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Trophic Strategy

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Peale's dolphins may feed in groups or alone. It has been hypothesized that this species may tend to feed alone when food is scarce and in groups when food is of abundance. When in groups, L. australis usually exhibits what is called "flower" or "starburst" feeding. They encircle their prey until they form a large group and then they feast. This is mostly done within the kelp beds. When they are sighted eating alone it is usually close to shore. When diving for prey it has been reported that they stay under water from between 10.36 seconds to 1.46 minutes.

Not very many L. australis have been dissected for examining the stomach contents, but known prey species are very extensive all the same.

Foods eaten include: Pleoticus muelleri (Argentine shrimp), squid (Loligo gahi and Illex argentinus), Kingklip fish (Genypterus blacodes), Argentine hake (Merluccius hubbsi), southern cod (Salilota australis), hagfish (Myxine australis), Pantagonian grenadier (Marcuronus magellanicus), red octopus (Enteroctopus megalocyathus), other species of herring, makarel, capelin, anchovies, crustaceans and whelks (gastropods).

Animal Foods: fish; mollusks; aquatic or marine worms; aquatic crustaceans

Primary Diet: carnivore (Piscivore , Molluscivore )

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Floyd, H. 2001. "Lagenorhynchus australis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lagenorhynchus_australis.html
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Heather Floyd, California State University, Sacramento
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James Biardi, California State University, Sacramento
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Associations

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There is so little known about Peales dolphins that their effect on the pelagic ecosystem is unknown. However, because they prey upon a number of types of animals, there is a potential impact of these dolphins upon prey populations.

Species Used as Host:

  • Anisakis simplex
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Floyd, H. 2001. "Lagenorhynchus australis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lagenorhynchus_australis.html
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Benefits

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Humans have occasionally harpoon Peales dolphins for use as bait.

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Floyd, H. 2001. "Lagenorhynchus australis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lagenorhynchus_australis.html
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Heather Floyd, California State University, Sacramento
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Benefits

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It is difficult to speculate on how these acquatic mammals might negatively impact humans. There are no reports of negative interactions, but it is possible that through their predatory behavior, populations of Peale's dolphins could negatively impact commercial or subsistence fisheries. However, this is just speculation, and there are no reports of this being the case.

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Floyd, H. 2001. "Lagenorhynchus australis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lagenorhynchus_australis.html
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Heather Floyd, California State University, Sacramento
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Life Cycle

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Very little has been recorded about the developmental cycle in L. australis. The only studies recorded represent measurements of the ovaries of a few female L. australis. These measurements were representative of the different sexual maturities and the data showed the older females as having more ovarian scars. Even less information has been gathered about males and their sperm activity. There was not enough conclusive information to make any statements. No information has been collected about the young in L. australis and there have been no specimens collected or found with a fetus inside. Because of this we are left to assume that this species is similar in the developmental patterns of better-known dolphin species.

(Goodall et al, 1997 and Claver et al, 1992)

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Floyd, H. 2001. "Lagenorhynchus australis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lagenorhynchus_australis.html
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Heather Floyd, California State University, Sacramento
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Conservation Status

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Lagenorynchus australis has not been studied intensively to determine population trends. There are a few human sources of mortality that may be of a concern in the future. These include shore-set gill nets (accidental catch), inshore fishing (incidental catch), and salmon farms near Chile (a few have been caught in the anti-pinniped nets despite the loud sounds made underwater to deter them). Deep sea fishermen have been known to occasionally catch a few Peales dophins in their mid-water nets. A more serious situation is occurring near crab fisheries where the use of nets has been outlawed. Fisheries have been known to use harpooned L. australis as bait. (Nowark, 1999 and Goodall et al, 1997)

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: data deficient

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Floyd, H. 2001. "Lagenorhynchus australis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lagenorhynchus_australis.html
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Heather Floyd, California State University, Sacramento
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Behavior

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Sounds emitted under water by L. australis include low frequency clicking noises and a "rapid tonal sound", but no whistling. There is little research on vocalizations, as they seem to be very timid communicators around boats taking the data.

Communication Channels: visual ; acoustic

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

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Floyd, H. 2001. "Lagenorhynchus australis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lagenorhynchus_australis.html
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Heather Floyd, California State University, Sacramento
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Untitled

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There are many other common names for this species beside the common name Peales dolphin. These are Peales Porpoise, black-chinned dolphin, and Southern white-sided dolphin. In Spanish it used to be called llampa or tunina in Chile. Now it is called delfin austral (southern dolphin) in Chile and Argentina.

(Goodall et al, 1997)

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Floyd, H. 2001. "Lagenorhynchus australis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lagenorhynchus_australis.html
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Heather Floyd, California State University, Sacramento
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Distribution

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Lagenorynchus australis lives mostly in the mildly cold and temperate waters off of South America and the Falkland Islands in the South Atlantic Ocean. One sighting has been reported near the Cook Islands also.

Biogeographic Regions: neotropical (Native ); atlantic ocean (Native )

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Floyd, H. 2001. "Lagenorhynchus australis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lagenorhynchus_australis.html
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Heather Floyd, California State University, Sacramento
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Habitat

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L. australis is usually found near the coast. These dolphins love to swim in and around the channels within kelp beds. They have also been sighted around sandbars and shallow bays. Most sightings of L. australis occur while there are strong tidal currents and during medium tides.

Peale's dolphins tend to inhabit two types of coastline. In the south they are usually found near channels and fjords. In the northern and eastern coast ranges, where the continental shelf underwater is very wide, they tend to be found in the open coast. In the open coast they have been found to swim as deep as 300 meters. There is little kelp there, but more southward and towards the Falkland Islands there are many kelp beds and this is where you will mostly find L. australis.

Range depth: 300 (high) m.

Habitat Regions: temperate ; saltwater or marine

Aquatic Biomes: coastal

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Floyd, H. 2001. "Lagenorhynchus australis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lagenorhynchus_australis.html
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Heather Floyd, California State University, Sacramento
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Life Expectancy

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Scientists are able to determine the age of Peale's dolphins by looking at their teeth but no records or studies explain how this is accomplished. The oldest recorded specimen of L. australis was thirteen years old.

Range lifespan
Status: wild:
13 (high) years.

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Floyd, H. 2001. "Lagenorhynchus australis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lagenorhynchus_australis.html
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Heather Floyd, California State University, Sacramento
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Morphology

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L. australis has many distinguishing physical characteristics. Some of these include a torpedo shaped body, a dark gray back, a white belly, a light gray area on flanks that extends from behind to the anus and a skinny white band that begins behind the dorsal fin and gets wider as it extends backwards. This latter feature is termed the “tail stock”.

L. australis has double black rings around both eyes and that extend forward to the nose. A final distinguishing feature that separates this species from other similar looking species is a circular patch of varying gray colors that is right on the thoracic area of the back.

The young of L. australis tend to look the same as the adults, but are much lighter in color. They become darker as they mature.

The teeth of L. australis seem to be variable. The maximum number on each upper jaw is thirty-seven and thirty-six on each lower jaw. Many teeth are hidden in the gums of the mouth.

The pectoral fin length is approximately 30 cm, and the dorsal fin can be up to 50 cm in height. The tail fluke is generally 30-60 cm wide, and the beak is up to 5 cm in length.

These animals may weigh up to 115 kg.

Average mass: 115 kg.

Range length: 150 to 310 cm.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry

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Floyd, H. 2001. "Lagenorhynchus australis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lagenorhynchus_australis.html
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Heather Floyd, California State University, Sacramento
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James Biardi, California State University, Sacramento
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Associations

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There are no known predators of L. australis.

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Floyd, H. 2001. "Lagenorhynchus australis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lagenorhynchus_australis.html
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Heather Floyd, California State University, Sacramento
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Reproduction

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Little is known bout the mating system of these animals.

In general it has been noted that species within the genus Lagenorynchus have gestation periods of ten to twelve months. Calving season for L. australis usually occurs between the southern spring and autumn but a calf can be born as early as October. Females tend to have only one calf per birth (maybe two) and they also move more inshore to do this. Some records show that when two of these dolphins were spotted together in the past, they were only considered a mother and calf if the smaller of the two animals was one third or less the size of the adult accompanying it. On visual sightings alone, this is probably still the most common way to tell a calf from an adult.

Although data are not available for this species, in another member of the genus, L. acutus, young are between 90 and 125 cm at birth. They nurse for about 18 months, and become independent of their mothers around the age of 2 years. It is not known whne these animals mature sexually.

Breeding season: It is not known for certain when mating occurs, but births occur during the Southern Spring to Autumn.

Range number of offspring: 1 to 2.

Average number of offspring: 1.

Range gestation period: 10 to 12 months.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; fertilization (Internal ); viviparous

Young are precocial and swim along side of their mothers from birth. The mother provides her calf with milk for approximately 18 months, although the calf may remain dependent upon her for an additional 6 months. It is not known what role males play, if any, in the parental care of this species.

