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Dişli balinalar ( Azerbaijani )

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Dişli balinalar (lat. Odontoceti)— balinakimilər dəstəsindən suda yaşayan məməlilər yarımdəstəsi.

Uzunluğu 1,2 m-dən 20 m-ə qədərdir. Dişsiz balinalar-dan fərqli olaraq 1-dən 240-dək dişi olur. Başının təpə hissəsində bir burun dəliyi var. Alt çənə qısa olub ön tərəfdən bitişmişdir. Dişli balinalar oriyentasiyanı exolokasiya ilə təyin edir. Hava kisələri sistemi olan exolokasiya aparatının yaranması kəllənin asimmetriyasına səbəb olmuşdur. Dişli balinalar çox yaxşı eşidir və səs siqnallarını qəbul edir. Burun kanalı ilə əlaqədar olan səs orqanı yaxşı inkişaf etmişdir. Dişli balinalar SakitAtlantik okeanlarının dənizlərində yayılmışdır.

Cinsi yetkinliyə 2—6 yaşında çatır. Balıqlar, başıayaqlı molyusklarxərçəngkimilərlə qidalanır. İnsan üçün faydalı olanları kaşalot, afalina, əsl delfinlər, dəniz donuzu, ağ delfin, orka və s.-dir. Piyindən (texniki məqsədlə), həmçinin spermasetindən və ətindən istifadə olunur. Bir çox növləri kəskin surətdə azalmışdır. Bəzi dişli balinalar mühafizə edilir.

Təsnifatı

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Dişli balinalar: Brief Summary ( Azerbaijani )

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Dişli balinalar (lat. Odontoceti)— balinakimilər dəstəsindən suda yaşayan məməlilər yarımdəstəsi.

Uzunluğu 1,2 m-dən 20 m-ə qədərdir. Dişsiz balinalar-dan fərqli olaraq 1-dən 240-dək dişi olur. Başının təpə hissəsində bir burun dəliyi var. Alt çənə qısa olub ön tərəfdən bitişmişdir. Dişli balinalar oriyentasiyanı exolokasiya ilə təyin edir. Hava kisələri sistemi olan exolokasiya aparatının yaranması kəllənin asimmetriyasına səbəb olmuşdur. Dişli balinalar çox yaxşı eşidir və səs siqnallarını qəbul edir. Burun kanalı ilə əlaqədar olan səs orqanı yaxşı inkişaf etmişdir. Dişli balinalar SakitAtlantik okeanlarının dənizlərində yayılmışdır.

Cinsi yetkinliyə 2—6 yaşında çatır. Balıqlar, başıayaqlı molyusklarxərçəngkimilərlə qidalanır. İnsan üçün faydalı olanları kaşalot, afalina, əsl delfinlər, dəniz donuzu, ağ delfin, orka və s.-dir. Piyindən (texniki məqsədlə), həmçinin spermasetindən və ətindən istifadə olunur. Bir çox növləri kəskin surətdə azalmışdır. Bəzi dişli balinalar mühafizə edilir.

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Morvil dantek ( Breton )

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Ar morviled dantek eo ar bronneged a ya d'ober an isurzhiad Odontoceti, en o zouez emañ an delfined, ar skoazog pe ar c'hwezhered da skouer.

Disheñvel int diouzh an isurzhiad all (ar morviled fanoliek) dre ma'z eus dent en o genoù.

Kerentiadoù

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Morvil dantek: Brief Summary ( Breton )

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Ar morviled dantek eo ar bronneged a ya d'ober an isurzhiad Odontoceti, en o zouez emañ an delfined, ar skoazog pe ar c'hwezhered da skouer.

Disheñvel int diouzh an isurzhiad all (ar morviled fanoliek) dre ma'z eus dent en o genoù.

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Odontocets ( Catalan; Valencian )

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Els odontocets (Odontoceti, del llatí; gran animal marí i del grec Ketus; monstre marí) són un ordre de cetacis que es diferencien dels Mysticeti per tenir dentadura, un sol orifici nasal, un crani asimètric i un front voluminós a causa de la presència de l'òrgan utilitzat en l'ecolocalització.

Morfologia i comportament

A diferència dels misticets, els odontocetis són cetacis que tenen una forta dentadura, presentant una dentadura "homodonta". Aquesta dentadura, és utilitzada com a caràcter taxonòmic, ja que cada espècie té un nombre de dents diferents.

Els seus principals aliments són els calamars, pops, crustacis, peixos i inclòs mamífers com lleons marins i ocells aquàtics. Per exemple els catxalots s'alimenten principalment de calamars gegants.

En algunes espècies la femella és més gran que el mascle. Els període de gestació entre 14 i 18 mesos segons l'espècie. Generalment té una sola cria en cada part. La cria és alletada entre 1 i 2 anys de vida i s'està amb la seva mare al voltant de 5 a 10 anys. Les femelles crien cada 2 o 3 anys.

Taxonomia

Subordre Superfamília Família Descripció Odontoceti
Cetacis dentats Delphinidae Dofí oceànic i orques Platanistoidea
Dofí del riu Iniidae Dofí de l'Amazones. Lipotidae Dofí del riu xinés Platanistidae Dofí del Ganges i l'Indo Pontoporiidae Dofí del riu de la Plata Phocoenidae Marsopes Physeteridae Catxalots Kogiidae Catxalots nans i pigmeus Ziphiidae Calderons i zífids Monodontidae Belugues i narvals Agorophiidae Xenorophidae

Entre els gèneres extints de classificació incerta hi ha Chilcacetus, del Miocè inferior del Perú.

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Odontocets: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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Els odontocets (Odontoceti, del llatí; gran animal marí i del grec Ketus; monstre marí) són un ordre de cetacis que es diferencien dels Mysticeti per tenir dentadura, un sol orifici nasal, un crani asimètric i un front voluminós a causa de la presència de l'òrgan utilitzat en l'ecolocalització.

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Ozubení ( Czech )

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Tento článek je o podřádu kytovců. O technickém zařízení pojednává článek ozubení (technika).

Ozubení (Odontoceti) je podřád kytovců. Pro zástupce tohoto podřádu je charakteristické, že mají zuby, což je jeden ze znaků, jímž se odlišují od kosticovců, kteří mají kostice. Ozubení jsou aktivní lovci, živí se rybami, chobotnicemi a někdy mořskými savci.

Anatomie

Ozubení mají jednu nozdru na temeni hlavy (zatímco kosticovci mají dvě). Až na vorvaňovité jsou ozubení menší než kosticovci. Zuby se mezi druhy značně liší. Může jich být spousta, jako u některých delfínů, kteří mají v tlamě více než 100 zubů. Další extrémy pozorujeme u narvalovitých s jejich dlouhým klem a u téměř bezzubých vorvaňovcovitých se zvlaštními zuby pouze u samců. Ne všechny druhy používají své zuby ke krmení. Například vorvaňovití používají své zuby k předvádění se a k agresivním útokům.

Chování

Hlas

Hlasové projevy jsou u ozubených velmi důležité. Jsou schopni vydávat různé zvuky určené ke komunikaci, ale také dokážou využít ultrazvuk k echolokaci.

Pohyb

Většina ozubených plave svižně. Menší druhy se občas svezou na vlnách, vyvolaných projíždející lodí. Delfíni jsou známi svými akrobatickými výskoky z vody.

Sociální chování

Většinou žijí ozubení ve skupinách o tuctech kusů. Tyto malé skupinky se příležitostně spojují a vytvářejí větší agregace až o tisíci velrybách. Ozubení jsou schopni složitých vztahů, například týmového lovu. Některé druhy v zajetí prokazují velký potenciál pro učení se, z tohoto důvodu jsou považování za jedny z nejinteligentnějších zvířat.

Taxonomie

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Ozubení: Brief Summary ( Czech )

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Tento článek je o podřádu kytovců. O technickém zařízení pojednává článek ozubení (technika).

Ozubení (Odontoceti) je podřád kytovců. Pro zástupce tohoto podřádu je charakteristické, že mají zuby, což je jeden ze znaků, jímž se odlišují od kosticovců, kteří mají kostice. Ozubení jsou aktivní lovci, živí se rybami, chobotnicemi a někdy mořskými savci.

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Tandhvaler ( Danish )

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Tandhvaler (Odontoceti) er en underorden af hvaler der er kendetegnet ved at have tænder, i modsætning til den anden gruppe af hvaler, bardehvalerne, der ikke har tænder. De fleste tandhvaler har mange relativt ens, spidse tænder i munden, mens næbhvalerne kun har to i underkæben. Tandhvalerne er alle rovdyr og lever især af fisk og blæksprutter, mens de større arter også kan tage større bytte som sæler, hajer eller kæmpeblæksprutter. Typisk for tandhvaler er at de kun har et enkelt blåsthul oven på hovedet, i modsætning til bardehvaler som har to. Alle tandhvaler formodes at bruge biosonar, dvs. de kan orientere sig og fange bytte ved hjælp af ekkolokalisering. En lang række anatomiske specialiseringer er knyttet til biosonaren, bl.a. det asymmetriske kranium, den fedtfyldte melon forrest på hovedet og et kompliceret system af luftblindsække i forbindelse med næseborene. Ingen af disse strukturer findes hos noget andet pattedyr og understøtter at Odontoceti er en monofyletisk gruppe[1], dvs. de nedstammer alle fra en fælles stamform, der havde biosonar.

Systematik

Tandhvaler inddeles normalt i 7 familier, med enkelte eksempler angivet under hver familie:

Se også


Referencer

  1. ^ Nishida,S., Goto, M., Pastene, L. A., Kanda, N. & Koike, H. (2007) Phylogenetic relationships among cetaceans revealed by y-chromosome sequences. Zoological Science 24, 723-732.DOI: 10.2108/zsj.24.723

Kilde/litteratur

  • "Danmark fanger hvaler", Natur og Museum, 18. årgang, nr. 1-2. 1977. Naturhistorisk Museum, Århus.
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Tandhvaler: Brief Summary ( Danish )

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 src= Marsvin

Tandhvaler (Odontoceti) er en underorden af hvaler der er kendetegnet ved at have tænder, i modsætning til den anden gruppe af hvaler, bardehvalerne, der ikke har tænder. De fleste tandhvaler har mange relativt ens, spidse tænder i munden, mens næbhvalerne kun har to i underkæben. Tandhvalerne er alle rovdyr og lever især af fisk og blæksprutter, mens de større arter også kan tage større bytte som sæler, hajer eller kæmpeblæksprutter. Typisk for tandhvaler er at de kun har et enkelt blåsthul oven på hovedet, i modsætning til bardehvaler som har to. Alle tandhvaler formodes at bruge biosonar, dvs. de kan orientere sig og fange bytte ved hjælp af ekkolokalisering. En lang række anatomiske specialiseringer er knyttet til biosonaren, bl.a. det asymmetriske kranium, den fedtfyldte melon forrest på hovedet og et kompliceret system af luftblindsække i forbindelse med næseborene. Ingen af disse strukturer findes hos noget andet pattedyr og understøtter at Odontoceti er en monofyletisk gruppe, dvs. de nedstammer alle fra en fælles stamform, der havde biosonar.

