivande vattnet.[6] Troligtvis tar den även en del bottendjur.[3] Arten är inte särskilt långlivad, och lever oftast inte mer än 4 år.[4]
Inte mycket är känt om fortplantningen, men troligtvis leker den under vintern.[3] Leken förmodas ske på djupt vatten, och varje hona lägger mellan 22 000 till 122 000 ägg.[4]
Ett omfattande fiske bedrivs på gulfmenhaden, och har skett så ända sedan 1700-talet. Främsta användningen är till fiskmjöl och fiskolja; huvuddelen av den senare går till mänsklig konsumtion, främst beroende på den höga halten av omega 3-fettsyror.[7] Den används emellertid också som föda, och säljs både färsk, saltad och konserverad.[5] 2008 var den samlade gulfmenhadenfångsten av USA:s fiskefartyg 0,42 miljoner ton.[6]
Arten finns endast i Mexikanska golfen från Florida i USA till Campechebukten i norra Mexiko.[5] Den är emellertid mycket vanlig; den totala populationen uppskattades 2004 till över 36 miljarder.[6]
Gulfmenhaden (Brevoortia patronus) är en art i familjen sillfiskar som lever i Mexikanska golfen och är en betydande industri- och matfisk.
Brevoortia patronus Goode, 1878
Синонимы
Заливный менхэден[2], или мексиканский менхэден[2] (лат. Brevoortia patronus) — вид морских лучепёрых рыб из семейства сельдевых. Обитает в Мексиканском заливе — во Флоридском заливе, заливе Кампече, но также по неподтверждённым данным и в Карибском море[3].
Рыбы длиной обычно 20—25 см[4]. Тело нормально глубокое и сжатое, чешуйки живота видимые. Верхняя челюсть с хорошо видимой срединной выемкой. Брюшные плавники с округлым задним краем, внутренние и наружные плавниковые лучи (лепидотрихии) равные или почти равные. Предорсальные чешуйки изменённые. Число рядов латеральных (боковых) чешуек 42—48; эти чешуйки больше тех, которые расположены на спине и только в основании анального плавника чешуйки мелкие, меньше и более редкие, чем остальные. За жаберной крышкой находится крупное чёрное пятно, за которым, на боковой стороне тела, расположены ряды более мелких чёрных точек, иногда заходящие на брюшную и спинную части тела[4].
Летом рыба встречается ближе к побережью, затем переправляются к более глубоким местам, к октябрю в районе дельты реки Миссисипи, хотя некоторые взрослые рыбы зимой отмечаются около побережья у берегов Флоридского залива[4]. Питаются сбиваясь плотными косяками; в диету рыб входит планктон, который фильтруется рыбой из воды[4].
На рыбах отмечены следующие паразиты:
Заливный менхэден, или мексиканский менхэден (лат. Brevoortia patronus) — вид морских лучепёрых рыб из семейства сельдевых. Обитает в Мексиканском заливе — во Флоридском заливе, заливе Кампече, но также по неподтверждённым данным и в Карибском море.