Parental Investment: precocial ; pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-independence; extended period of juvenile learning

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Floyd, H. 2001. "Lagenorhynchus australis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lagenorhynchus_australis.html
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Heather Floyd, California State University, Sacramento
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James Biardi, California State University, Sacramento
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Nancy Shefferly, Animal Diversity Web
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Biology

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The biology of Peale's dolphin is not well known, as it seldom strands, few specimens have been examined, and the species has not been kept in captivity (2) (4) (6). Most feeding appears to occur in kelp beds (4) (8), where small groups of around 5 to 30 individuals are thought to hunt squid, octopus, and sometimes shrimps (2) (4) (6) (9). Larger groups have also been observed (2) (4), and may hunt cooperatively in more open water, 'herding' larger shoals of fish (4) (8). Peale's dolphin is often seen associating with other dolphin species, particularly Commerson's dolphin (Cephalorhynchus commersonii), and frequently bow-rides, producing loud splashes and slaps when leaping and swimming at the surface (2) (4) (6). Little information is available on reproduction in this species, but calves have been reported from spring to autumn (October to April) (2) (4). In general, Lagenorhynchus species give birth to a single young after a gestation period of around 10 to 12 months, with the young measuring around one metre at birth (2) (10). Migration in Peale's dolphin is not well understood, but individuals around southern Tierra del Fuego appear to move inshore in the summer, possibly following fish migrations (4) (11).
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Conservation

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More information is needed on the extent of the exploitation of Peale's dolphin for crab bait (4) (7). The Chilean government has undertaken some measures to help regulate the use of marine mammals in crab fisheries, including educating fishing communities and providing alternative sources of bait, and the practice of using dolphins as bait is reported to have declined in recent years. However, a certain amount of illegal fishing and baiting may continue (7). Other recommended conservation actions for Peale's dolphin include further research into its biology and abundance, identification and protection of key habitats, education campaigns, and enforcement of hunting regulations (1) (11). In addition to its listing on Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) (3), meaning international trade in Peale's dolphin should be carefully controlled, the species is also listed on Appendix II of the Convention on Migratory Species (CMS) (12), based on the fact that its movement through the Beagle Channel and Strait of Magellan is likely to involve the national boundaries of Argentina and Chile (11).
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Description

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A fairly robust dolphin with a short, rounded snout, Peale's dolphin is greyish black above and mostly white below. A curved, light grey flank patch runs from behind the dorsal fin to the tail, while a second light grey patch on the chest runs from the eye to the middle of the body. This second patch is separated from the white belly by a well-defined black line, which loops above a small white patch in the 'armpit', under the flipper (2) (4) (5) (6). The flippers and dorsal fin are dark, and the dorsal fin is sickle-shaped, with a light grey trailing edge. The face, snout, melon and most of the chin are dark grey-black, which, together with the black line below the chest patch, readily distinguishes Peale's dolphin from similar species such as the dusky dolphin (Lagenorhynchus obscurus). (2) (4) (6). Young Peale's dolphins are lighter grey than adults, with less clear definition between the chest and flank patches (2) (4).
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Habitat

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Peale's dolphin occurs in open coastal waters over shallow continental shelves, as well as in bays, inlets, channels, around islands and in the openings to fjords (1) (2) (4). Although recorded at depths of up to 300 metres, the species prefers shallower coastal waters (1) (2), and appears to be particularly associated with kelp beds (2) (4) (8).
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Range

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Peale's dolphin has a somewhat restricted range, being found only around the southern tip of South America, as far north as northern Argentina and Santiago, Chile. The species is commonly seen around the Falkland Islands and over Burdwood Bank, south of the Falkland Islands (2) (4) (6) (7). Possible sightings of Peale's dolphins have also been reported from tropical waters, at Palmerston Atoll in the South Pacific, but this is considered to be outside the normal range and may even represent a new, undescribed species (2) (4) (6).
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Status

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Classified as Data Deficient (DD) on the IUCN Red List (1) and listed on Appendix II of CITES (3).
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Threats

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Although reported to be relatively common within its range, no population estimates are available for Peale's dolphin (1) (2) (7). There is also a lack of information on the impacts of the threats to the species, making it difficult to assess its conservation status (1). Peale's dolphin has been heavily exploited since the 1970s for use as crab bait, a practice which is thought to have reduced the species' abundance by the late 1980s (1) (2) (7). Although now banned, the practice still occurs in Chile, although at lower levels than before (1) (4) (7). There is concern that the number of Peale's dolphins taken could lead to problems for the species, especially given its restricted distribution (6). Peale's dolphin is also occasionally entangled and drowned in gillnets, and sometimes caught in anti-predator nets around salmon pens in Chile, although this is thought to occur only at low levels (1) (2) (4) (7). Other potential threats to Peale's dolphin include organochlorine pollution (11), and any threats to the kelp forests on which the species depends (8). Tour operators have also recently begun offering trips to see Peale's dolphins near Punta Arenas in Chile, but no laws exist to regulate this activity or to monitor its potential impacts (7).
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Benefits

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Peale's dolphins are incidentally entangled and drowned in nets; also, they are intentionally harpooned in the Strait of Magellan and around Tierra del Fuego. The number harpooned, for use as bait in crab traps, may pose a serious threat to their status. A population estimate does not exist. IUCN: Insufficiently known.
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Marine mammals of the world. Jefferson, T.A., S. Leatherwood & M.A. Webber - 1993. FAO species identification guide. Rome, FAO. 320 p. 587 figs. . 
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Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN
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Brief Summary

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Peale's dolphins have been seen in small groups (5 to 30 are typical). Photoidentification studies have shown that some dolphins spend the entire year in limited areas close to shore, in the magellan strait. They frequently bowride, and will sprint to a ship's bow. At the bow, they often speed ahead, leap high into the air and fall back into the water on their sides, producing a large splash with a loud slapping noise. Newborns have been observed in Magellan Strait as early as October. Little is know of food and feeding habits; one animal collected in the Falkland Islands had recently consumed an octopus and others have been observed feeding on róbalo (snooks, family Centropomidae) and pejerrey (silversides, family Atherinidae).
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Marine mammals of the world. Jefferson, T.A., S. Leatherwood & M.A. Webber - 1993. FAO species identification guide. Rome, FAO. 320 p. 587 figs. . 
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Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN
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Size

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The largest specimen recorded was 2.16 m long, and adults are estimated to weigh about 115 kg. Length at birth is estimated to be about 1 m.
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Marine mammals of the world. Jefferson, T.A., S. Leatherwood & M.A. Webber - 1993. FAO species identification guide. Rome, FAO. 320 p. 587 figs. . 
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Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN
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Diagnostic Description

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The general body shape of Peale's dolphin is typical for dolphins of the genus Lagenorhynchus. Few specimens have been examined, but observations of Peale's dolphins suggest they are the most robust of the Southern Hemisphere dolphins of this genus. The dorsal fin is pointed and falcate. Peale's dolphins share coloration pattern components with both dusky and Pacific white-sided dolphins. Peale's dolphins are greyish black above and white below. They have a curved flank patch of light grey with a single dorsal spinal blaze, or "suspender", fading into the black of the back near the blowhole. A large pale grey thoracic patch extends from the eye to midbody; it is separated from the white below by a well-developed dark stripe. The stripe loops up above a small white patch under the flipper. The flippers are grey-black, and the dorsal fin is dark grey-black, with a thin crescent of light grey on the trailing margin. Most of the beak is dark grey to black. Tooth counts for 3 specimens ranged from 27 to 33 on each side of each jaw. Can be confused with: Peale's dolphins are most easily confused with dusky dolphins. The face, rostrum, melon,and most of the chin of Peale's dolphins are dark grey-black, as if encased in a mask. This feature, plus the well-developed black stripe below the thoracic patch, readily distinguishes Peale's dolphins from dusky dolphins.
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Marine mammals of the world. Jefferson, T.A., S. Leatherwood & M.A. Webber - 1993. FAO species identification guide. Rome, FAO. 320 p. 587 figs. . 
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Distribution ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Chile Central
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Dofí de Peale ( Catalan; Valencian )

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El dofí de Peale (Lagenorhynchus australis) és un petit dofí que viu a les aigües del voltant de la Terra del Foc, a l'extrem meridional de Sud-amèrica. Aquesta espècie s'assembla físicament al dofí fosc, amb el qual està emparentada i de vegades se'ls pot confondre.

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Dofí de Peale Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata


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Dofí de Peale: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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Sydlig hvidskæving ( Danish )

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Sydlig hvidskæving (Lagenorhynchus australis) er en mindre delfin, der lever langs kysten af det sydlige Sydamerika og Falklandsøerne.

Udseende

Sydlig hvidskæving er omkring 2,1 meter lang og vejer omkring 115 kg som voksen. Farven er hvid på undersiden og sort på ryggen, med en udløber af det sorte ned på undersiden af halen, hvorved der fremkommer et hvidt felt på siden af halen. Hovedet er også mørkt. Mest karakteristisk er en hvid plet bag ved ved roden af lufferne (i "armhulen"). Rygfinnen er høj og smal for en delfin af denne størrelse. Snuden er afrundet og med et kun meget lille næb.

Sydlig hvidskæving kan især på afstand forveksles med den nærtbeslægtede art mørk hvidskæving, der findes i samme område. Mørk hvidskæving mangler dog den skarpt afsatte hvide plet i "armhulen" som er karakteristisk for sydlig hvidskæving.

Udbredelse og bestandsstørrelse

Sydlig hvidskæving findes kun i kystnære farvande omkring det sydlige Sydamerika ned til og med Drakestrædet. På stillehavssiden ses den så langt mod nord som Valdivia, Chile, 38° S. På atlanterhavssiden ses den til omkring 44° S – nær Golfo San Jorge, Argentina. Sydlig hvidskæving findes også omkring Falklandsøerne. Delfinerne ses ofte i tidevandskanaler og andre områder med kraftig strøm, men kan også findes tæt på land i bugter og vige. Sydlig hvidskæving ses oftest i små grupper, fra 5 op til 20 individer. I enkelte tilfælde er større grupper, op til 100 delfiner, set om sommeren eller efteråret.

Der findes ingen skøn over bestanden, men den er lokalt almindelig og ses ofte.

Påvirkninger fra mennesket

Sydlig hvidskæving er sårbar overfor påvirkning fra menneskelige aktiviteter på grund af dens kystnære tilsyneladende ret stedfaste levevis. I 1970'erne og 1980'erne blev tusindvis af individer dræbt af Chilenske fiskere, der brugte kødet som madding i krabbetejner. Denne fangst er stadig lovlig, men er aftaget i omfang. Fra Argentina er der rapporter om bifangst af sydlig hvidskæving i nedgarn, men omfanget er ukendt.

Systematik

Sydlig hvidskæving er placeret i slægten Lagenorhynchus, men nylige molekylærgenetiske data tyder på at den er nærmere beslægtet med delfiner i slægten Cephalorhynchus. Dette vil formentlig betyde at arten på et tidspunkt flyttes fra Lagenorhynchus enten til Cephalorhynchus eller grupperes sammen med stillehavshvidskæving, mørk hvidskæving og korshvidskæving i en ny slægt, Sagmatias.[2].