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Zahnwale ( German )

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Dieser Artikel oder nachfolgende Abschnitt ist nicht hinreichend mit Belegen (beispielsweise Einzelnachweisen) ausgestattet. Angaben ohne ausreichenden Beleg könnten demnächst entfernt werden. Bitte hilf Wikipedia, indem du die Angaben recherchierst und gute Belege einfügst.
 src=
Springende Schwertwale

Die Zahnwale (Odontoceti) sind eine der beiden Unterordnungen der Wale (Cetacea). Sie zeichnen sich vor allem durch das namensgebende Vorhandensein von Zähnen aus, deren Form und Anzahl jedoch innerhalb der Gruppe stark variiert. Außerdem besitzen sie im Gegensatz zu den Bartenwalen (Mysticeti) nur ein, nicht zwei Blaslöcher. Zahnwale sind carnivor und ernähren sich hauptsächlich von Fischen, Tintenfischen und in manchen Fällen von anderen Meeressäugern.

Die bekannteste und gleichzeitig artenreichste Familie der Zahnwale sind die Delfine.

Anatomie

Fast alle Zahnwale sind sehr viel kleiner als die Bartenwale. Nur der Pottwal wird zu den Großwalen gezählt. Die übrigen Arten sind klein bis mittelgroß. Weiterhin unterscheiden sich Zahnwale von Bartenwalen dadurch, dass sie nur ein einziges Blasloch haben.

Die Zähne sind bei den verschiedenen Arten ganz unterschiedlich ausgeprägt. Viele Zahnwale besitzen sehr viele Zähne, bis zu 100 bei einigen Delfinen. Der Narwal hat dagegen einen langen Stoßzahn und bei den fast zahnlosen Schnabelwalen haben die Männchen bizarr geformte Zähne. Bei den Zahnwalen ist es relativ einfach, das Alter zu bestimmen. Jedes Jahr bildet sich auf ihren Zähnen eine neue Schicht, was in etwa den Jahresringen eines Baumes entspricht. Den ältesten Zahnwal, den man bisher fand, war ein Pottwal mit 70 Ringen. Bei den großen Tümmlern geht man von einem Spitzenalter von 40 Jahren aus.

Verhalten

Fortbewegung

Die meisten Zahnwale sind schnelle Schwimmer. Die kleinen Arten reiten gelegentlich auf Wellen, etwa den Bugwellen von Schiffen. Besonders häufig sind dabei Delfine wie der Spinner anzutreffen, die auch bekannt für ihre akrobatischen Sprünge sind.

Töne

Lautgebungen spielen bei Zahnwalen eine große Rolle. Neben zahlreichen Pfeiflauten zur Kommunikation beherrschen sie den Einsatz von Ultraschalltönen für die Echoortung. Dieser Sinn ist insbesondere bei der Jagd von großer Bedeutung.

Sozialverhalten

Meist leben Zahnwale in Gruppen von einigen bis etwa einem Dutzend Tieren. Diese so genannten Schulen können sich vorübergehend zu größeren Ansammlungen bis zu tausenden Walen zusammenschließen. Zahnwale sind zu komplexen Leistungen in der Lage, etwa zur Kooperation bei der Jagd auf Fischschwärme. In Gefangenschaft beweisen einige Arten eine hohe Lernfähigkeit, weswegen sie von Zoologen zu den intelligentesten Tieren gezählt werden.

Taxonomie

Phylogenetische Systematik der Zahnwale nach McGowen et al. (2020)[1]
Zahnwale


Delphinoidea

Delfine (Delphinidae)



Gründelwale (Monodontidae)


Schweinswale (Phocoenidae)






La-Plata-Delfin (Pontoporiidae)


Amazonas-Flussdelfine (Iniidae)



Chinesischer Flussdelfin (Lipotidae)




Schnabelwale (Ziphiidae)



Gangesdelfine (Platanistidae)




Zwergpottwale (Kogiidae)


Pottwale (Physeteridae)




Vorlage:Klade/Wartung/Style

Man unterteilt die rezenten Zahnwale heute in zehn Familien:[2]

Es gibt mehrere Ansätze, diese Familien zu Überfamilien zusammenzufassen. Als gesichert gilt allein, dass die Familien der Delfine, Schweinswale und Gründelwale miteinander verwandt sind. Sie werden manchmal als Delfinartige (Delphinoidea) zusammengefasst. Dagegen war die Systematik der Flussdelfine umstritten. Manchmal wurden sie in einer Familie zusammengefasst, manchmal als lediglich konvergent entwickelte Tiere in vier Familien unterteilt. Nach molekulargenetischen Untersuchungen ist die Sonderstellung der Gangesdelfine und die Verwandtschaft der übrigen drei Gattungen (Inia, Pontoporia und Lipotes) wahrscheinlich. Pottwale und Zwergpottwale sind ursprüngliche Familien der Zahnwale und stehen den übrigen Familien als Schwestergruppe gegenüber.[1]

Menschlicher Einfluss

Der Pottwal wurde lange Zeit für die Industrie intensiv gejagt, vor allem wegen des früher für die Parfümherstellung eingesetzten Ambra. Während auf einige Kleinwale wie den Grindwal noch heute Jagd gemacht wird, sind die meisten Arten hauptsächlich durch den Beifang bedroht. Insbesondere beim Thunfischfang ertrinken Tausende von Delfinen in den Netzen.

Die Haltung von Kleinwalen, zumeist Großen Tümmlern, Schwertwalen und Belugas, ist eine große Attraktion für Ozeanarien und Zoos. Sie ist jedoch wegen des großen Platzbedarfs der Meeressäuger umstritten. Das Gleiche gilt für den Einsatz in der Delfintherapie.[3][4]

Literatur

  • D. E. Wilson und D. M. Reeder: Mammal Species of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press 2005, ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.

Einzelnachweise

  1. a b Michael R McGowen, Georgia Tsagkogeorga, Sandra Álvarez-Carretero, Mario dos Reis, Monika Struebig, Robert Deaville, Paul D Jepson, Simon Jarman, Andrea Polanowski, Phillip A Morin u. Stephen J Rossiter: Phylogenomic Resolution of the Cetacean Tree of Life Using Target Sequence Capture. Systematic Biology, Volume 69, Issue 3, Mai 2020, S. 479–501, doi: 10.1093/sysbio/syz068
  2. Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 4, Sea Mammals. Lynx Edicions, Juli 2014, ISBN 978-84-96553-93-4.
  3. Tierschützer: Keine artgerechte Haltung – Delfinarien in Europa abschaffen. ntv Nachrichtenfernsehen, 21. Juni 2011, abgerufen am 28. März 2022.
  4. Tierschützer wollen Social Calming stoppen. ntv Nachrichtenfernsehen, 12. Juli 2017, abgerufen am 28. März 2022.
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Zahnwale: Brief Summary ( German )

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 src= Dieser Artikel oder nachfolgende Abschnitt ist nicht hinreichend mit Belegen (beispielsweise Einzelnachweisen) ausgestattet. Angaben ohne ausreichenden Beleg könnten demnächst entfernt werden. Bitte hilf Wikipedia, indem du die Angaben recherchierst und gute Belege einfügst.
 src= Springende Schwertwale

Die Zahnwale (Odontoceti) sind eine der beiden Unterordnungen der Wale (Cetacea). Sie zeichnen sich vor allem durch das namensgebende Vorhandensein von Zähnen aus, deren Form und Anzahl jedoch innerhalb der Gruppe stark variiert. Außerdem besitzen sie im Gegensatz zu den Bartenwalen (Mysticeti) nur ein, nicht zwei Blaslöcher. Zahnwale sind carnivor und ernähren sich hauptsächlich von Fischen, Tintenfischen und in manchen Fällen von anderen Meeressäugern.

Die bekannteste und gleichzeitig artenreichste Familie der Zahnwale sind die Delfine.

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Balenat me dhëmbë ( Albanian )

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Balenat me dhëmbë (emri sistematik Odontoceti) formojnë një nënrend të rendit Cetacea, ku përfshihen kashalotët,balenat me sqep, delfinët dhe derrat e detit. Siç sugjeron dhe emri, ky nënrend veçohet nga prania e dhëmbëve, jo e mustaqeve të balenës sikurse tek balenat tjera. Shtatëdhjetë e tre lloje të balenave me dhëmbë janë përshkruar. Mendohet të jenë ndarë nga balenat me mustaqe nënrendit Mysticeti, rreth 34 milionë vjet më parë. Balenat dhe delfinët, grupet parafiletike të cetaceve, si dhe marsuinët, i përkasin degës Cetartiodactyla, së bashku me dy thundrakët me majë; lloji i tyre më i afërt i gjallë është kali i Nilit, me të cilin u ndanë rreth 40 milionë vjet më parë.

Klasifikimi

2rightarrow (Nuvola colors).svg Për më shumë informacione shikoni artikullin Lista e llojeve të cetaceve#Odontoceti: balenat me dhëmbë

Shiko dhe

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Balenat me dhëmbë: Brief Summary ( Albanian )

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Balenat me dhëmbë (emri sistematik Odontoceti) formojnë një nënrend të rendit Cetacea, ku përfshihen kashalotët,balenat me sqep, delfinët dhe derrat e detit. Siç sugjeron dhe emri, ky nënrend veçohet nga prania e dhëmbëve, jo e mustaqeve të balenës sikurse tek balenat tjera. Shtatëdhjetë e tre lloje të balenave me dhëmbë janë përshkruar. Mendohet të jenë ndarë nga balenat me mustaqe nënrendit Mysticeti, rreth 34 milionë vjet më parë. Balenat dhe delfinët, grupet parafiletike të cetaceve, si dhe marsuinët, i përkasin degës Cetartiodactyla, së bashku me dy thundrakët me majë; lloji i tyre më i afërt i gjallë është kali i Nilit, me të cilin u ndanë rreth 40 milionë vjet më parë.

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Khí-keng ( Nan )

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Khí-keng (ha̍k-miâ Odontoceti) sī Cetacea ba̍k ē-kha ê a-ba̍k, sêng-oân pau-koah só͘-ū ê hái-ti kap pō͘-hūn ê hái-ang. In hām Mysticeti a-ba̍k ê chéng chha tī ū chhùi-khíkeng-chhiu. In-ūi án-ne, khí-keng sī chek-ke̍k lia̍h-chia̍h ê tōng-bu̍t, bo̍k-phiau pau-koah hî-á, ba̍k-cha̍t, ū sî-chūn sīm-chì hái--ni̍h kî-thaⁿ ê chhī-leng tōng-bu̍t.

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Odontoceti ( Interlingua (International Auxiliary Language Association) )

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Odontoceti es un subordine de Cetacea.