Referencer

  1. ^ Hammond, P.S., Bearzi, G., Bjørge, A., Forney, K., Karczmarski, L., Kasuya, T., Perrin, W.F., Scott, M.D., Wang, J.Y., Wells, R.S. & Wilson, B. (2008). Lagenorhynchus australis. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2008. Hentet den 24 March 2009. Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is of data deficient.
  2. ^ Shirihai, H. and Jarrett, B. (2006). Whales, Dolphins and Other Marine Mammals of the World. Princeton Field Guides. s. 205–207. ISBN 0-691-12757-3. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
  • National Audubon Society: Guide to Marine Mammals of the World ISBN 0-375-41141-0
  • Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals ISBN 0-12-551340-2
  • LeDuc, R.G., Perrin, W.F., Dizon, A.E. (1999). Phylogenetic relationships among the delphinid cetaceans based on full cytochrome b sequences. Marine Mammal Science 15, 619–648.
  • May-Collado, L., Agnarsson, I. (2006). Cytochrome b and Bayesian inference of whale phylogeny. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 38, 344-354.
  • Schevill, W.E., Watkins, W.A. (1971). Pulsed sounds of the porpoise Lagenorhynchus australis. Breviora 366, 1–10.
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Sydlig hvidskæving: Brief Summary ( Danish )

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Sydlig hvidskæving (Lagenorhynchus australis) er en mindre delfin, der lever langs kysten af det sydlige Sydamerika og Falklandsøerne.

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Peale-Delfin ( German )

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Der Peale-Delfin (Lagenorhynchus australis), im englischen Sprachgebrauch auch als Black-chinned Dolphin (Schwarzkinndelfin) bekannt, ist ein kleiner Delfin, der im Gebiet um Feuerland, der Südspitze Südamerikas, beheimatet ist. Er gehört zu den Kurzschnauzendelfinen (Lagenorhynchus).

Der Peale-Delfin hat einen robusten Körperbau mit einem kurzen, starken Kiefer. Die in der Körpermitte sitzende Finne ist hoch und gebogen. Im Ober- und Unterkiefer sitzen 29–34 stiftartige Zähne. Die Körperfarbe ist komplex und individuell verschieden: Das Gesicht (Lippen und Kinn) sowie die Oberseite des Rückens sind dunkel, die ebenfalls dunkle Finne (Rückenflosse) ist an der hinteren Seite heller. Dieser meist graue Fleck geht fließend in die dunkle Farbe über. Ein dunkler Streifen erstreckt sich am hinteren Teil des Rückens diagonal zur Körpermitte, wobei er zwei hellgraue Areale trennt-ein großes an der Vorderseite und ein kleineres an den Flanken. Die Unterseite des Bauches und die Körperpartie um die Flipper sind weiß. Ein dunkler Streifen von der Mundecke zur Genitalöffnung und trennt so die grauen Seiten vom weißen Unterbauch.

Diese Delfinart hält sich in Küstennähe auf, meist vom 38° S im Südwestatlantik, über Cape Horn bis nördlich im 33° S in den südöstlichen Pazifik. Peale-Delfine sind die häufigsten Delfine entlang des südlichen Patagoniens, Tierra del Fuego und sie bewohnen auch die Steilküsten der Falklandinseln. Auch in den Tidengewässern und Kelpwäldern ist er anzutreffen. Die bevorzugte Wassertemperatur liegt bei 15 °C.

Meistens sind diese Zahnwale in Gruppen von 2 bis 7 bis hin zu 20 und vor allem im Sommer und Herbst in 100 Tiere zählenden Familienverbänden unterwegs. Sie werden häufig beim Patrouillieren in flachen Küstengewässern beobachtet. Trotz ihrer langsam anmutenden Gestalt sind Peale-Delfine aktive Schwimmer (springen aus dem Wasser und spielen in der Nähe von Booten), reiten Wellen und schwimmen Zick-Zack durchs Wasser. Oft schließen sich Peale-Delfine mit Commerson-Delfinen zusammen.

Merkmale

Der Peale-Delfin erreicht ausgewachsen eine Länge von 2,10 Metern bei einem Gewicht von etwa 115 Kilogramm. Das Gesicht und das Kinn der Tiere sind dunkelgrau, der Rücken weitgehend schwarz mit jeweils einer weißen Linie auf beiden Seiten, die sich kurvig den Rücken entlangzieht. Der Bauch ist weiß. Hinter den Brustflossen (Flipper) haben sie außerdem einen weißen Fleck und an den Flanken befindet sich oberhalb der Flipper ein grau-weißes Feld. Die Rückenfinne ist relativ groß, die Flipper sind eher klein und spitz zulaufend. Auch die Fluke läuft in zwei spitze Enden aus und hat eine Einschnürung in der Mitte. Bei Sichtung aus größerer Entfernung besteht vor allem Verwechslungsgefahr mit dem Schwarzdelfin (Lagenorhynchus obscurus).

Verbreitung

 src=
Verbreitung

Der Peale-Delfin ist ein Endemit in den Küstengewässern um das südliche Südamerika. Dabei liegt die bislang nördlichste Sichtung auf der pazifischen Seite bei Valdivia in Chile am 38. Breitengrad südlicher Breite. Auf der atlantischen Seite werden die Tiere etwa bis zum 44. Grad gesichtet, auf der Höhe des Golfo San Jorge in Argentinien. Nach Süden reicht das Gebiet bis in die Drake-Straße bei etwa 60° südlicher Breite.

Sie bevorzugen offensichtlich Gewässer mit starker Tidenströmung oder Strömungen an Meerengen und Kanälen. Über die Populationsgröße ist nichts bekannt.

Verhalten

Peale-Delfine sammeln sich in kleinen Gruppen mit durchschnittlich fünf bis 20 Tieren, selten lassen sich auch Schulen mit bis zu 100 Tieren sehen, vor allem im Sommer und Herbst. Dabei schwimmen die Tiere meisten hintereinander entlang der Küste. Normalerweise schwimmen sie relativ langsam, können jedoch abrupt beschleunigen.

Bedrohung und Schutz

Da die Peale-Delfine häufig nahe der Küste schwimmen und nur einen recht kleinen Bereich nutzen, sind sie relativ leicht zu fangen. Besonders in den 1970er und 1980er Jahren wurden tausende der Tiere durch chilenische Fischer getötet und als Köder für die Krabbenfischerei genutzt. Diese Praxis hat zwar abgenommen, wurde jedoch nie verboten. In Argentinien verfangen sich viele Delfine in Fischernetzen, über genaue Zahlen ist allerdings nichts bekannt. Vor allem Walschutzorganisationen wie die Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society mahnen an, dass diese Art zwingend besser erforscht werden muss.

Siehe auch

 src=
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Literatur

  • Mark Carwardine: Wale und Delfine Delius Klasing, Bielefeld, 2008, ISBN 978-3768824736.
  • Mark Carwardine: Delphine – Biologie, Verbreitung, Beobachtung in freier Wildbahn. Naturbuch, Augsburg 1996, ISBN 3-89440-226-1 (informativer Bildband).
  • Ralf Kiefner: Wale und Delfine weltweit. Jahr Top Special, Hamburg 2002, ISBN 3-86132-620-5.
  • J. Niethammer, F. Krapp (Hrsg.): Handbuch der Säugetiere Europas. Band 6. Meeressäuger, T 1a. Wale und Delphine 1. Aula, Wiesbaden 1994, ISBN 3-89104-559-X.
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Peale-Delfin: Brief Summary ( German )

provided by wikipedia DE

Der Peale-Delfin (Lagenorhynchus australis), im englischen Sprachgebrauch auch als Black-chinned Dolphin (Schwarzkinndelfin) bekannt, ist ein kleiner Delfin, der im Gebiet um Feuerland, der Südspitze Südamerikas, beheimatet ist. Er gehört zu den Kurzschnauzendelfinen (Lagenorhynchus).

Der Peale-Delfin hat einen robusten Körperbau mit einem kurzen, starken Kiefer. Die in der Körpermitte sitzende Finne ist hoch und gebogen. Im Ober- und Unterkiefer sitzen 29–34 stiftartige Zähne. Die Körperfarbe ist komplex und individuell verschieden: Das Gesicht (Lippen und Kinn) sowie die Oberseite des Rückens sind dunkel, die ebenfalls dunkle Finne (Rückenflosse) ist an der hinteren Seite heller. Dieser meist graue Fleck geht fließend in die dunkle Farbe über. Ein dunkler Streifen erstreckt sich am hinteren Teil des Rückens diagonal zur Körpermitte, wobei er zwei hellgraue Areale trennt-ein großes an der Vorderseite und ein kleineres an den Flanken. Die Unterseite des Bauches und die Körperpartie um die Flipper sind weiß. Ein dunkler Streifen von der Mundecke zur Genitalöffnung und trennt so die grauen Seiten vom weißen Unterbauch.

Diese Delfinart hält sich in Küstennähe auf, meist vom 38° S im Südwestatlantik, über Cape Horn bis nördlich im 33° S in den südöstlichen Pazifik. Peale-Delfine sind die häufigsten Delfine entlang des südlichen Patagoniens, Tierra del Fuego und sie bewohnen auch die Steilküsten der Falklandinseln. Auch in den Tidengewässern und Kelpwäldern ist er anzutreffen. Die bevorzugte Wassertemperatur liegt bei 15 °C.

Meistens sind diese Zahnwale in Gruppen von 2 bis 7 bis hin zu 20 und vor allem im Sommer und Herbst in 100 Tiere zählenden Familienverbänden unterwegs. Sie werden häufig beim Patrouillieren in flachen Küstengewässern beobachtet. Trotz ihrer langsam anmutenden Gestalt sind Peale-Delfine aktive Schwimmer (springen aus dem Wasser und spielen in der Nähe von Booten), reiten Wellen und schwimmen Zick-Zack durchs Wasser. Oft schließen sich Peale-Delfine mit Commerson-Delfinen zusammen.

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Peale's dolphin

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Peale's dolphin (Lagenorhynchus australis) is a small dolphin found in the waters around Tierra del Fuego at the foot of South America. It is also commonly known as the black-chinned dolphin or even Peale's black-chinned dolphin. However, since Rice's work [3] Peale's dolphin has been adopted as the standard common name.