Nota
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Odontoceti ( Tagalog )

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Ang mga may ngipin na buhakag (sistematikong pangalan Odontoceti) ay isang parvorder ng cetaceans na kinabibilangan ng mga lumba-lumba, porpoise, at lahat ng iba pang mga buhakag na may mga ngipin, tulad ng beaked whale at sperm whale. Ang pitumpu't tatlong espesye ng may balbas na buhakag (tinatawag ding odontocetes) ay inilarawan. Ang mga ito ay isa sa dalawang mga grupo ng pamumuhay ng cetacean, ang iba ay ang baleen whale (Mysticeti), na may baleen sa halip ng mga ngipin. Ang dalawang grupo ay naisip na nai-diver sa paligid ng 34 milyong taon na ang nakakaraan (mya).


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Odontoceti ( Occitan (post 1500) )

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Odontocèts

Los odontocèts (Odontoceti), o cetacèus de dents (balenas de dents) constituisson un dels dos sosòrdres dels cetacèus amb los misticèts (o balenas de fanons).
Los cetacèus d'aqueste grop d'espècias an de dents, mentre que los misticèts son de cetacèus de fanons. Los odontocèts son los sols animals amb las ratapenadas e cèrtas musaranhas capables d'ecolocacion al mejan d'ultrasons : localizan lors predas e s'orientan en analizant los ressons dels sons qu'emeton. Una foncion que s'aparenta al sistèma del sonar. Lo sosòrdre dels odontocèts compren las diferentas espècias de belugas, de cachalots, d'òrcas, de dalfins, de marsoins, de narvals e de globicefals.

Classificacion

Lo sosòrdre conten 6 familhas :

Mai 4 familhas opcionalas:

Anatomia

Los odoncèts son carnivòrs. Lors dents lor servisson pas a mastegar mas a atrapar lors predas, que se compausan de peisses, de calamars, de molluscas e de còps d'autres cetacèus pels grands predators odontocèts coma los òrcas. Cèrtas espècias coma las balenas de bècs o encara los cachalòts an de dents pas que sus la maissa inferiora.

Coma totes los mamifèrs marins, los odoncèts an de polmons e devon periodicament alenar a la superfícia. Los odontocèts an pas qu'un sol event çò que los distinguís de las balenas de fanons.

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Odontoceti: Brief Summary ( Occitan (post 1500) )

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Odontocèts

Los odontocèts (Odontoceti), o cetacèus de dents (balenas de dents) constituisson un dels dos sosòrdres dels cetacèus amb los misticèts (o balenas de fanons).
Los cetacèus d'aqueste grop d'espècias an de dents, mentre que los misticèts son de cetacèus de fanons. Los odontocèts son los sols animals amb las ratapenadas e cèrtas musaranhas capables d'ecolocacion al mejan d'ultrasons : localizan lors predas e s'orientan en analizant los ressons dels sons qu'emeton. Una foncion que s'aparenta al sistèma del sonar. Lo sosòrdre dels odontocèts compren las diferentas espècias de belugas, de cachalots, d'òrcas, de dalfins, de marsoins, de narvals e de globicefals.

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Tannhvalir ( Faroese )

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Tannhvalir (Odontoceti) eru hvalir, sum hava tenn. Dømi um tannhvalir eru: grindahvalur og mastrahvalur/bóghvítuhvalur, augustur og nísa.

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Tishli kitlar ( Uzbek )

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Tishli kitlar (Odontoceti) - kitlarning kenja turkumi. Tanasining uz. 1,2–20 m. Tishli kitlar tishsiz kitlaraan 1—240 tagacha tishi boʻlishi bilan farq qiladi. Burun teshigi bitta. Bosh suyagining yuz qismi asimmetrik boʻlib, pastki jagʻ kalla suyagidan kalta, uning oldingi qismi harakatsiz birikkan. Tishli kitlarning asosiy moʻljal olish (chamalash) usuli — exolokatsiya. Eshitish va tovush organlari yaxshi rivojlangan. Exolokatsiya va eshitish orqali oʻzaro bogʻlanadi, ozigʻini topadi va suv ostida moʻljal oladi. Tishli kitlar murakkab tovush signallaridan ham foydalanadi. 74 turi va 4 oilasi: kashalotlar, oʻtkir tumshuqlilar, daryo delfinlari, delfinlar bor. Koʻpchiligi gala boʻlib yashaydi. Deyarli hamma dengiz va okeanlarda tarqalgan. 2—6 yoshda jinsiy yetiladi. Baliq, bosh oyokli mollyuskalar va qisqichbaqasimonlar bilan oziklanadi. Baʼzi turlari ovlanadi. Kashalot, kosatka, oq biqinli delfin va boshqalarning yogʻi, spermatseti hamda goʻshtidan foydalaniladi. Koʻpgina turlarining soni keskin kamaygan. Bir qancha turlari Xalqaro Qizil kitobga kiritilgan.

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Tuithed whaul ( Scots )

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The tuithed whauls (systematic name Odontoceti) furm a suborder o the cetaceans, includin sperm whauls, beaked whales, dowphins, an ithers. As the name suggests, the suborder is chairacterised bi the presence o teeth raither than the baleen o ither whauls.

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Tuswaaler ( North Frisian )

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Amrum.pngTekst üüb Öömrang

Tuswaaler (Odontoceti) san ian faan tau onerkategoriin faan a waaler (Cetacea). Det ööder onerkategorii san a biardenwaaler (Mysticeti).

Familin

Tu a tuswaaler hiar tjiin familin:

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Tuswaaler: Brief Summary ( North Frisian )

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Tuswaaler (Odontoceti) san ian faan tau onerkategoriin faan a waaler (Cetacea). Det ööder onerkategorii san a biardenwaaler (Mysticeti).

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Toothed whale

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The toothed whales (also called odontocetes, systematic name Odontoceti) are a parvorder of cetaceans that includes dolphins, porpoises, and all other whales possessing teeth, such as the beaked whales and sperm whales. 73 species of toothed whales are described. They are one of two living groups of cetaceans, the other being the baleen whales (Mysticeti), which have baleen instead of teeth. The two groups are thought to have diverged around 34 million years ago (mya).

Toothed whales range in size from the 1.4 m (4.6 ft) and 54 kg (119 lb) vaquita to the 20 m (66 ft) and 55 t (61-short-ton) sperm whale. Several species of odontocetes exhibit sexual dimorphism, in that there are size or other morphological differences between females and males. They have streamlined bodies and two limbs that are modified into flippers. Some can travel at up to 20 knots. Odontocetes have conical teeth designed for catching fish or squid. They have well-developed hearing that is well adapted for both air and water, so much so that some can survive even if they are blind. Some species are well adapted for diving to great depths. Almost all have a layer of fat, or blubber, under the skin to keep warm in the cold water, with the exception of river dolphins.

Toothed whales consist of some of the most widespread mammals, but some, as with the vaquita, are restricted to certain areas. Odontocetes feed largely on fish and squid, but a few, like the orca, feed on mammals, such as pinnipeds. Males typically mate with multiple females every year, making them polygynous. Females mate every two to three years. Calves are typically born in the spring and summer, and females bear the responsibility for raising them, but more sociable species rely on the family group to care for calves. Many species, mainly dolphins, are highly sociable, with some pods reaching over a thousand individuals.

Once hunted for their products, cetaceans are now protected by international law. Some species are attributed with high levels of intelligence. At the 2012 meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, support was reiterated for a cetacean bill of rights, listing cetaceans as nonhuman persons. Besides whaling and drive hunting, they also face threats from bycatch and marine pollution. The baiji, for example, is considered functionally extinct by the IUCN, with the last sighting in 2004, due to heavy pollution to the Yangtze River. Whales occasionally feature in literature and film, as in the great white sperm whale of Herman Melville's Moby-Dick. Small odontocetes, mainly dolphins, are kept in captivity and trained to perform tricks. Whale watching has become a form of tourism around the world.

Taxonomy

Research history

The tube in the head, through which this kind fish takes its breath and spitting water, located in front of the brain and ends outwardly in a simple hole, but inside it is divided by a downward bony septum, as if it were two nostrils; but underneath it opens up again in the mouth in a void.

–John Ray, 1671, the earliest description of cetacean airways

A whale as depicted by Conrad Gesner, 1587, in Historiae animalium

In Aristotle's time, the fourth century BC, whales were regarded as fish due to their superficial similarity. Aristotle, however, could already see many physiological and anatomical similarities with the terrestrial vertebrates, such as blood (circulation), lungs, uterus, and fin anatomy. His detailed descriptions were assimilated by the Romans, but mixed with a more accurate knowledge of the dolphins, as mentioned by Pliny the Elder in his Natural history. In the art of this and subsequent periods, dolphins are portrayed with a high-arched head (typical of porpoises) and a long snout. The harbor porpoise is one of the most accessible species for early cetologists, because it could be seen very close to land, inhabiting shallow coastal areas of Europe. Many of the findings that apply to all cetaceans were therefore first discovered in the porpoises.[2] One of the first anatomical descriptions of the airways of the whales on the basis of a harbor porpoise dates from 1671 by John Ray. It nevertheless referred to the porpoise as a fish.[3][4]

Evolution

Fossil of Squalodon
Relationship of toothed whale families[5]: Toothed whales Delphinoidea

Belugas, narwhals (Monodontidae) Delphinapterus leucas NOAA.jpg

Porpoises (Phocoenidae) Vaquita swimming through the void. (Phocoena Sinus).png

Oceanic dolphins (Delphinidae) Orcinus orca NOAA 2.jpg

Iniidae

Pontoporiidae Pontoporia blainvillei.jpg

Beaked whales (Ziphiidae) Ziphius cavirostris NOAA.jpg

South Asian river dolphins (Platanistidae)

Dwarf sperm whales (Kogiidae) Kogia sima (transparent background).png

Sperm whales (Physeteridae) Physeter macrocephalus NOAA.jpg

Toothed whales, as well as baleen whales, are descendants of land-dwelling mammals of the artiodactyl order (even-toed ungulates). They are closely related to the hippopotamus, sharing a common ancestor that lived around 54 million years ago (mya).[6] The primitive cetaceans, or archaeocetes, first took to the sea approximately 49 mya and became fully aquatic by 5–10 million years later.[7] The ancestors of toothed whales and baleen whales diverged in the early Oligocene. This was due to a change in the climate of the southern oceans that affected where the environment of the plankton that these whales ate.[8]

The adaptation of echolocation and enhanced fat synthesis in blubber occurred when toothed whales split apart from baleen whales, and distinguishes modern toothed whales from fully aquatic archaeocetes. This happened around 34 mya.[9] Unlike toothed whales, baleen whales do not have wax ester deposits nor branched fatty chain acids in their blubber. Thus, more recent evolution of these complex blubber traits occurred after baleen whales and toothed whales split, and only in the toothed whale lineage.[10]

[11][12] Modern toothed whales do not rely on their sense of sight, but rather on their sonar to hunt prey. Echolocation also allowed toothed whales to dive deeper in search of food, with light no longer necessary for navigation, which opened up new food sources.[13][14] Toothed whales (Odontocetes) echolocate by creating a series of clicks emitted at various frequencies. Sound pulses are emitted through their melon-shaped foreheads, reflected off objects, and retrieved through the lower jaw. Skulls of Squalodon show evidence for the first hypothesized appearance of echolocation.[15] Squalodon lived from the early to middle Oligocene to the middle Miocene, around 33-14 mya. Squalodon featured several commonalities with modern Odontocetes. The cranium was well compressed, the rostrum telescoped outward (a characteristic of the modern parvorder Odontoceti), giving Squalodon an appearance similar to that of modern toothed whales. However, it is thought unlikely that squalodontids are direct ancestors of living dolphins.[16]