Taxonomy

Though it is traditionally placed in the genus Lagenorhynchus, recent molecular analyses indicate Peale's dolphin is actually more closely related to the dolphins of the genus Cephalorhynchus. If true, this would mean this species must either be transferred to Cephalorhynchus or be given a new genus of its own. An alternate genus proposed for this species (as well as the Pacific white-sided dolphin, hourglass dolphin and dusky dolphin is the resurrected genus Sagmatias.[4] Some behavioral and morphological data support moving Peale's dolphin to Cephalorhynchus. According to Schevill & Watkins 1971, Peale's dolphin and the Cephalorhynchus species are the only dolphins that do not whistle. Peale's dolphin also shares with several Cephalorhynchus species the possession of a distinct white "armpit" marking behind the pectoral fin.

Physical description

Peale's dolphin

Peale's dolphin is of typical size in its family — about 1 m in length at birth and 2.1 m (6.9 ft) when fully mature. Its adult weight is about 115 kg. It has a dark-grey face and chin. The back is largely black with a single off-white stripe running curving and thickened as it runs down the back on each side. The belly is white. Conspicuously, also a white patch occurs under just behind each flippers. These are known as the "armpits". The flanks also have a large white-grey patch above the flipper. The dorsal fin is large for this size cetacean and distinctively falcated. The flippers themselves are small and pointed. The tail fin, too, has pointed tips, as well as a notch at its middle.

The species looks similar to the dusky dolphin when viewed at a distance, and may be confused with it.

Population and distribution

Peale's dolphin leaping off Falkland Islands

Peale's dolphin is endemic to the coastal waters around southern South America. On the Pacific side, they have been seen as far north as Valdivia, Chile at 38°S. On the Atlantic side, sightings typically diminish at about 44°S — near Golfo San Jorge, Argentina. In the south, they have been seen at almost 60°S — well into the Drake Passage.

They are often found in areas of fast-moving waters, such as entrances to channels and narrows, as well as close to shore in safe areas such as bays.

The total population is unknown, but recent research estimates there to be ~21,800 individuals in the South Atlantic part of its range.[5]

Behaviour

Peale's dolphins congregate in small groups — usually about five in number, and sometimes up to 20.[6] On rare occasions in summer and autumn, much larger groups have been recorded (100 individuals). A typical pattern is for the group to move in a line parallel to the shore. They usually swim slowly, but are prone to bursts of activity.[5]

Peale's dolphins are often found swimming slowly near kelp beds.[6][7] They have been found to associate with other cetaceans such as Commerson's dolphins.[7]

Food and foraging

In the southwestern South Atlantic, Peale's dolphin forages in the coastal ecosystem, feeding mainly on the demersal and bottom fish such as southern cod and Patagonian grenadier; also octopus, squid, and shrimps have also been found in stomachs examined. They feed in or near kelp beds and in open waters, with cooperative feeding, such as straight-line and large circle formations or star-burst feeding in which large groups encircle prey.[7]

Conservation

Peale's dolphins' propensity for moving over only small areas, and staying close to shore, has rendered them vulnerable to interference by man. During the 1970s and '80s, Chilean fisherman killed and used thousands of Peale's dolphins for crab bait each year.[5][7] This practice has decreased, but not been made illegal.[5][7]

In Argentina, Peale's dolphins have been reported becoming trapped in gill nets, but the extent of this is not known.[5] Conservation groups such as the Whale and Dolphin Conservation demand further research be made into this species.

The Peale's dolphin or black-chinned dolphin is listed on Appendix II[8] of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS). It is listed on Appendix II[8] as it has an unfavourable conservation status or would benefit significantly from international co-operation organised by tailored agreements.[9]

See also

References

  1. ^ Heinrich, S.; Dellabianca, N. (2019). "Lagenorhynchus australis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T11143A50361589. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T11143A50361589.en.
  2. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
  3. ^ "Marine Mammals of the World. Systematics and Distribution", by Dale W. Rice (1998). Published by the Society of Marine Mammalogy as Special Publication No. 4
  4. ^ Vollmer, Nicole L.; Ashe, Erin; Brownell, Robert L.; Cipriano, Frank; Mead, James G.; Reeves, Randall R.; Soldevilla, Melissa S.; Williams, Rob (2019). "Taxonomic revision of the dolphin genus Lagenorhynchus". Marine Mammal Science. 35 (3): 957–1057. doi:10.1111/mms.12573. ISSN 1748-7692. S2CID 92421374.
  5. ^ a b c d e IUCN (30 July 2018). "Lagenorhynchus australis: Heinrich, S. & Dellabianca, N.: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: e.T11143A50361589". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018-07-30. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2019-1.rlts.t11143a50361589.en.|date= / |doi= mismatch
  6. ^ a b Ridgway, Sam H., Harrison, Richard J. (1999). Handbook of Marine Mammals: The Second Book of Dolphins and the Porpoises. Academic Press. pp. 105–120. ISBN 978-0125885065.
  7. ^ a b c d e Berta, Annalisa, editor. Whales, Dolphins & Porpoises: A Natural History and Species Guide. University of Chicago Press, 2015.
  8. ^ a b "Appendix II Archived 11 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine" of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS). As amended by the Conference of the Parties in 1985, 1988, 1991, 1994, 1997, 1999, 2002, 2005 and 2008. Effective: 5 March 2009.
  9. ^ Convention on Migratory Species page on the Peale's dolphin / Black-chinned dolphin
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Peale's dolphin: Brief Summary

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Peale's dolphin (Lagenorhynchus australis) is a small dolphin found in the waters around Tierra del Fuego at the foot of South America. It is also commonly known as the black-chinned dolphin or even Peale's black-chinned dolphin. However, since Rice's work Peale's dolphin has been adopted as the standard common name.

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Lagenorhynchus australis ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El delfín austral o antártico (Lagenorhynchus australis, también clasificado como Tursio chiloensis Philippi[2]​) es una especie de cetáceo odontoceto de la familia Delphinidae. Es un pequeño delfín que habita las aguas que rodean Tierra del Fuego al sur de Sudamérica.

Descripción

De longitud cercana a los 2,1 m y con un peso, como adulto, de aproximadamente 115 kg, posee el tamaño típico de su género (Lagenorhynchus). La cara es de color gris oscuro, la parte caudal es en gran parte negra, con una franja blanca. La especie es similar al delfín oscuro o de Fitzroy (Lagenorhynchus obscurus) cuando se ven a distancia, y con frecuencia se confunden.

Población y distribución

Es endémico de las aguas costeras de todo el sur de América del Sur. En el lado Pacífico se han visto tan al norte como Valdivia, Chile en 38 °S. Por el lado Atlántico suelen llegar alrededor de 41 °S - cerca del Golfo San Matias, Argentina.

A menudo se encuentran en zonas de rápido movimiento de las aguas, tales como entradas a los canales y estrechos, así como cerca de la costa en zonas seguras, tales como bahías. La población total es desconocida, pero se piensa que es común a nivel local.

En la provincia de Santa Cruz en Argentina fue declarado monumento natural provincial mediante la ley n.º 3083 sancionada el 8 de octubre de 2009.[3]

Referencias

  1. Heinrich, S. & Dellabianca, N. (2019). «Lagenorhynchus australis». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2019.1 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 30 de mayo de 2020.
  2. WoRMS World Register of Marine Species
  3. Ley n.° 3083

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Lagenorhynchus australis: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El delfín austral o antártico (Lagenorhynchus australis, también clasificado como Tursio chiloensis Philippi​) es una especie de cetáceo odontoceto de la familia Delphinidae. Es un pequeño delfín que habita las aguas que rodean Tierra del Fuego al sur de Sudamérica.

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Lagenorhynchus australis ( Basque )

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Lagenorhynchus australis Lagenorhynchus generoko animalia da. Artiodaktiloen barruko Delphinidae familian sailkatuta dago.

Erreferentziak

  1. (Ingelesez)Mammals - full taxonomy and Red List status Ugaztun guztien egoera 2008an
  2. Peale (1848) 8 Mammalia in Repts. U.S. Expl. Surv. 33 pl. 6. or..

Kanpo estekak

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Lagenorhynchus australis: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Lagenorhynchus australis Lagenorhynchus generoko animalia da. Artiodaktiloen barruko Delphinidae familian sailkatuta dago.

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Mustaposkidelfiini ( Finnish )

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Mustaposkidelfiini eli patagoniandelfiini eli eteländelfiini (Lagenorhynchus australis) on pieni delfiinilaji, jota tavataan Etelä-Amerikan eteläosan rannikkovesistä.

Rakenne

Syntyessään mustaposkidelfiini on yhden metrin pituinen, ja täysikasvuisena 2,1 metriä. Painoa on noin 115 kg. Sillä on tummanharmaat kasvot ja leuka. Selkä on pitkälti musta, jonka poikki menee yksi luonnonvalkoinen kaareva raita, joka jakautuu selän kummallekin puolelle. Vatsa ja evien takaosat ovat valkoiset. Kylkievät ovat melko pienet ja pyrstöevän välissä on lovi.

Laji muistuttaa paljon mustadelfiiniä.

Levinneisyys

Mustaposkidelfiinit elelevät Etelä-Amerikan rannikkovesillä. Niitä on tavattu Chilen puolella Valparaísossa saakka ja Argentiinassa maan pohjoisosiin saakka. Lisäksi lajia on nähty säännöllisesti Falklandinsaarten vesiltä.[1]

Mustaposkidelfiiniä esiintyy pääsääntöisesti rantavesistä alle 200 metrin syvyydessä. Tulimaassa ja Chileten eteläosissa lajia tavataan syvissä salmissa ja vuonoissa. Chiloén saaristossa niitä on puolestaan erityisesti matalissa alle 30 metriä syvissä vesissä.[1]

Käyttäytyminen

Mustaposkidelfiinit kokoontuvat pienissä, 5–20 yksilön ryhmissä. Joskus harvoin kesällä ja syksyllä ne voivat uida suuremmissa, 100 yksilön ryhmissä. Ryhmät liikkuvat yleensä hitaasti rantaviivan suuntaisesti pienillä alueilla. Tämän vuoksi ne joutuvat helposti kalaverkkoihin. 1970- ja 80-luvuilla Chilen kalastajien verkkoihin joutui tuhansia delfiinejä vuosittain. Myös Argentiinassa on havaittu ajautumisia verkkoihin.