Biology

Anatomy

Anatomy of the bottlenose dolphin
Features of a sperm whale skeleton

Toothed whales have torpedo-shaped bodies with usually inflexible necks, limbs modified into flippers, nonexistent external ear flaps, a large tail fin, and bulbous heads (with the exception of sperm whales). Their skulls have small eye orbits, long beaks (with the exception sperm whales), and eyes placed on the sides of their heads. Toothed whales range in size from the 4.5 ft (1.4 m) and 120 lb (54 kg) vaquita to the 20 m (66 ft) and 55 t (61-short-ton) sperm whale. Overall, they tend to be dwarfed by their relatives, the baleen whales (Mysticeti). Several species have sexual dimorphism, with the females being larger than the males. One exception is with the sperm whale, which has males larger than the females.[17][18]

Odontocetes, such as the sperm whale, possess teeth with cementum cells overlying dentine cells. Unlike human teeth, which are composed mostly of enamel on the portion of the tooth outside of the gum, whale teeth have cementum outside the gum. Only in larger whales, where the cementum is worn away on the tip of the tooth, does enamel show.[17] Except for the sperm whale, most toothed whales are smaller than the baleen whales. The teeth differ considerably among the species. They may be numerous, with some dolphins bearing over 100 teeth in their jaws. At the other extreme are the narwhals with their single long tusks and the almost toothless beaked whales with tusk-like teeth only in males.[19] Not all species are believed to use their teeth for feeding. For instance, the sperm whale likely uses its teeth for aggression and showmanship.[17]

Breathing involves expelling stale air from their one blowhole, forming an upward, steamy spout, followed by inhaling fresh air into the lungs. Spout shapes differ among species, which facilitates identification. The spout only forms when warm air from the lungs meets cold air, so it does not form in warmer climates, as with river dolphins.[17][20][21]

Almost all cetaceans have a thick layer of blubber, with the exception of river dolphins. In species that live near the poles, the blubber can be as thick as 11 in (28 cm). This blubber can help with buoyancy, protection to some extent as predators would have a hard time getting through a thick layer of fat, energy for fasting during leaner times, and insulation from the harsh climates. Calves are born with only a thin layer of blubber, but some species compensate for this with thick lanugos.[17][22]

Toothed whales have also evolved the ability to store large amounts of wax esters in their adipose tissue as an addition to or in complete replacement of other fats in their blubber. They can produce isovaleric acid from branched chain fatty acids (BCFA). These adaptations are unique, are only in more recent, derived lineages and were likely part of the transition for species to become deeper divers as the families of toothed whales (Physeteridae, Kogiidae, and Ziphiidae) that have the highest quantities of wax esters and BCFAs in their blubber are also the species that dive the deepest and for the longest amount of time.[10]

Toothed whales have a two-chambered stomach similar in structure to terrestrial carnivores. They have fundic and pyloric chambers.[23]

Locomotion

Cetaceans have two flippers on the front, and a tail fin. These flippers contain four digits. Although toothed whales do not possess fully developed hind limbs, some, such as the sperm whale, possess discrete rudimentary appendages, which may contain feet and digits. Toothed whales are fast swimmers in comparison to seals, which typically cruise at 5–15 knots, or 9–28 km/h (5.6–17.4 mph); the sperm whale, in comparison, can travel at speeds of up to 35 km/h (22 mph). The fusing of the neck vertebrae, while increasing stability when swimming at high speeds, decreases flexibility, rendering them incapable of turning their heads; river dolphins, however, have unfused neck vertebrae and can turn their heads. When swimming, toothed whales rely on their tail fins to propel them through the water. Flipper movement is continuous. They swim by moving their tail fin and lower body up and down, propelling themselves through vertical movement, while their flippers are mainly used for steering. Some species log out of the water, which may allow them to travel faster. Their skeletal anatomy allows them to be fast swimmers. Most species have a dorsal fin.[17][22]

Most toothed whales are adapted for diving to great depths, porpoises are one exception. In addition to their streamlined bodies, they can slow their heart rate to conserve oxygen; blood is rerouted from tissue tolerant of water pressure to the heart and brain among other organs; haemoglobin and myoglobin store oxygen in body tissue; and they have twice the concentration of myoglobin than haemoglobin. Before going on long dives, many toothed whales exhibit a behaviour known as sounding; they stay close to the surface for a series of short, shallow dives while building their oxygen reserves, and then make a sounding dive.[24]

Senses

Biosonar by cetaceans

Toothed whale eyes are relatively small for their size, yet they do retain a good degree of eyesight. As well as this, the eyes are placed on the sides of its head, so their vision consists of two fields, rather than a binocular view as humans have. When a beluga surfaces, its lenses and corneas correct the nearsightedness that results from the refraction of light; they contain both rod and cone cells, meaning they can see in both dim and bright light. They do, however, lack short wavelength-sensitive visual pigments in their cone cells, indicating a more limited capacity for colour vision than most mammals.[25] Most toothed whales have slightly flattened eyeballs, enlarged pupils (which shrink as they surface to prevent damage), slightly flattened corneas, and a tapetum lucidum; these adaptations allow for large amounts of light to pass through the eye, and, therefore, a very clear image of the surrounding area. In water, a whale can see around 10.7 m (35 ft) ahead of itself, but they have a smaller range above water. They also have glands on the eyelids and outer corneal layer that act as protection for the cornea.[17][26]: 505–519 

The olfactory lobes are absent in toothed whales, and unlike baleen whales, they lack the vomeronasal organ, suggesting they have no sense of smell.[26]: 481–505 

Toothed whales are not thought to have a good sense of taste, as their taste buds are atrophied or missing altogether. However, some dolphins have preferences between different kinds of fish, indicating some sort of attachment to taste.[26]: 447–455 

Sonar

Diagram illustrating sound generation, propagation and reception in a toothed whale. Outgoing sounds are red and incoming ones are green

Toothed whales are capable of making a broad range of sounds using nasal airsacs located just below the blowhole. Roughly three categories of sounds can be identified: frequency-modulated whistles, burst-pulsed sounds, and clicks. Dolphins communicate with whistle-like sounds produced by vibrating connective tissue, similar to the way human vocal cords function,[27] and through burst-pulsed sounds, though the nature and extent of that ability is not known. The clicks are directional and are used for echolocation, often occurring in a short series called a click train. The click rate increases when approaching an object of interest. Toothed whale biosonar clicks are amongst the loudest sounds made by marine animals.[28]

The cetacean ear has specific adaptations to the marine environment. In humans, the middle ear works as an impedance equalizer between the outside air's low impedance and the cochlear fluid's high impedance. In whales, and other marine mammals, no great difference exists between the outer and inner environments. Instead of sound passing through the outer ear to the middle ear, whales receive sound through the throat, from which it passes through a low-impedance, fat-filled cavity to the inner ear.[29] The ear is acoustically isolated from the skull by air-filled sinus pockets, which allow for greater directional hearing underwater.[30] Odontocetes send out high-frequency clicks from an organ known as a melon. This melon consists of fat, and the skull of any such creature containing a melon will have a large depression. The melon size varies between species, the bigger it is, the more dependent they are on it. A beaked whale, for example, has a small bulge sitting on top of its skull, whereas a sperm whale's head is filled mainly with the melon.[17][26]: 1–19 [31][32] Odontocetes are well adapted to hear sounds at ultrasonic frequencies, as opposed to mysticetes who generally hear sounds within the range of infrasonic frequencies.[33]

Bottlenose dolphins have been found to have signature whistles unique to a specific individual. These whistles are used for dolphins to communicate with one another by identifying an individual. It can be seen as the dolphin equivalent of a name for humans.[34] Because dolphins are generally associated in groups, communication is necessary. Signal masking is when other similar sounds (conspecific sounds) interfere with the original acoustic sound.[35] In larger groups, individual whistle sounds are less prominent. Dolphins tend to travel in pods, in some instances including up to 600 members. [36]

Life history and behaviour

Intelligence

Cetaceans are known to communicate and therefore are able to teach, learn, cooperate, scheme, and grieve.[37] The neocortex of many species of dolphins is home to elongated spindle neurons that, prior to 2007, were known only in hominids.[38] In humans, these cells are involved in social conduct, emotions, judgement, and theory of mind. Dolphin spindle neurons are found in areas of the brain homologous to where they are found in humans, suggesting they perform a similar function.[17]

Brain size was previously considered a major indicator of the intelligence of an animal. Since most of the brain is used for maintaining bodily functions, greater ratios of brain to body mass may increase the amount of brain mass available for more complex cognitive tasks. Allometric analysis indicates that mammalian brain size scales around the two-thirds or three-quarters exponent of the body mass. Comparison of a particular animal's brain size with the expected brain size based on such allometric analysis provides an encephalisation quotient that can be used as another indication of animal intelligence. Sperm whales have the largest brain mass of any animal on earth, averaging 8,000 cm3 (490 in3) and 7.8 kg (17 lb) in mature males, in comparison to the average human brain which averages 1,450 cm3 (88 in3) in mature males.[39] The brain to body mass ratio in some odontocetes, such as belugas and narwhals, is second only to humans.[40]

Researchers pushed a pole with a sponge attached along the substrate to simulate the sponging behavior by dolphins

Dolphins are known to engage in complex play behaviour, which includes such things as producing stable underwater toroidal air-core vortex rings or "bubble rings". Two main methods of bubble ring production are: rapid puffing of a burst of air into the water and allowing it to rise to the surface, forming a ring, or swimming repeatedly in a circle and then stopping to inject air into the helical vortex currents thus formed. They also appear to enjoy biting the vortex rings, so that they burst into many separate bubbles and then rise quickly to the surface. Dolphins are known to use this method during hunting.[41] Dolphins have also been known to use tools. In Shark Bay, a population of Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins put sponges on their beak to protect them from abrasions and sting ray barbs while foraging in the seafloor.[42] This behaviour is passed on from mother to daughter, and it is only observed in 54 female individuals.[43]

Self-awareness is seen, by some, to be a sign of highly developed, abstract thinking. Self-awareness, though not well-defined scientifically, is believed to be the precursor to more advanced processes like metacognitive reasoning (thinking about thinking) that are typical of humans. Research in this field has suggested that cetaceans, among others,[44] possess self-awareness.[45] The most widely used test for self-awareness in animals is the mirror test, in which a temporary dye is placed on an animal's body, and the animal is then presented with a mirror; then whether the animal shows signs of self-recognition is determined.[45] In 1995, Marten and Psarakos used television to test dolphin self-awareness.[46] They showed dolphins real-time footage of themselves, recorded footage, and another dolphin. They concluded that their evidence suggested self-awareness rather than social behavior. While this particular study has not been repeated since then, dolphins have since "passed" the mirror test.[45]

Vocalisations

Spectrogram of dolphin vocalizations. Whistles, whines, and clicks are visible as upside down V's, horizontal striations, and vertical lines, respectively.