Lähteet

  • National Audubon Society: Guide to Marine Mammals of the World ISBN 0-375-41141-0
  • Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals ISBN 0-12-551340-2
  • LeDuc, R.G., Perrin, W.F., Dizon, A.E. (1999). Phylogenetic relationships among the delphinid cetaceans based on full cytochrome b sequences. Marine Mammal Science 15, 619–648.
  • May-Collado, L., Agnarsson, I. (2006). Cytochrome b and Bayesian inference of whale phylogeny. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 38, 344-354.
  • Schevill, W.E., Watkins, W.A. (1971). Pulsed sounds of the porpoise Lagenorhynchus australis. Breviora 366, 1–10.

Viitteet

  1. a b c Heinrich, S. & Dellabianca, N: Lagenorhynchus australis IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2019-1. 2019. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 24.3.2019. (englanniksi)

Aiheesta muualla

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Mustaposkidelfiini: Brief Summary ( Finnish )

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Mustaposkidelfiini eli patagoniandelfiini eli eteländelfiini (Lagenorhynchus australis) on pieni delfiinilaji, jota tavataan Etelä-Amerikan eteläosan rannikkovesistä.

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Dauphin de Peale ( French )

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Lagenorhynchus australis

Le Dauphin de Peale (Lagenorhynchus australis) est un lagénorhynque de la famille des delphinidés.

Distribution

 src=
Carte de répartition

Notes et références

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Dauphin de Peale: Brief Summary ( French )

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Lagenorhynchus australis

Le Dauphin de Peale (Lagenorhynchus australis) est un lagénorhynque de la famille des delphinidés.

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Lagenorhynchus australis ( Galician )

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Lagenorhynchus australis é unha especie de cetáceo odontoceto da familia dos delfínidos.

É un pequeno golfiño que habita as augas que rodean o cono sur suramericano.

Taxonomía

Descrición

A especie foi descrita orixinariamente en 1848 polo naturalista estadounidense Titian Ramsay Peale, na súa obra United States Exploring Expedition during the years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842. VIII. Mammalia and ornithology. (Cetacea: 32-36), que a denominou como Phocaena australis, que é o basónimo da especie.[2]

Sinónimos

Posteriormente foi coñecido por outros sinónimos:[2]

  • Delphinus chilensis Philippi, 1896
  • Phocoena australis Peale, 1848
  • Sagmatias amblodon Cope, 1866
  • Tursio chiloensis Philippi, 1900

Taxonomía discutida

Véxase tamén: Lagenorhynchus.

A pesar de que tradicionalmente a especie se coloca no xénero Lagenorhynchus, as últimas análises de ADN indican que está bastante relacionado coas especies do xénero Cephalorhynchus.

En efecto, aínda que antigamente o xénero estaba considerado como monofilético, na actualidade estudos e análises xenéticas do citocromo b mitocondrial indican que as especies de Lagenorhynchus non constitúen un grupo natural, senón que é parafilético.

May-Collado e Agnarsson (2006) consideran a Lagenorhynchus cruciger e L. australis como situados filoxeneticamente entre as especies de Cephalorhynchus e suxiren que estas dúas especies deben transferirse a dito xénero. Algúns datos morfolóxicos e acústicos apoian este arranxo. Ambas as especies comparten coas de Cephalorhynchus un tipo distinto de sinal de ecolocalización coñecido como sinal de banda estreita, de alta frecuencia.[3][4]

Presumibelmente isto é tamén o caso de L. cruciger. Por outra parte, L. australis tamén comparte con outras varias especies de Cephalorhynchus o ter dunha cor branca distinto a "axila" marcada detrás da aleta pectoral.

Pero, aínda que iso sexa certo, non significaría que L. australis debería transferirse a Cephalorhynchus, senón integrala nun novo xénero propio.

Un xénero alternativo foi proposto por LeDouc (así como para Lagenorhynchus obliquidens e L. obscurus): Sagmatias.[5][6]

Características

De lonxitude próxima aos 2,1 m e cun peso cando adulto de aproximadamente 115 kg, ten o tamaño típico do seu xénero (Lagenorhynchus).

A cara é de cor gris escura, a parte caudal é en gran parte negra cunha franxa branca.

A especie é moi similar a Lagenorhynchus obscurus cando se ven a distancia, e poden ser confundidas.

Poboación e distribución

 src=
Lagenorhynchus australis saltando.

Golfiño endémico das augas costeiras de todo o sur de América.

No lado do océano Pacífico avistáronse tan ao norte como á altura de Valdivia, Chile, aos 38° S.

Polo lado do Atlántico adoitan chegar ao redor dos 44° S, cerca do golfo San Jorge, Arxentina.

Adoito encóntranse en zonas de rápido movemento das augas, tales como entradas aos canais e estreitos, así como cerca da costa en zonas seguras, tales como baías e estuarios amplos.

A poboación total é descoñecida, pero pénsase que é común a nivel local.[1]

Notas

  1. 1,0 1,1 Hammond, P. S., Bearzi, G., Bjørge, A., Forney, K., Karczmarski, L., Kasuya, T., Perrin, W. F., Scott, M. D., Wang, J. Y., Wells, R. S. & Wilson, B. (2008): Lagenorhynchus australis na Lista Vermella de especieas ameazadas da IUCN. Consultada o 16 de agosto de 2014.
  2. 2,0 2,1 Lagenorhynchus australis (Peale, 1848) no WoRMS.
  3. May-Collado, Laura & Agnarsson, Ingi (2006): "Cytochrome b and Bayesian inference of whale phylogeny". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 38: 344–354. Ler en PDF.
  4. Kyhn, L. A.; Jensen, F. H.; Beedholm, F. H.; Tougaard, J.; Hansen, M. & Madsen, P. T. (2010): "Echolocation in sympatric Peale's dolphins (Lagenorhynchus australis) and Commerson's dolphins (Cephalorhynchus commersonii) producing narrow-band high-frequency clicks". Journal of Experimental Biology, 213 (11). Resume.
  5. Shirihai, H. & Jarrett, B. (2006). Whales, Dolphins and Other Marine Mammals of the World. Princeton Field Guides. pp. 205–207. ISBN 9780691127569..
  6. LeDuc, R. G.; Perrin, W. F. e Dizon, A. E. (1999): "Phylogenetic relationships among the delphinid cetaceans based on full cytochrome b sequences", en Marine Mammal Science 15: 619–648. Resumo

Véxase tamén

Bibliografía

Outros artigos

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Lagenorhynchus australis: Brief Summary ( Galician )

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Lagenorhynchus australis é unha especie de cetáceo odontoceto da familia dos delfínidos.

É un pequeno golfiño que habita as augas que rodean o cono sur suramericano.

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Sagmatias australis ( Italian )

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Il lagenorinco australe (Sagmatias australis (Peale, 1848)) è un piccolo delfino che vive nelle acque intorno alla Terra del Fuoco, all'estremità meridionale del Sudamerica.[2] In inglese viene chiamato Peale's dolphin in onore del suo scopritore, il naturalista americano Titian Peale.[3]

Descrizione

 src=
Lagenorinco australe.

Il lagenorinco australe presenta le dimensioni tipiche dei rappresentanti della sua famiglia - circa 1 m di lunghezza alla nascita e 2,1 m nel pieno sviluppo. Gli adulti pesano circa 115 kg. La faccia e il dorso grigi scuri o neri contrastano con l'evidente macchia toracica grigio-biancastra che va dall'occhio fino a metà corpo e con la banda posteriore che raggiunge il peduncolo caudale. Il ventre è bianco. Inoltre, proprio dietro a ciascuna pinna pettorale si trova una macchia bianca, nota come «ascella». La pinna dorsale è piuttosto grande per un cetaceo di queste dimensioni ed è distintamente falcata. Le pinne pettorali, invece, sono piccole e appuntite. La pinna caudale ha anch'essa le estremità appuntite e presenta inoltre un seno interlobare molto evidente.

Se visto da lontano, può essere facilmente confuso con il lagenorinco scuro.

Distribuzione e habitat

 src=
Lagenorinco australe che salta al largo delle Falkland.

Il lagenorinco australe è endemico delle acque costiere che circondano il Sudamerica meridionale. Sul versante pacifico, può essere osservato a nord fino a Valdivia, in Cile, all'altezza di 38° S. Su quello atlantico, gli avvistamenti in genere iniziano a farsi più rari a partire da 44°S - nei pressi del golfo San Jorge, in Argentina. Verso sud, è stato avvistato fin quasi a 60° S - ben dentro allo stretto di Drake.

Viene spesso rinvenuto in acque caratterizzate da correnti molto forti, ad esempio in prossimità dell'ingresso di canali o bracci di mare, ma anche in acque più sicure, come nelle baie.

L'entità della popolazione è sconosciuta, ma ricerche recenti stimano che nella parte atlantica dell'areale vivano circa 21800 esemplari.[1]

Biologia

I lagenorinchi australi si riuniscono in piccoli gruppi - quasi sempre di circa cinque esemplari, ma talvolta anche di 20.[4] In rare occasioni, in estate e in autunno, sono stati segnalati gruppi molto più grandi (100 individui). Generalmente un gruppo di questi animali si muove spostandosi in linea parallela lungo la costa. Pur nuotando quasi sempre lentamente, non sono restii a scatti fulminei.[1]

Spesso vengono visti nuotare lentamente vicino ai letti di kelp.[4][5] In alcuni casi si associano volentieri ad altri cetacei, come i cefalorinchi di Commerson.[5]

Nell'Atlantico sud-occidentale, i lagenorinchi australi si alimentano in prossimità della costa, nutrendosi principalmente di pesci demersali e di fondale come il merluzzo antartico e il granatiere della Patagonia; negli stomaci esaminati sono stati rinvenuti anche polpi, calamari e gamberetti. Si alimentano sui letti di kelp o nelle zone limitrofe e in acque aperte, cooperando tra loro per catturare le prede disponendosi in formazioni lineari o a cerchio.[5]

Tassonomia

Sebbene venga tradizionalmente classificato nel genere Lagenorhynchus, recenti analisi molecolari indicano che il lagenorinco australe sia in realtà più strettamente imparentato con le specie del genere Cephalorhynchus. Se ciò corrisponde alla verità, la specie andrebbe trasferita in Cephalorhynchus o in un nuovo genere. Un genere alternativo in cui porre questa specie (assieme al lagenorinco dai denti obliqui e al lagenorinco scuro) è Sagmatias, che è stato accettato dalla American Society of Mammalogists.[6] Alcune caratteristiche comportamentali e morfologiche, tuttavia, supporterebbero il trasferimento della specie in Cephalorhynchus. Secondo Schevill e Watkins, 1971, il lagenorinco australe e le specie di Cephalorhynchus sarebbero gli unici delfini a non emettere fischi. Inoltre, il lagenorinco australe presenta, come alcune specie di Cephalorhynchus, una caratteristica macchia bianca sulle «ascelle», proprio dietro alle pinne pettorali.