Dolphins are capable of making a broad range of sounds using nasal airsacs located just below the blowhole. Roughly three categories of sounds can be identified: frequency modulated whistles, burst-pulsed sounds and clicks. Dolphins communicate with whistle-like sounds produced by vibrating connective tissue, similar to the way human vocal cords function,[27] and through burst-pulsed sounds, though the nature and extent of that ability is not known. The clicks are directional and are for echolocation, often occurring in a short series called a click train. The click rate increases when approaching an object of interest. Dolphin echolocation clicks are amongst the loudest sounds made by marine animals.[47]

Bottlenose dolphins have been found to have signature whistles, a whistle that is unique to a specific individual. These whistles are used in order for dolphins to communicate with one another by identifying an individual. It can be seen as the dolphin equivalent of a name for humans.[34] These signature whistles are developed during a dolphin's first year; it continues to maintain the same sound throughout its lifetime.[48] An auditory experience influences the whistle development of each dolphin. Dolphins are able to communicate to one another by addressing another dolphin through mimicking their whistle. The signature whistle of a male bottlenose dolphin tends to be similar to that of his mother, while the signature whistle of a female bottlenose dolphin tends to be more identifying.[49] Bottlenose dolphins have a strong memory when it comes to these signature whistles, as they are able to relate to a signature whistle of an individual they have not encountered for over twenty years.[50] Research done on signature whistle usage by other dolphin species is relatively limited. The research on other species done so far has yielded varied outcomes and inconclusive results.[51][52][53][54]

Sperm whales can produce three specific vocalisations: creaks, codas, and slow clicks. A creak is a rapid series of high-frequency clicks that sounds somewhat like a creaky door hinge. It is typically used when homing in on prey.[55]: 135  A coda is a short pattern of 3 to 20 clicks that is used in social situations to identify one another (like a signature whistle), but it is still unknown whether sperm whales possess individually specific coda repertoires or whether individuals make codas at different rates.[56] Slow clicks are heard only in the presence of males (it is not certain whether females occasionally make them). Males make a lot of slow clicks in breeding grounds (74% of the time), both near the surface and at depth, which suggests they are primarily mating signals. Outside breeding grounds, slow clicks are rarely heard, and usually near the surface.[55]: 144 

Foraging and predation

All whales are carnivorous and predatory. Odontocetes, as a whole, mostly feed on fish and cephalopods, and then followed by crustaceans and bivalves. All species are generalist and opportunistic feeders. Some may forage with other kinds of animals, such as other species of whales or certain species of pinnipeds.[22][57] One common feeding method is herding, where a pod squeezes a school of fish into a small volume, known as a bait ball. Individual members then take turns plowing through the ball, feeding on the stunned fish.[58] Coralling is a method where dolphins chase fish into shallow water to catch them more easily.[58] Orcas and bottlenose dolphins have also been known to drive their prey onto a beach to feed on it, a behaviour known as beach or strand feeding.[59][60] The shape of the snout may correlate with tooth number and thus feeding mechanisms. The narwhal, with its blunt snout and reduced dentition, relies on suction feeding.[61]

Sperm whales usually dive between 300 to 800 metres (980 to 2,620 ft), and sometimes 1 to 2 kilometres (3,300 to 6,600 ft), in search of food.[55]: 79  Such dives can last more than an hour.[55]: 79  They feed on several species, notably the giant squid, but also the colossal squid, octopuses, and fish like demersal rays, but their diet is mainly medium-sized squid.[55]: 43–55  Some prey may be taken accidentally while eating other items.[55]: 43–55  A study in the Galápagos found that squid from the genera Histioteuthis (62%), Ancistrocheirus (16%), and Octopoteuthis (7%) weighing between 12 and 650 grams (0.026 and 1.433 lb) were the most commonly taken.[62] Battles between sperm whales and giant squid or colossal squid have never been observed by humans; however, white scars are believed to be caused by the large squid. A 2010 study suggests that female sperm whales may collaborate when hunting Humboldt squid.[63]

Orca hunting a Weddell seal

The orca is known to prey on numerous other toothed whale species. One example is the false killer whale.[64] To subdue and kill whales, orcas continually ram them with their heads; this can sometimes kill bowhead whales, or severely injure them. Other times, they corral their prey before striking. They are typically hunted by groups of 10 or fewer orca, but they are seldom attacked by an individual. Calves are more commonly taken by orca, but adults can be targeted, as well.[65] Groups even attack larger cetaceans such as minke whales, gray whales, and rarely sperm whales or blue whales.[66][67] Other marine mammal prey species include nearly 20 species of seal, sea lion and fur seal.[68]

These cetaceans are targeted by terrestrial and pagophilic predators. The polar bear is well-adapted for hunting Arctic whales and calves. Bears are known to use sit-and-wait tactics, as well as active stalking and pursuit of prey on ice or water. Whales lessen the chance of predation by gathering in groups. This, however, means less room around the breathing hole as the ice slowly closes the gap. When out at sea, whales dive out of the reach of surface-hunting orca. Polar bear attacks on belugas and narwhals are usually successful in winter, but rarely inflict any damage in summer.[69]

For most of the smaller species of dolphins, only a few of the larger sharks, such as the bull shark, dusky shark, tiger shark, and great white shark, are a potential risk, especially for calves.[70] Dolphins can tolerate and recover from extreme injuries (including shark bites) although the exact methods used to achieve this are not known. The healing process is rapid and even very deep wounds do not cause dolphins to hemorrhage to death. Even gaping wounds restore in such a way that the animal's body shape is restored, and infection of such large wounds are rare.[71]

Life cycle

Toothed whales are fully aquatic creatures, which means their birth and courtship behaviours are very different from terrestrial and semiaquatic creatures. Since they are unable to go onto land to calve, they deliver their young with the fetus positioned for tail-first delivery. This prevents the calf from drowning either upon or during delivery. To feed the newborn, toothed whales, being aquatic, must squirt the milk into the mouth of the calf. Being mammals, they have mammary glands used for nursing calves; they are weaned around 11 months of age. This milk contains high amounts of fat which is meant to hasten the development of blubber; it contains so much fat, it has the consistency of toothpaste.[72] Females deliver a single calf, with gestation lasting about a year, dependency until one to two years, and maturity around seven to 10 years, all varying between the species. This mode of reproduction produces few offspring, but increases the survival probability of each one. Females, referred to as "cows", carry the responsibility of childcare, as males, referred to as "bulls", play no part in raising calves.

In orcas, false killer whales, short-finned pilot whales, narwhals, and belugas, there is an unusually long post-reproductive lifespan (menopause) in females. Older females, though unable to have their own children, play a key role in the rearing of other calves in the pod, and in this sense, given the costs of pregnancy especially at an advanced age, extended menopause is advantageous.[73][74]

Interaction with humans

Threats

Sperm whaling

The nose of the whale is filled with a waxy substance that was widely used in candles, oil lamps, and lubricants

The head of the sperm whale is filled with a waxy liquid called spermaceti. This liquid can be refined into spermaceti wax and sperm oil. These were much sought after by 18th-, 19th-, and 20th-century whalers. These substances found a variety of commercial applications, such as candles, soap, cosmetics, machine oil, other specialized lubricants, lamp oil, pencils, crayons, leather waterproofing, rustproofing materials, and many pharmaceutical compounds.[75] [76][77][78] Ambergris, a solid, waxy, flammable substance produced in the digestive system of sperm whales, was also sought as a fixative in perfumery.

Sperm whaling in the 18th century began with small sloops carrying only a pair of whaleboats (sometimes only one). As the scope and size of the fleet increased, so did the rig of the vessels change, as brigs, schooners, and finally ships and barks were introduced. In the 19th-century stubby, square-rigged ships (and later barks) dominated the fleet, being sent to the Pacific (the first being the British whaleship Emilia, in 1788),[79] the Indian Ocean (1780s), and as far away as the Japan grounds (1820) and the coast of Arabia (1820s), as well as Australia (1790s) and New Zealand (1790s).[80][81]

A sperm whale is killed and stripped of its blubber and spermaceti

Hunting for sperm whales during this period was a notoriously dangerous affair for the crews of the 19th-century whaleboats. Although a properly harpooned sperm whale generally exhibited a fairly consistent pattern of attempting to flee underwater to the point of exhaustion (at which point it would surface and offer no further resistance), it was not uncommon for bull whales to become enraged and turn to attack pursuing whaleboats on the surface, particularly if it had already been wounded by repeated harpooning attempts. A commonly reported tactic was for the whale to invert itself and violently thrash the surface of the water with its fluke, flipping and crushing nearby boats.

The estimated historic worldwide sperm whale population numbered 1,100,000 before commercial sperm whaling began in the early 18th century.[82] By 1880, it had declined an estimated 29%.[82] From that date until 1946, the population appears to have recovered somewhat as whaling pressure lessened, but after the Second World War, with the industry's focus again on sperm whales, the population declined even further to only 33%.[82] In the 19th century, between 184,000 and 236,000 sperm whales were estimated to have been killed by the various whaling nations,[83] while in the modern era, at least 770,000 were taken, the majority between 1946 and 1980.[84] Remaining sperm whale populations are large enough so that the species' conservation status is vulnerable, rather than endangered.[82] However, the recovery from the whaling years is a slow process, particularly in the South Pacific, where the toll on males of breeding age was severe.[85]

Drive hunting

Atlantic white-sided dolphin caught in a drive hunt in Hvalba on the Faroe Islands being taken away with a forklift

Dolphins and porpoises are hunted in an activity known as dolphin drive hunting. This is accomplished by driving a pod together with boats and usually into a bay or onto a beach. Their escape is prevented by closing off the route to the ocean with other boats or nets. Dolphins are hunted this way in several places around the world, including the Solomon Islands, the Faroe Islands, Peru, and Japan, the most well-known practitioner of this method. By numbers, dolphins are mostly hunted for their meat, though some end up in dolphinariums.[86] Despite the controversial nature of the hunt resulting in international criticism, and the possible health risk that the often polluted meat causes,[87] thousands of dolphins are caught in drive hunts each year.[88]

In Japan, the hunting is done by a select group of fishermen.[89] When a pod of dolphins has been spotted, they are driven into a bay by the fishermen while banging on metal rods in the water to scare and confuse the dolphins. When the dolphins are in the bay, it is quickly closed off with nets so the dolphins cannot escape. The dolphins are usually not caught and killed immediately, but instead left to calm down over night. The following day, the dolphins are caught one by one and killed. The killing of the animals used to be done by slitting their throats, but the Japanese government banned this method, and now dolphins may officially only be killed by driving a metal pin into the neck of the dolphin, which causes them to die within seconds according to a memo from Senzo Uchida, the executive secretary of the Japan Cetacean Conference on Zoological Gardens and Aquariums.[90] A veterinary team's analysis of a 2011 video footage of Japanese hunters killing striped dolphins using this method suggested that, in one case, death took over four minutes.[91]

Since much of the criticism is the result of photos and videos taken during the hunt and slaughter, it is now common for the final capture and slaughter to take place on site inside a tent or under a plastic cover, out of sight from the public. The most circulated footage is probably that of the drive and subsequent capture and slaughter process taken in Futo, Japan, in October 1999, shot by the Japanese animal welfare organization Elsa Nature Conservancy.[92] Part of this footage was, amongst others, shown on CNN. In recent years, the video has also become widespread on the internet and was featured in the animal welfare documentary Earthlings, though the method of killing dolphins as shown in this video is now officially banned. In 2009, a critical documentary on the hunts in Japan titled The Cove was released and shown amongst others at the Sundance Film Festival.[93]

Other threats

Toothed whales can also be threatened by humans more indirectly. They are unintentionally caught in fishing nets by commercial fisheries as bycatch and accidentally swallow fishing hooks. Gillnetting and Seine netting are significant causes of mortality in cetaceans and other marine mammals.[94] Porpoises are commonly entangled in fishing nets. Whales are also affected by marine pollution. High levels of organic chemicals accumulate in these animals since they are high in the food chain. They have large reserves of blubber, more so for toothed whales, as they are higher up the food chain than baleen whales. Lactating mothers can pass the toxins on to their young. These pollutants can cause gastrointestinal cancers and greater vulnerability to infectious diseases.[95] They can also be poisoned by swallowing litter, such as plastic bags.[96] Pollution of the Yangtze river has led to the extinction of the baiji.[97] Environmentalists speculate that advanced naval sonar endangers some whales. Some scientists suggest that sonar may trigger whale beachings, and they point to signs that such whales have experienced decompression sickness.[98][99][100][101]

Conservation

Currently, no international convention gives universal coverage to all small whales, although the International Whaling Commission has attempted to extend its jurisdiction over them. ASCOBANS was negotiated to protect all small whales in the North and Baltic Seas and in the northeast Atlantic. ACCOBAMS protects all whales in the Mediterranean and Black Seas. The global UNEP Convention on Migratory Species currently covers seven toothed whale species or populations on its Appendix I, and 37 species or populations on Appendix II. All oceanic cetaceans are listed in CITES appendices, meaning international trade in them and products derived from them is very limited.[102][103]

Numerous organisation are dedicated to protecting certain species that do not fall under any international treaty, such as the Committee for the Recovery of the Vaquita,[104] and the Wuhan Institute of Hydrobiology (for the Yangtze finless porpoise).[105]

In captivity

Species

An orca by the name of Ulises performing at SeaWorld, 2009

Various species of toothed whales, mainly dolphins, are kept in captivity, as well as several other species of porpoise such as harbour porpoises and finless porpoises. These small cetaceans are more often than not kept in theme parks, such as SeaWorld, commonly known as a dolphinarium. Bottlenose dolphins are the most common species kept in dolphinariums, as they are relatively easy to train, have a long lifespan in captivity, and have a friendly appearance. Hundreds if not thousands of bottlenose dolphins live in captivity across the world, though exact numbers are hard to determine. Orca are well known for their performances in shows, but the number kept in captivity is very small, especially when compared to the number of bottlenose dolphins, with only 44 captives being held in aquaria as of 2012.[106] Other species kept in captivity are spotted dolphins, false killer whales, and common dolphins, Commerson's dolphins, as well as rough-toothed dolphins, but all in much lower numbers than the bottlenose dolphin. Also, fewer than ten pilot whales, Amazon river dolphins, Risso's dolphins, spinner dolphins, or tucuxi are in captivity. Two unusual and very rare hybrid dolphins, known as wolphins, are kept at the Sea Life Park in Hawaii, which is a cross between a bottlenose dolphin and a false killer whale. Also, two common/bottlenose hybrids reside in captivity: one at Discovery Cove and the other at SeaWorld San Diego.[107]

Controversy

Organisations such as Animal Welfare Institute and the Whale and Dolphin Conservation campaign against the captivity of dolphins and orca.[108] SeaWorld faced a lot of criticism after the documentary Blackfish was released in 2013.[109]

Aggression among captive orca is common. In August 1989, a dominant female orca, Kandu V, attempted to rake a newcomer whale, Corky II, with her mouth during a live show, and smashed her head into a wall. Kandu V broke her jaw, which severed an artery, and then bled to death.[110] In November 2006, a dominant female killer whale, Kasatka, repeatedly dragged experienced trainer Ken Peters to the bottom of the stadium pool during a show after hearing her calf crying for her in the back pools.[111] In February 2010, an experienced female trainer at SeaWorld Orlando, Dawn Brancheau, was killed by orca Tilikum shortly after a show in Shamu Stadium.[112] Tilikum had been associated with the deaths of two people previously.[110][113] In May 2012, Occupational Safety and Health Administration administrative law judge Ken Welsch cited SeaWorld for two violations in the death of Dawn Brancheau and fined the company a total of US$12,000.[114] Trainers were banned from making close contact with the orca.[115] In April 2014, the US Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia denied an appeal by SeaWorld.[116]

In 2013, SeaWorld's treatment of orca in captivity was the basis of the movie Blackfish, which documents the history of Tilikum, an orca captured by SeaLand of the Pacific, later transported to SeaWorld Orlando, which has been involved in the deaths of three people.[117] In the aftermath of the release of the film, Martina McBride, 38 Special, REO Speedwagon, Cheap Trick, Heart, Trisha Yearwood, and Willie Nelson cancelled scheduled concerts at SeaWorld parks.[118] SeaWorld disputes the accuracy of the film, and in December 2013 released an ad countering the allegations and emphasizing its contributions to the study of cetaceans and their conservation.[119]

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Toothed whale: Brief Summary

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The toothed whales (also called odontocetes, systematic name Odontoceti) are a parvorder of cetaceans that includes dolphins, porpoises, and all other whales possessing teeth, such as the beaked whales and sperm whales. 73 species of toothed whales are described. They are one of two living groups of cetaceans, the other being the baleen whales (Mysticeti), which have baleen instead of teeth. The two groups are thought to have diverged around 34 million years ago (mya).

Toothed whales range in size from the 1.4 m (4.6 ft) and 54 kg (119 lb) vaquita to the 20 m (66 ft) and 55 t (61-short-ton) sperm whale. Several species of odontocetes exhibit sexual dimorphism, in that there are size or other morphological differences between females and males. They have streamlined bodies and two limbs that are modified into flippers. Some can travel at up to 20 knots. Odontocetes have conical teeth designed for catching fish or squid. They have well-developed hearing that is well adapted for both air and water, so much so that some can survive even if they are blind. Some species are well adapted for diving to great depths. Almost all have a layer of fat, or blubber, under the skin to keep warm in the cold water, with the exception of river dolphins.

Toothed whales consist of some of the most widespread mammals, but some, as with the vaquita, are restricted to certain areas. Odontocetes feed largely on fish and squid, but a few, like the orca, feed on mammals, such as pinnipeds. Males typically mate with multiple females every year, making them polygynous. Females mate every two to three years. Calves are typically born in the spring and summer, and females bear the responsibility for raising them, but more sociable species rely on the family group to care for calves. Many species, mainly dolphins, are highly sociable, with some pods reaching over a thousand individuals.

Once hunted for their products, cetaceans are now protected by international law. Some species are attributed with high levels of intelligence. At the 2012 meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, support was reiterated for a cetacean bill of rights, listing cetaceans as nonhuman persons. Besides whaling and drive hunting, they also face threats from bycatch and marine pollution. The baiji, for example, is considered functionally extinct by the IUCN, with the last sighting in 2004, due to heavy pollution to the Yangtze River. Whales occasionally feature in literature and film, as in the great white sperm whale of Herman Melville's Moby-Dick. Small odontocetes, mainly dolphins, are kept in captivity and trained to perform tricks. Whale watching has become a form of tourism around the world.

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Dentocetacoj ( Esperanto )

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La dentocetacoj (Odontoceti) formas subordon de cetacoj (Cetacea). Male al la bartocetacoj, ili havas dentojn en la makzeloj antataŭ bartoj. Ili manĝas karnon, ĉefe fiŝojn, sepiojn kaj malofte eĉ marajn mamulojn.

Anatomio

Plimulto de la dentocetacoj estas pli malgranda ol bartocetacoj. Oni listigas nur unu specion ĉe la grandaj cetacoj, nome la kaĉaloton. La ceteraj specioj estas malgrandaj aŭ mezgrandaj. Plua diferenco estas ke la dentocetacoj havas nur unu spirtruon (kaj ne du kiel la bartocetacoj). Ili havas nesimetrian kranion kaj cekumon.

La dentoj de la diversaj specioj estas diverse evoluintaj. Multaj havas eĉ ĝis 100 dentojn kiel ekzemple delfenedoj, male al ili narvalo havas nur unu longan puŝdenton. Ankaŭ ĉe la preskaŭ sendentaj bekocetedoj (Ziphiidae), la masklo havas bizare formitajn dentojn.

Konduto

Moviĝo

Plimulto de la dentocetacoj bone naĝas. Multaj delfenoj naĝas saltante.

Voĉoj

La voĉesprimo estas tre grava por la dentocetacoj. Krom la multnombrajn aŭdeblajn fajfojn, ili uzas ankaŭ ultrasonajn voĉojn por la eĥolokiĝo. Tiu gravas ĉefe dum ĉasado.

Socia konduto

Ili vivas plej ofte en grupoj ĝis ĉ. dekduopo.

Homa influo

La homo senkompate ĉasis ilin dum la pasintaj jarcentoj. Nun ili estas nur limigite ĉaseblaj, sed la medipoluado minacas ilin.