Conservazione

La propensione dei lagenorinchi australi a spostarsi solo su piccole area e a rimanere vicino alla costa li ha resi vulnerabili alle interferenze umane. Durante gli anni '70 e '80, ogni anno i pescatori cileni li uccidevano a migliaia per usarne la carne come esca per i granchi.[1][5] Da allora questa pratica è divenuta meno frequente, ma non è ancora stata dichiarata illegale.[1][5]

In Argentina sono stati segnalati casi di lagenorinchi australi rimasti intrappolati nelle reti da posta, ma l'entità del fenomeno non è nota.[1] Gruppi ambientalisti come Whale and Dolphin Conservation stanno tuttora spingendo affinché vengano effettuate maggiori ricerche su questa specie.

Il lagenorinco australe figura nell'Appendice II[7] della Convenzione sulla conservazione delle specie migratrici degli animali selvatici (CMS),[7] in quanto richiederebbe o trarrebbe un significativo beneficio da accordi internazionali specifici.[8]

Note

  1. ^ a b c d e f (EN) Heinrich, S. & Dellabianca, N. 2019, Lagenorhynchus australis, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.
  2. ^ Sagmatias australis, su Mammal Diversity.
  3. ^ Dale W. Rice, Marine Mammals of the World. Systematics and Distribution, n. 4, Society of Marine Mammalogy, 1998.
  4. ^ a b Sam H. Ridgway e Richard J. Harrison, Handbook of Marine Mammals: The Second Book of Dolphins and the Porpoises, Academic Press, 1999, pp. 105-120, ISBN 978-0125885065.
  5. ^ a b c d e Annalisa Berta (a cura di), Whales, Dolphins & Porpoises: A Natural History and Species Guide, University of Chicago Press, 2015.
  6. ^ H. Shirihai e B. Jarrett, Whales, Dolphins and Other Marine Mammals of the World, Princeton Field Guides, 2006, pp. 205-207, ISBN 9780691127569.
  7. ^ a b Appendix II (PDF), su Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS), 11 giugno 2011 (archiviato dall'url originale l'11 giugno 2011).
  8. ^ Convention on Migratory Species page on the Peale's dolphin / Black-chinned dolphin

Bibliografia

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Sagmatias australis: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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Il lagenorinco australe (Sagmatias australis (Peale, 1848)) è un piccolo delfino che vive nelle acque intorno alla Terra del Fuoco, all'estremità meridionale del Sudamerica. In inglese viene chiamato Peale's dolphin in onore del suo scopritore, il naturalista americano Titian Peale.

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Juodasmakris delfinas ( Lithuanian )

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Binomas Lagenorhynchus australis
Paplitimo arealas

Juodasmakris delfinas (Lagenorhynchus australis) yra nedidelis delfinas, sutinkamas vandenyse aplink Ugnies Žemę Pietų Amerikoje.

Gimę juodasmakriai delfinai yra apie 1 m ilgio, suaugę – 2,1 m. Suaugę juodasmakriai delfinai sveria 115 kg. Snukis ir smakras tamsiai pilki. Nugara juoda, pilvas baltas, taip pat po baltą dėmę yra po kiekvienu iš pelekų, kurios vadinamos „pažastimis“. Patys pelekai nedideli.

Nebaigta Šis su teriologija susijęs straipsnis yra nebaigtas. Jūs galite prisidėti prie Vikipedijos papildydami šį straipsnį.
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Dolfijn van Peale ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De dolfijn van Peale (Lagenorhynchus australis) is een Zuid-Amerikaanse soort dolfijn uit het geslacht Lagenorhynchus. Analyses tonen echter aan dat dat geslacht moet worden herzien. De dolfijn van Peale zou dan in het geslacht Sagmatias terechtkomen.

Voorkomen

De dolfijn van Peale komt voor in de ondiepe kustwateren van Argentinië, Chili en de Falklandeilanden. Ze betreden ook kanalen en baaien en komen soms ook in dieper water. Ze komen vaak voor bij kelpwouden (Macrocystis pyrifera), waar ze gebruikmaken van natuurlijke geulen om zich voort te bewegen. Het is de meest voorkomende walvis rond de Falklandeilanden en in bepaalde gebieden van Chili.[1] Ze leven in kleine groepjes van 2 tot 20 exemplaren. In de zomer en herfst vormen ze groepen van 30 tot 100 exemplaren. Ze worden vaak gezien met kortsnuitdolfijnen.

De dolfijn duikt tot maximaal 2,5 minuten lang, maar meestal minder dan 30 seconden. Om adem te halen, komen ze met hun spuitgat en rugvin boven. Groepen komen in een soort ritmisch patroon boven. Meestal zwemmen ze langzaam, maar ze maken soms ook lage, lange sprongen met acrobatischere hoge sprongen.

De dolfijn is een sociaal dier. Hij zwemt en speelt soms rond boten.

Kenmerken

De soort is vrij stevig gebouwd. Hij heeft een puntige, erg korte snuit. Hij is tussen 1,3 en 2,2 meter lang, mannetjes zijn gemiddeld wat groter. Een exemplaar weegt tussen 100 en 115 kg. Ze hebben een donkere keel, kop en rug. De zwarte kleur stopt soms abrupt bij de keel en is variabel op de bek. De buik is wit en is soms duidelijk afgescheiden van de rest van het lijf met een donkere lijn. Aan het begin van de flipper zit op het lijf een witte, glanzende vlek. Op de zijkanten loopt achteraan het lijf een witte vlek tot aan het begin van de staart, en vooraan een lichte vlek tot halfweg het lijf. Sommige exemplaren hebben echter een vrij onopvallende tekening. Soms loopt er ook een smalle streep van het oog naar de rug. Hun oog is begrensd door een lichtere of donkere oogvlek.

Ze hebben een hoge, sikkelvormige rugvin. De achterrand is vaak wat lichter grijs dan de rest van de vin. Bij oudere dieren zitten er knobbels op de voorrand van de flippers. De flippers en staartvin zijn donker. Mannetjes hebben een opvallende staartaanzet.

Het is niet bekend hoe oud de soort kan worden. De oudst vastgestelde leeftijd is 13 jaar.

Voedsel

Op het menu van de dolfijn staan bodemvissen, schaaldieren en kleine koppotigen. Ze jagen in kelpgebied. Kleine vissen bejagen ze gezamenlijk. In open zee bejagen ze soms in grotere groep grote scholen vis. De dolfijnengroep omcirkelt de vissen zodat die een grote groep vormen, waarna de dolfijnen zich te goed doen aan de vissen.

Voortplanting

Het kalveren gebeurt van oktober tot en met april. Een pasgeboren kalf is ongeveer 1 meter lang. De jongen zogen zo'n 18 maand en blijven na het spenen nog een half jaar bij de moeder. Meestal krijgt de dolfijn één jong per worp.

Bedreigingen

Het IUCN heeft te weinig gegevens om een accurate schatting te maken van het aantal exemplaren van de dolfijnensoort. Hij wordt in de Straat van Magellaan en rond Tierra del Fuego gevangen om als aas te dienen bij de jacht op krabben, maar dit fenomeen is sinds eind de jaren 70 verboden en neemt waarschijnlijk af. Ze komen soms ook vast te zitten in visnetten. Een andere mogelijke bedreiging is het verlies aan habitat.[1]

Bronnen

Referenties

Geslachten en soorten van dolfijnen (Delphinidae)
Australodelphis:Australodelphis mirusCephalorhynchus:Kortsnuitdolfijn (Cephalorhynchus commersonii) · Witbuikdolfijn (Cephalorhynchus eutropia) · Havisidedolfijn (Cephalorhynchus heavisidii) · Hectordolfijn (Cephalorhynchus hectori)Delphinus:Kaapse dolfijn (Delphinus capensis) · Gewone dolfijn (Delphinus delphis)Feresa:Dwerggriend (Feresa attenuata)Globicephala:Indische griend (Globicephala macrorhynchus) · Griend (Globicephala melas)Grampus:Gramper (Grampus griseus)Lagenodelphis:Sarawakdolfijn (Lagenodelphis hosei)Lagenorhynchus:Witflankdolfijn (Lagenorhynchus acutus) · Witsnuitdolfijn (Lagenorhynchus albirostris) · Dolfijn van Peale (Lagenorhynchus australis) · Zandloperdolfijn (Lagenorhynchus cruciger) · Witgestreepte dolfijn (Lagenorhynchus obliquidens) · Donkergestreepte dolfijn (Lagenorhynchus obscurus)Lissodelphis:Noordelijke gladde dolfijn (Lissodelphis borealis) · Zuidelijke gladde dolfijn (Lissodelphis peronii)Orcaella:Irrawaddydolfijn (Orcaella brevirostris) · Australische snubvindolfijn (Orcaella heinsohni)Orcinus:Orka (Orcinus orca)PlatalearostrumHoekmans stompsnuitdolfijn (Platalearostrum hoekmani) †Peponocephala:Witlipdolfijn (Peponocephala electra)Pseudorca:Zwarte zwaardwalvis (Pseudorca crassidens)Sotalia:Tucuxi (Sotalia fluviatilis) · Costero (Sotalia guianensis)Sousa:Chinese witte dolfijn (Sousa chinensis) · Kameroendolfijn (Sousa teuszii)Stenella:Slanke dolfijn (Stenella attenuata) · Clymenedolfijn (Stenella clymene) · Gestreepte dolfijn (Stenella coeruleoalba) · Atlantische vlekdolfijn (Stenella frontalis) · Langsnuitdolfijn (Stenella longirostris)Steno:Snaveldolfijn (Steno bredanensis)Tursiops:Langbektuimelaar (Tursiops aduncus) · Tuimelaar (Tursiops truncatus)
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Dolfijn van Peale: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De dolfijn van Peale (Lagenorhynchus australis) is een Zuid-Amerikaanse soort dolfijn uit het geslacht Lagenorhynchus. Analyses tonen echter aan dat dat geslacht moet worden herzien. De dolfijn van Peale zou dan in het geslacht Sagmatias terechtkomen.

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Delfinowiec południowy ( Polish )

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Delfinowiec południowy[4], delfin południowy[5] (Lagenorhynchus australis) – gatunek ssaka z rodziny delfinowatych (Delphinidae). Zamieszkuje morza wokół Ameryki Południowej i Wysp Falklandzkich. Ma czarną głowę, grzbiet i płetwy, białe gardło i brzuch, posiada też srebrzyste plamy po bokach i krótki dziób. Długość jego ciała wynosi 2-2,3 m. Waży około 120 kg. Delfiny te żyją w niewielkich grupach, od 5 do 20 osobników, choć jesienią są spotykane większe. Zwierzęta te są zagrożone w wyniku połowu przez chilijskich rybaków. Po raz pierwszy opisał go Titian Peale w 1848 roku.

Przypisy

  1. a b c Lagenorhynchus australis, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. Wilson Don E. & Reeder DeeAnn M. (red.) Lagenorhynchus australis. w: Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (Wyd. 3.) [on-line]. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005. (ang.) [dostęp 10 stycznia 2009]
  3. Hammond, P.S., Bearzi, G., Bjørge, A., Forney, K., Karczmarski, L., Kasuya, T., Perrin, W.F., Scott, M.D., Wang, J.Y., Wells, R.S. & Wilson, B. 2008, Lagenorhynchus australis [w:] The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015 [online], wersja 2015.2 [dostęp 2015-09-13] (ang.).
  4. Włodzimierz Cichocki, Agnieszka Ważna, Jan Cichocki, Ewa Rajska, Artur Jasiński, Wiesław Bogdanowicz: Polskie nazewnictwo ssaków świata. Warszawa: Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii PAN, 2015, s. 188. ISBN 978-83-88147-15-9.
  5. Polskie i łacińskie nazwy waleni. Stacja Morska Instytutu Oceanografii Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego. [dostęp 2015-03-14].
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Delfinowiec południowy: Brief Summary ( Polish )

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Delfinowiec południowy, delfin południowy (Lagenorhynchus australis) – gatunek ssaka z rodziny delfinowatych (Delphinidae). Zamieszkuje morza wokół Ameryki Południowej i Wysp Falklandzkich. Ma czarną głowę, grzbiet i płetwy, białe gardło i brzuch, posiada też srebrzyste plamy po bokach i krótki dziób. Długość jego ciała wynosi 2-2,3 m. Waży około 120 kg. Delfiny te żyją w niewielkich grupach, od 5 do 20 osobników, choć jesienią są spotykane większe. Zwierzęta te są zagrożone w wyniku połowu przez chilijskich rybaków. Po raz pierwszy opisał go Titian Peale w 1848 roku.

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Golfinho-do-sul ( Portuguese )

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O golfinho-do-sul (Lagenorhynchus australis), ou golfinho-de-peale, é um cetáceo da família dos delfinídeos encontrado nas águas frias do sul da América do Sul, de Valparaíso, no Chile, a Commodoro Rivadavia, Argentina, e nas ilhas Falkland.

Referências

  • MEAD, J. G.; BROWNELL, R. L. (2005). Order Cetacea. In: WILSON, D. E.; REEDER, D. M. (Eds.) Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. 3ª edição. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 723-743.
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Golfinho-do-sul: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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O golfinho-do-sul (Lagenorhynchus australis), ou golfinho-de-peale, é um cetáceo da família dos delfinídeos encontrado nas águas frias do sul da América do Sul, de Valparaíso, no Chile, a Commodoro Rivadavia, Argentina, e nas ilhas Falkland.

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Peales delfin ( Swedish )

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Peales delfin (Lagenorhynchus australis) är en art i familjen delfiner som förekommer i havsområden kring södra Sydamerika.

Kännetecken

 src=
Storleksjämförelse mellan Peales delfin och medelstor människa

Vuxna individer når en kroppslängd upp till 2,10 meter och en vikt omkring 115 kilogram. Delfinens ansikte är mörkgrå och ryggen är svart. På varje sida av bakkroppen finns en böjd vit strimma. Buken är vitaktig. På varje bröstfena finns en vit fläck. Ryggfenan är jämförelsevis stor och bukfenorna är små och spetsiga. Även stjärtfenan slutar spetsig. Från längre avstånd kan arten förväxlas med Södra Atlantvitsiding (Lagenorhynchus obscurus).

Utbredning och habitat

Arten är endemisk för havsområdet kring södra Sydamerika. Den iakttogs i Stilla havet så långt norrut som Valdivia i Chile vid 38:e breddgraden. I Atlanten simmar den upp till San Jorge viken i Argentina vid 44:e breddgraden. Söderut förekommer delfinen till 60:e breddgraden.

Delfinen föredrar antagligen områden med starka tidvattenströmningar.

Levnadssätt

Peales delfin lever i grupper av omkring 20 individer men ibland syns upp till 100 individer tillsammans, främst under sommaren och hösten. Delfinerna simmar ofta i rad längs kustlinjen. Vanligen simmar de långsamt men de har bra förmåga att öka hastigheten.

Hot och skyddsåtgärder

Individerna går lätt att fånga då de simmar nära kusten och på grund av deras begränsade utbredningsområde. Under 1970- och 1980-talet dödades tusentals delfiner av chilenska fiskare, främst som bete för krabbor. Även idag jagas delfinerna för detta ändamål men inte i lika stora tal. Andra individer drunknar när de fastnar i fiskenät. Det är ingenting känt om artens populationsstorlek och därför kräver naturskyddsorganisationer som Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society ett större forskningsprogram. IUCN listar arten under kunskapsbrist.

Referenser

Den här artikeln är helt eller delvis baserad på material från tyskspråkiga Wikipedia, 13 februari 2009.

Tryckta källor

  • Mark Carwardine: Wale und Delfine. Delius Klasing, Bielefeld 2003, ISBN 3-7688-1456-4
  • Mark Carwardine: Delfine - Biologie, Verbreitung, Beobachtung in freier Wildbahn. Naturbuch, Augsburg 1996, ISBN 3-89440-226-1 (främst bilder)
  • Ralf Kiefner: Wale und Delfine weltweit. Jahr Top Special, Hamburg 2002, ISBN 3-86132-620-5
  • J. Niethammer, F. Krapp (utgivare): Handbuch der Säugetiere Europas. Band 6. Meeressäuger, T 1a. Wale und Delphine 1. Aula, Wiesbaden 1994, ISBN 3-89104-559-X

Noter

  1. ^ Lagenorhynchus australisIUCN:s rödlista, auktor: Hammond, P.S. et. al. (2008), besökt 12 januari 2009.
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Peales delfin: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

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Peales delfin (Lagenorhynchus australis) är en art i familjen delfiner som förekommer i havsområden kring södra Sydamerika.

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Siyah çeneli yunus ( Turkish )

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Siyah çeneli yunus (Lagenorhynchus australis) ya da Peale yunusu, yunusgiller (Delphinidae) familyasından Lagenorhynchus cinsindeki altı yunus türünden biridir. Bu küçük yunus türü Güney Amerika'nın en güneyinde yer alan Ateş Toprakları'nın çevresindeki sularda yaşar.

Sınıflandırma

Geleneksel olarak Lagenorhynchus cinsi içinde sınıflandırılsalar da son zamanlarda yapılan moleküler analizler siyah çeneli yunusun aslında Cephalorhynchus cinsinde yer alan yunuslar ile daha yakın akraba olduğunu göstermektedir. Eğer bu doğruysa bu yunus türü ya Cephalorhynchus cinsine geçirilmeli ya da kendi cinsi altında sınıflandırılmalıdır. Bu yunus türü için (ve ayrıca Pasifik beyaz yanlı yunusu ile Gölgeli yunus için de) Sagmatias diye yeni bir cins önerilmiştir.[1] Siyah çeneli yunusu Cephalorhynchus cinsi altında sınıflandırmak için bazı morfolojik ve davranışsal özellikler vardır. Schevill & Watkins'e (1971) göre siyah çeneli yunus ve Cephalorhynchus cinsi yunuslar ıslık çalmayan tek yunus türleridir. Ayrıca siyah çeneli yunus diğer Cephalorhynchus yunus türleri ile göğüs yüzgeçlerinin arkasında yer alan beyaz "koltukaltı" bölgeye sahiptir.

Özellikleri

Doğuşta boyları 1 m. olan siyah çeneli yunuslar erişkin olduklarında 2,1 m'ye ulaşırlar. Yetişkin ağırlıkları da 115 kg. cıvarındadır. Koyu gri bir yüze ve çeneye sahiptirler. Sırtlarının büyük bir kısmı siyahtır ve sırtlarının her iki yanında gittikçe kalınlaşan beyaz bir çizgi bulunur. Karınları beyazdır. Her iki ön yüzgeçlerinin arkasında da beyazlık bulunur. Bunlara "koltukaltı" adı verilir. Yanları da ön yüzgeçlerin arkasından başlayarak beyaz-gri renktedir. Sırt yüzgeçleri bu boyutta bir yunus için oldukça büyüktür ve eğri biçimlidir. Ön yüzgeçleri küçük ve uçları belirgindir. Kuyruklarının uçları da belirginidir ve tam ortasında bir çentik bulunur. Bu yunus türü uzaktan bakıldığında Gölgeli yunus ile karıştırılabilir.

Nüfus ve dağılımı

Siyah çeneli yunus Güney Amerika'nın güney kıyısularına endemik bir türdür. Pasifik kıyısında en kuzeyde 38° S enleminde bulunan Şili'nin Valdivia Nehri yakınlarında görülmüşlerdir. Atlantik kıyısında genellikle 44° S enleminde Arjantin'in San Jorge Körfezi'nde görülürler. En güney noktası olarak 60° S enleminde, Drake Boğazı'nda görülürler.

Genellikle hızlı akıntıların olduğu ya da koylar gibi kıyıya yakın güvenli yerlerde gözlemlenirler.