Taksonomio

Oni dividas la dentocetacojn en 9 familiojn:

Detale:

superfamilio : † skvalodojdoj – Squalodontoidea
familio : † agorofiedoj – Agorophiidae
genro : † agorofio – Agorophius
familio : † patriocetedoj – Patriocetidae
genro : † patrioceto – Patriocetus
familio : † mikrozeŭglodedoj – Microzeuglodontidae
genro : † mikrozeŭglodo – Microzeuglodon
familio : † skvalodedoj – Squalodontidae
genro : † skvalodo – Squalodon
genro : † proskvalodo – Prosqualodon
superfamilio : suzuojdoj – Susuoidea
familio : suzuedoj – Susuidae (4 specioj)
genro : † zaraĥo – Zarhachis
genro : † proinio – Proinia
genro : † pontisto – Pontistes
genro : pontoporio – Pontoporia
specio : pontoporio laplata – Pontoporia blainvillei
genro : inio – Inia
specio : amazona inioInia geoffroyensis [1]
genro : lipoto – Lipotes
specio : blanknaĝila delfenoLipotes vexillifer
genro : suzuo – Susu
specio : suzuo ganga – Susu gangetica
superfamilio : delfenojdoj – Delphinoidea
familio : † eŭrinodelfedoj – Eurhinodelphidae
genro : † eŭrinodelfo – Eurhinodelphis
familio : † hemisintraĥeledoj – Hemisyntrachelidae
genro : † hemisintraĥelo – Hemisyntrachelus
familio : † akrodelfedoj – Acrodephidae
genro : † akrodelfo – Acrodelphis
genro : † pomatodelfo – Pomatodelphis
familio : MONODONEDOJMonodontidae (2 specioj)
genro : delfinaptero – Delphinapterus
specio : delfinaptero blanka aŭ belugoDelphinapterus leucas
genro : monodono – Monodon
specio : monodono (narvalo) – Monodon monoceros
familio : delfenedoj – Delphinidae (41 specioj)
genro : † delfenavo – Delphinavus
genro : † kentriodo – Kentriodon
genro : † makroĥirifero – Macrochirifer
genro : steno – Steno
specio : steno longnaza – Steno bradanensis
genro : sotalio – Sotalia
specio : sotalio amazona – Sotalia fluviatilis
specio : sotalio gujana – Sotalia guianensis
specio : sotalio brazila – Sotalia brasiliensis
specio : sotalio ĉinia – Sotalia chinensis
specio : sotalio bornea – Sotalia borneensis
specio : sotalio bengala – Sotalia lentiginosa
specio : sotalio malabara – Sotalia plumbea
specio : sotalio kamerunia – Sotalia teuszi
genro : stenelo – Stenella
specio : stenelo kopea – Stenella asthenops
specio : stenelo klimena – Stenella clymene
specio : stenelo tristria – Stenella coeruleoalba
specio : stenelo borda – Stenella dubia
specio : stenelo verdkabia – Stenella frontalis
specio : stenelo meksikia – Stenella graffmani
specio : stenelo longakrania – Stenella longirostris
specio : stenelo makulita – Stenella plagiodon
genro : DELFENODelphinus
specio : delfeno kutima – Delphinus delphis
specio : delfeno tropika – Delphinus tropicalis
genro : tursiopo – Tursiops
specio : tursiopo saltema – Tursiops truncatus
specio : tursiopo kurba – Tursiops aduncus
genro : lisodelfo – Lissodelphis
specio : lisodelfo perona – Lissodelphis peroni
specio : lisodelfo nigradorsa – Lissodelphis borealis
genro : lagenorinĥo – Lagenorhynchus
specio : lagenorinĥo blankflanka – Lagenorhynchus acutus
specio : lagenorinĥo blanknaza – Lagenorhynchus albirostris
specio : lagenorinĥo bunta – Lagenorhynchus cruciger
specio : lagenorinĥo elektra – Lagenorhynchus electra
specio : lagenorinĥo platfrunta – Lagenorhynchus obliquidens
specio : lagenorinĥo falklanda – Lagenorhynchus thicolea
genro : lagenodelfo – Lagenodelphis
specio : lagenodelfo saravaka – Lagenodelphis hosei
genro : cefalorinĥo – Cephalorhynchus
specio : cefalorinĥo makulkolora – Cephalorhynchus commersoni
specio : cefalorinĥo ĉilia – Cephalorhynchus eutropia
specio : cefalorinĥo novzelanda – Cephalorhynchus hectori
specio : cefalorinĥo kablanda – Cephalorhynchus heavisidei
genro : grampo – Grampus
specio : grampo griza – Grampus griseus
genro : globkapuloj – Globicephala
specio : Nigra globicefaloGlobicephala melas
specio : grandnaza globicefalo – Globicephala macrorhynchus
genro : orcelo – Orcaella
specio : orcelo kurtkapa – Orcaella brevirostris
genro : pseŭdorko – Pseudorca
specio : pseŭdorko nigra – Pseudorca crassidens
genro : ORCINO – Orcinus
specio : orcino (ORKO) – Orcinus orca
genro : ferezo – Feresa
specio : ferezo malgranda – Feresa attenuata
familo : focenedoj – Phocaenidae (6 specioj)
genro : FOCENO (FOKENO) – Phocoena
specio : foceno MARPORKO – Phocoena phocoena
specio : foceno nigra – Phocoena spinipinnis
specio : foceno kalifornia – Phocoena sinus
specio : foceno suda – Phocoena dioptrica
genro : focenojdo – Phocoenoides
specio : focenojdo blanknaĝila – Phocoenoides dalli
genro : novfoceno – Neophocaena
specio : novfoceno glatdorsa – Neophocaena phocaenoides
superfamilio : kaĉalotojdoj – Physeteroidea
familio : zifiedoj – Ziphiidae (Hyperoodontidae) (16 specioj)
genro : † zifiojdo – Ziphioides
genro : † notoceto – Notocetus
genro : tasmaceto – Tasmacetus
specio : tasmaceto ŝeperda – Tasmacetus shepherdi
genro : berardio – Berardius
specio : berardio granda – Berardius bairdi
specio : berardio suda – Berardius arnoŭi
genro : mezoplodo – Mesoplodon
specio : mezoplodo nordmara – Mesoplodon bidens
specio : mezoplodo antila – Mesoplodon europaeus
specio : mezoplodo grizdorsa – Mesoplodon mirus
specio : mezoplodo malgranda – Mesoplodon grayi
specio : mezoplodo ginkodenta – Mesoplodon ginkgodens
specio : mezoplodo platdenta – Mesoplodon layardi
specio : mezoplodo tropika – Mesoplodon densirostris
specio : mezoplodo stejnegera – Mesoplodon stejnegeri
specio : mezoplodo aŭstralia – Mesoplodon bowdoini
specio : mezoplodo kalifornia – Mesoplodon carlhubbsi
genro : zifio – Ziphius
specio : zifio larĝbeka – Ziphius cavirostris
genro : hiperoodo – Hyperoodon
specio : hiperoodo bulfrunta – Hyperoodon ampullatus (rostratus)
specio : hiperodo platfrunta – Hyperoodon planifrons
familio : kaĉalotedoj – Physeteridae (2 specioj)
subfamilio : † hoplocetenoj – Hoplocetinae
genro : † apenofisetero – Apenophyseter
genro : † hoploceto – Hoplocetus
subfamilio : kogienoj – Kogiinae
genro : † kogiopso – Kogiopsis
genro : kogio – Kogia
specio : kogio nana – Kogia breviceps
subfamilio : kaĉalotenoj – Physeterinae
genro : † ontoceto – Ontocetus
genro : † profisetero – Prophyseter
genro : † balenodo – Balaenodon
genro : KAĈALOTO – Physeter
specio : kaĉaloto (MAKROCEFALO) – Physeter macrocephalus

Referencoj

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Dentocetacoj: Brief Summary ( Esperanto )

provided by wikipedia EO

La dentocetacoj (Odontoceti) formas subordon de cetacoj (Cetacea). Male al la bartocetacoj, ili havas dentojn en la makzeloj antataŭ bartoj. Ili manĝas karnon, ĉefe fiŝojn, sepiojn kaj malofte eĉ marajn mamulojn.

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Odontoceti ( Spanish; Castilian )

provided by wikipedia ES

Los odontocetos (Odontoceti) son un parvorden de cetáceos. Se los conoce comúnmente como cetáceos dentados. Precisamente se caracterizan por la presencia de dientes en lugar de las barbas, como ocurre en los misticetos.

Etimología

El nombre Odontoceti proviene del griego ὀδόντο- odonto, "diente" y κῆτος cetos, "gran animal marino".[1]

Características

Los odontocetos son un parvorden de mamíferos cetáceos sin barbas, con un hocico provisto de dientes generalmente homodontes, que pueden ser numerosos o reducirse a un solo par, como es el caso de los zifios. Presentan un solo espiráculo (orificio respiratorio) en la parte superior de la cabeza y una frente abultada debido a la presencia del melón, órgano utilizado en la ecolocalización. Todos los odontocetos son carnívoros.[2][3]

Familias

Los odontocetos incluyen siete u ocho familias, según se considere el género Kogia como miembro de la familia Physeteridae[4]​ o integrante de una familia independiente[5]​ (Kogiidae).

No obstante, esta clasificación clásica no concuerda con la filogenia del grupo, pues la superfamilia Platanistoidea resulta ser un grupo parafilético. El cladograma basado en las relaciones filogenéticas[6]​ es el siguiente:

       

Physeteridae

   

Kogiidae

       

Ziphiidae

     

Platanistidae

       

Delphinidae

     

Monodontidae

   

Phocoenidae

       

Iniidae

           

Mysticeti

   

Véase también

Referencias

  1. «Dicciomed.es: Odontocetos». Archivado desde el original el 1 de abril de 2010. Consultado el 18 de febrero de 2011.
  2. Duiops.net Odontocetos
  3. Ccc-Chile.org: Odontocetos
  4. Wilson, Don E.; Reeder, DeeAnn M., eds. (2005). Mammal Species of the World (en inglés) (3ª edición). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2 vols. (2142 pp.). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0.
  5. ITIS - Odontoceti
  6. Hrbek, Tomas; da Silva, Vera Maria Ferreira; Dutra, Nicole; Gravena, Waleska; Martin, Anthony R.; Farias, Izeni Pires; Turvey, Samuel T. (22 de enero de 2014). «A New Species of River Dolphin from Brazil or: How Little Do We Know Our Biodiversity». PLoS ONE 9 (1): e83623. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0083623. Archivado desde el original el 5 de enero de 2015. Consultado el 29 de enero de 2014.

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Odontoceti: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Los odontocetos (Odontoceti) son un parvorden de cetáceos. Se los conoce comúnmente como cetáceos dentados. Precisamente se caracterizan por la presencia de dientes en lugar de las barbas, como ocurre en los misticetos.

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Hammasvaalalised ( Estonian )

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Hammasvaalalised (Odontoceti) on vaalaliste alamselts.

Hammasvaalalistel on teravad hambad, kuid ükski hammasvaalaline ei oska närida. Hambad on neil ainult saagi püüdmiseks.

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Odontozeto ( Basque )

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Odontozeto (Odontoceti) ugaztunen klaseko zetazeoen ordenako itsasoko animalia batzuez esaten da. Odontozetoen ezaugarri berezia ahoa hortzez hornitua izatea da. Odontozeto-espezie batzuek bi barailetan dituzte hortzak, beste batzuek behekoan bakarrik. Gainerako zetazeoek baino aho estuagoa eta txikiagoa dute. Delfinidoak, monodontidoak eta platanistidoak dira odontozetoen azpiordenako familiarik ezagunenak. Odontozeto guztiak haragijaleak dira. Belugak, izurdeak, kaxaloteak, orkak, narbalak, mazopak eta pilotu-izurdeak odontozetoak dira.

Familiak

Odontozeto zazpi edo zortzi familia osatzen dute, segun eta Kogia generoa Physeteridae familiaren barnean[1] edo familia independente bat osatzen[2] hartzen dugun.