Toplam nüfus bilinmese de bölgesel olarak sık rastlanan bir tür olduğu düşünülmektedir.

Davranış özellikleri

Siyah çeneli yunus 5 ile 20 birey arasında küçük gruplar halinde yaşarlar. Yaz ve sonbahar aylarında nadiren de olsa 100 bireye varan büyük gruplar halinde rastlanmışlardır. Gruplar tipik olarak kıyıya paralel bir hat boyunca hareket ederler. Genellikle yavaş yüzseler de bazen hareketli davranışlar da sergileyebilirler.

Korunma durumu

Siyah çeneli yunusun yalnızca küçük alanlarda hareket etmesi ve kıyıya yakın durması insanoğlunun üzerindeki etkilerine açık kalmasına neden olmuştur. Şilili balıkçılar 1970'ler ve 80'lerde yengeç yemi olması için binlerce siyah çeneli yunus öldürmüştür. Bu davranıştan yavaş yavaş vazgeçilmiş olsa da yasadışı sayılmamıştır.

Arjantin'de balıkağlarına takılıp ölen siyah çeneli yunuslar olduğu bildirilmiştir ama bunun yaygınlığı bilinmemektedir. Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society (Balina ve Yunus Koruma Derneği) gibi koruma grupları bu tür hakkında daha detaylı araştırma yapılmasını istemektedir.

Kaynakça

  1. ^ Shirihai, H. and Jarrett, B. (2006). Whales, Dolphins and Other Marine Mammals of the World. Princeton Field Guides. s. 205–207. ISBN 0-61-12757-2 |isbn= değerini kontrol edin: length (yardım).KB1 bakım: Birden fazla ad: yazar listesi (link) (İngilizce)
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Siyah çeneli yunus: Brief Summary ( Turkish )

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Siyah çeneli yunus (Lagenorhynchus australis) ya da Peale yunusu, yunusgiller (Delphinidae) familyasından Lagenorhynchus cinsindeki altı yunus türünden biridir. Bu küçük yunus türü Güney Amerika'nın en güneyinde yer alan Ateş Toprakları'nın çevresindeki sularda yaşar.

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Lagenorhynchus australis ( Ukrainian )

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Lagenorhynchus australis (Дельфін південний) — вид китоподібних ссавців родини Дельфінові (Delphinidae).

Поширення

Вид поширений у субантарктичних водах навколо острова Вогняна Земля та біля материкового узбережжя Чилі та Аргентини. Полюбляє місця із швидкою течією. Збирається у зграї по п'ять-десять особин. Деколи навесні на паруванні збираються у зграї до 100 особин.

Опис

Дельфін виростає до 2,7 м завдовжки та вагою до 115 кг. Спина чорного кольору із білою смугою по боках. Морда — темно-сіра. Черево — біле.

Посилання

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Lagenorhynchus australis: Brief Summary ( Ukrainian )

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Lagenorhynchus australis (Дельфін південний) — вид китоподібних ссавців родини Дельфінові (Delphinidae).

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Cá heo Peale ( Vietnamese )

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Cá heo Peale, tên khoa học là Lagenorhynchus australis, là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Cá heo đại dương, bộ Cá voi. Loài này được nhà động vật học Titian Peale mô tả vào năm 1848.[2]

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ Hammond, P.S., Bearzi, G., Bjørge, A., Forney, K., Karczmarski, L., Kasuya, T., Perrin, W.F., Scott, M.D., Wang, J.Y., Wells, R.S. & Wilson, B. (2008). Lagenorhynchus australis. 2008 Sách đỏ IUCN. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế 2008. Truy cập ngày 24 tháng 3 năm 2009. Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is of data deficient.
  2. ^ Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. biên tập (2005). “Lagenorhynchus australis”. Mammal Species of the World . Baltimore: Nhà in Đại học Johns Hopkins, 2 tập (2.142 trang). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

Tham khảo

Liên kết ngoài

 src= Phương tiện liên quan tới Lagenorhynchus australis tại Wikimedia Commons

Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết liên quan đến Bộ Cá voi (Cetacea) này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Cá heo Peale: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

provided by wikipedia VI

Cá heo Peale, tên khoa học là Lagenorhynchus australis, là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Cá heo đại dương, bộ Cá voi. Loài này được nhà động vật học Titian Peale mô tả vào năm 1848.

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Южный белобокий дельфин ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
Латинское название Lagenorhynchus australis
Peale, 1848
Ареал
изображение

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ITIS 180446 NCBI 103586 Международная Красная книга
Status none DD.svg
Недостаточно данных
IUCN Data Deficient: 11143

Южный белобокий дельфин[1] (лат. Lagenorhynchus australis) — вид дельфиновых из рода короткоголовых дельфинов.

Внешний вид и строение

Длина тела до 2,7 м и вес до 115 кг. Спина чёрная, на боках белые полосы. Морда — тёмно-серая. Брюхо — белое.

Распространение

Обитает в субантарктических водах вокруг архипелага Огненная Земля и у материкового побережья Чили и Аргентины.

Поведение

Любит места с быстрым течением. Собирается в группы по пять-десять особей. Иногда весной в брачный период собираются в стаи до 100 особей.

Литература

Примечания

  1. Соколов В. Е. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Млекопитающие. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский. / под общей редакцией акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., 1984. — С. 114. — 10 000 экз.
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Южный белобокий дельфин: Brief Summary ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию

Южный белобокий дельфин (лат. Lagenorhynchus australis) — вид дельфиновых из рода короткоголовых дельфинов.

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ミナミカマイルカ ( Japanese )

provided by wikipedia 日本語
ミナミカマイルカ Lagenorhynchus australis.jpg
ミナミカマイルカ
保全状況評価 DATA DEFICIENT
(IUCN Red List Ver.3.1 (2001))
Status none DD.svg 分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata : 哺乳綱 Mammalia : クジラ目 Cetacea 亜目 : ハクジラ亜目 Odontoceti : マイルカ科 Delphinidae : カマイルカ属 Lagenorhynchus : ミナミカマイルカ L. australis 学名 Lagenorhynchus australis
(Peale, 1848) 和名 ミナミカマイルカ 英名 Peale's Dolphin ミナミカマイルカの生息域
ミナミカマイルカの生息域

ミナミカマイルカ(南鎌海豚、Lagenorhynchus australis)はクジラ目ハクジラ亜目マイルカ科カマイルカ属に属するイルカである。英名はPeale's DolphinあるいはBlack-chinned Dolphin。南アメリカフエゴ島の周辺に生息する。

身体[編集]

ミナミカマイルカはカマイルカ属としては典型的な大きさのイルカであり、産まれた時の体長は1mであり、体長2.1m、体重115kgまで成長する。顔とあごは濃い灰色である。背中はほぼ黒であり、体の両側に白い筋状の模様がある。腹部は白い。胸びれの下側に特徴的な白い模様があり、「腋の下」と呼ばれている。胸びれの上側には灰色の模様がある。背びれは体長と比較すると大きく、鎌状に湾曲している。胸びれは小さく、尖っている。尾びれも先は尖っており、中央に切れ込みがある。ハラジロカマイルカと見間違えやすい。

生息数と分布[編集]

南アメリカの南部の海に固有の種である。生息海域の太平洋側の北限は南緯38度付近(バルディビア、チリあたり)である。大西洋側の北限は南緯44度付近(Golfo San Jorge、アルゼンチンあたり)である。南限は南緯60度あたりである。海峡のような流れの速い海で見かけられることが多い。

生息数は良くわかっていないが、生息域においては多数生息していると考えられている。

IUCNレッドリストでは「情報不足」 (DD - Data Deficient) に分類されている。

行動[編集]

通常は5頭程度、多い場合で20頭程度の比較的小さな群を成す。稀に夏や秋に100頭程度の大きな群が観察された例がある。通常は海岸に対して平行に泳ぐ。通常はゆっくり泳ぐが、急に活発になることが時々ある。

人間との関わり、保護[編集]

ミナミカマイルカは移動範囲が比較的狭く、また海岸近くに棲息するために、人間の影響を受けやすい。1970年代から80年代の期間、チリではカニ漁のための餌として、毎年数千頭のミナミカマイルカが捕獲された。近年ではこのような捕獲は減少してきてはいるが、現在でも行われており、また違法ともされていない。

アルゼンチンでは刺し網に引っかかっているミナミカマイルカが報告されているが、刺し網による被害がどの程度あるのかは良くわかっていない。Whale and Dolphin Conservation Societyなどの保護団体は、詳細な調査を行う必要性を主張している。

参考文献[編集]

  • D. W. Rice, Marine Mammals of the World. Systematics and Distribution, 1998. Published by the Society of Marine Mammalogy as Special Publication No. 4.
  • National Audubon Society, Guide to Marine Mammals of the World ISBN 0375411410
  • Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals ISBN 0125513402

関連項目[編集]

 src= ウィキスピーシーズにミナミカマイルカに関する情報があります。  src= ウィキメディア・コモンズには、ミナミカマイルカに関連するカテゴリがあります。 [icon]
この節の加筆が望まれています。

外部リンク[編集]

執筆の途中です この項目は、動物に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めていますPortal:生き物と自然プロジェクト:生物)。
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ミナミカマイルカ: Brief Summary ( Japanese )

provided by wikipedia 日本語

ミナミカマイルカ(南鎌海豚、Lagenorhynchus australis)はクジラ目ハクジラ亜目マイルカ科カマイルカ属に属するイルカである。英名はPeale's DolphinあるいはBlack-chinned Dolphin。南アメリカフエゴ島の周辺に生息する。

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필돌고래 ( Korean )

provided by wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

필돌고래(Lagenorhynchus australis)는 참돌고래과 낫돌고래속에 속하는 작은 고래이다.[2] 남아메리카 남단의 티에라델푸에고 제도 주변 해역에서 발견된다.[1]

각주

  1. “Lagenorhynchus australis”. 《멸종 위기 종의 IUCN 적색 목록. 2008판》 (영어). 국제 자연 보전 연맹. 2008. 2009년 3월 24일에 확인함. Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is of data deficient.
  2. Mead, J.G.; Brownell, R.L., Jr. (2005). 〈Order Cetacea〉 [고래목]. Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. 《Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference》 (영어) 3판. 존스 홉킨스 대학교 출판사. 723–743쪽. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
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