Azpiordena Superfamilia Familia Odontoceti Delphinidae
Orca size-2.svg
Platanistoidea Iniidae
Amazon river dolphin size.svg
Platanistidae
South Asian river dolphin size comparison.svg
Phocoenidae
Harbour porpoise size.svg
Physeteridae
Sperm whale size.svg
Kogiidae
Dwarf sperm whale size.svg
Ziphiidae
Arnoux's beaked whale size.svg
Monodontidae
Narwhal size.svg

Erreferentziak

  1. Wilson, Don E.; Reeder, Dee Ann M. (2005) Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3. argitaraldia) Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  2. ITIS - Odontoceti
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Odontozeto: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Odontozeto (Odontoceti) ugaztunen klaseko zetazeoen ordenako itsasoko animalia batzuez esaten da. Odontozetoen ezaugarri berezia ahoa hortzez hornitua izatea da. Odontozeto-espezie batzuek bi barailetan dituzte hortzak, beste batzuek behekoan bakarrik. Gainerako zetazeoek baino aho estuagoa eta txikiagoa dute. Delfinidoak, monodontidoak eta platanistidoak dira odontozetoen azpiordenako familiarik ezagunenak. Odontozeto guztiak haragijaleak dira. Belugak, izurdeak, kaxaloteak, orkak, narbalak, mazopak eta pilotu-izurdeak odontozetoak dira.

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Hammasvalaat ( Finnish )

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Hammasvalaat (Odontoceti) on toinen valaiden nykyisistä alalahkoista. Siinä on hetulavalaiden lahkoa paljon enemmän lajeja. Hammasvalaiden ryhmään kuuluu pyöriäisiksi, delfiineiksi ja valaiksi kutsuttuja lajeja.

Hammasvalaat ovat keskimäärin hetulavalaita pienempiä. Pienimpien lajien pituus on noin metri, kookkain laji taas on 18 metrin pituinen kaskelotti. Koiras on aina naarasta suurempi. Hammasvalaiden saaliseläimet ovat paljon suurikokoisempia kuin hetulavalaiden.

Anatomia

Kallo on epäsymmetrinen valaiden kaikuluotauskyvyn takia: osa oikean puoliskon luista on kehittynyt voimakkaammiksi kuin vastaavat luut vasemmalla puolella.

Hampaiden lukumäärä vaihtelee kahdesta 250:een; joskus hampaita on vain alaleuassa. Hampaat ovat rakenteeltaan yksinkertaisia tarttumahampaita,[1] useimpien lajien hampaat ovatkin suipot ja terävät. Ravintonsa hammasvalaat nielevät silti kokonaisena, sillä hampaita ei käytetä saaliin hienontamiseen vaan vain sen kiinni saamiseen.

Sieraimet ovat kehittyneet yhdeksi epäsymmetrisesti sijaitsevaksi hengitysreiäksi,[2] joka sijaitsee päälaella. Hajulimakalvo ja aivojen hajukeskus puuttuvat kokonaan.

Kurkunpään kaksi rustoa muodostaa hanhen nokan muotoisen putken, joka ulottuu pitkälle nenäonteloon ja sulkeutuu tarvittaessa rengaslihaksen avulla. Hammasvalaiden suunnistuksessa ja viestinnässä käyttämä ääntely ei synny kurkunpäässä, koska äänijänteitä ei valailla ole lainkaan, vaan nenäontelossa.

Monien hammasvalaslajien aivot – etenkin pikkuaivot – ovat erittäin kehittyneet ja hyvin suuret. Aivokuori on paljon poimuisampi kuin ihmisellä[3].

Yläheimoja ja heimoja

Lähteet

  1. Suuri eläintieto: Eläinten kiehtova maailma 12 (U-Ö), s. 33. Weilin+Göös, 1990. ISBN 951-35-5142-3.
  2. Suuri eläintieto: Eläinten kiehtova maailma 2 (H), s. 39. Weilin+Göös, 1990. ISBN 951-35-5128-8.
  3. Lahti, S., Lahti, T. & Raasmaja, A. (toim): ”Valaat”, Zoo Suuri eläinkirja 2: Nisäkkäät, s. 483. WSOY, 1978. ISBN 951-0-08247-3.

Aiheesta muualla

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Hammasvalaat: Brief Summary ( Finnish )

provided by wikipedia FI

Hammasvalaat (Odontoceti) on toinen valaiden nykyisistä alalahkoista. Siinä on hetulavalaiden lahkoa paljon enemmän lajeja. Hammasvalaiden ryhmään kuuluu pyöriäisiksi, delfiineiksi ja valaiksi kutsuttuja lajeja.

Hammasvalaat ovat keskimäärin hetulavalaita pienempiä. Pienimpien lajien pituus on noin metri, kookkain laji taas on 18 metrin pituinen kaskelotti. Koiras on aina naarasta suurempi. Hammasvalaiden saaliseläimet ovat paljon suurikokoisempia kuin hetulavalaiden.

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Odontoceti ( French )

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Odontocètes

Les odontocètes (Odontoceti), ou cétacés à dents, constituent l'un des deux micro-ordres des cétacés. Ce groupe est caractérisé par la possession de dents (contrairement aux fanons des mysticètes, ou cétacés à fanons).

Le sous-ordre des odontocètes comprend les différentes espèces de bélugas, de cachalots, d'orques (ou épaulards), de dauphins, de marsouins, de narvals et de globicéphales.

Les odontocètes font partie des rares espèces animales (avec les chauves-souris, quelques oiseaux et certaines musaraignes) à posséder la capacité d'écholocalisation au moyen d'ultrasons. Ils s'en servent pour repérer leurs proies et s'orientent en analysant les échos des sons qu'ils émettent : une fonction qui s'apparente au système du sonar.

Anatomie

 src=
Les dents de ce dauphin sont ici mises en évidence

Les odontocètes sont, en général, plus petits que les mysticètes.

L'odorat serait un sens très peu utilisé chez les baleines à dents, qui n'ont pas de muqueuse olfactive, ni de nerf olfactif. Cependant, ces animaux ont toujours l'organe voméro-nasal, impliqué dans la détection de phéromones[1].

Les odontocètes sont homodontes c'est-à-dire que leurs dents, sauf exception comme le narval qui en principe ne possède qu'une défense, sont identiques entre elles. La dentition est très différente parmi ces espèces, le clade formé par les Ziphiidae et les Monodontidae n'en possédant que deux, tandis que certains espèces de Platanistidae en ont plus de 130[2]. Les dents de lait des odontocètes ne tombent pas, la seconde série reste atrophiée. Les dents des odontocètes servent à agripper les proies et leur forme dépend de leur régime alimentaire. Ainsi, leur nombre et leur forme permettent aux spécialistes d'en déduire l'espèce. Certaines espèces telles que les baleines à becs ou encore les cachalots ne possèdent de dents que sur la mâchoire inférieure.

Comme tous les mammifères, les odontocètes possèdent des poumons et doivent périodiquement respirer à la surface. Les odontocètes n'ont qu'un seul évent, ce qui les distingue des mysticètes, ou baleines à fanons, qui en ont deux.

Asymétrie du crâne

 src=
Crâne de béluga (Delphinapterus leucas), sans la mandibule. Cliquez pour voir la ligne verte qui met en évidence l'asymétrie du crâne.

Les Odontocètes présentent un crâne asymétrique, ce qui n'est pas le cas chez les Mysticètes. Plusieurs chercheurs relient cette déformation à l'écholocation[3] leur permettant la production de sons de hautes fréquences. Cependant, bien que certains scientifiques aient déjà émis cette hypothèse[4], des études récentes (2011)[5] tendent à démontrer que les Archéocètes, dont descendent les Cétacés, présentaient déjà un crâne asymétrique malgré le fait qu'ils n'utilisaient pas l'écholocation. Ces chercheurs associent donc l'asymétrie du crâne à une meilleure ouïe pour entendre les bruits émis par leurs proies, et non pas l'écho d'un son émis par le prédateur. Les Mysticètes auraient, au fil du temps, retrouvé un crâne symétrique. Des recherches plus poussées seront nécessaires pour clore la question.

Vie en communauté

Beaucoup d'espèces sont sociales. Elles forment des groupes d'individus avec une structure sociale complexe, collaborant pour la chasse et la défense mutuelle.

Intelligence

De nombreuses expériences en éthologie cognitive ont démontré leur grande intelligence.

Ils savent se reconnaître lorsqu'on les place devant un miroir dans le cadre du test du miroir de Gallup. À l'heure actuelle, à part les dauphins, cette capacité n'a été observée que chez les humains, certains singes et les éléphants. Ceci suggère que ces animaux ont conscience d'eux-mêmes.

On a aussi récemment observé des dauphins faire usage d'outils, fait rarement observé dans le règne animal. Ainsi, des dauphins ont été observés en train d'utiliser des éponges de mer pour se protéger le museau lorsqu'ils raclent le fond marin[6]. Depuis, il a été démontré que cette technique était transmise par apprentissage des mères aux filles[7].

Les delphinés sont une des rares espèces qui pratiquent le sexe aussi pour le plaisir, sans intention de procréation[réf. nécessaire].

On considère qu'ils représentent un cas de convergence évolutive avec les primates et en particulier, les hominidés, pour leurs grandes capacités cognitives en comparaison avec les autres taxons de mammifères marins.

Langage

Leur langage fondé sur des sifflements bruyants et des ultra-sons inaudibles pour l'oreille humaine semble être très élaboré mais est encore mal compris. Les études menées avec des grands dauphins ont démontré qu'ils étaient capables d'identifier la "voix" des différents individus de leur groupe[8].

Menace et protection

Menaces

Bien que presque unanimement appréciés par l'Homme, les odontocètes sont exposés à des menaces croissantes :

  • la pollution des océans et la contamination des réseaux trophiques à la tête desquelles ils se nourrissent. Avec les thons, les espadons, les cachalots ils sont les animaux marins qui contiennent le plus de métaux lourds, de dioxines et de résidus de pesticides. Leur chair qui est encore consommée au Japon et aux îles Féroé[9] présente des teneurs en métaux toxiques dépassant et souvent de beaucoup les normes internationales et nationales. Leur seule teneur en mercure suffirait théoriquement à en faire interdire la consommation dans la plupart des cas ;
  • la disparition d'une partie de leur nourriture à cause de la surexploitation des océans par l'Homme est une seconde menace ;
  • les blessures, les asphyxies ou le stress par captures accidentelles dans les chaluts ou filets maillants dérivants causent la mort de nombreux dauphins tous les ans ;
  • les cétacés se grattent parfois sur le fond sur des rochers ou des objets durs pour se nettoyer la peau ou débarrasser de parasites, on peut craindre qu'ils soient en contact de plus en plus fréquent avec des munitions immergées ou qu'ils soient intoxiqués par leur nourriture dans les zones où des munitions ou d'autres déchets ont été immergés ;
  • on évoque aussi depuis une dizaine d'années l'usage de plus en plus fréquent de sondeurs et sonars civils ou militaires ou d'explosions sous-marines à vocation de détection de ressources pétrolières par exemple qui pourraient affecter leur système auditif et d'écholocation, et peut-être expliquer certains échouages en séries ;
  • il se pourrait que la mondialisation des échanges diffuse aussi des microbes susceptibles d'affecter les cétacés, dont le virus de la grippe auquel ils sont sensibles.

Les odontocètes de Méditerranée sont atteints par une épidémie[10], dont la cause a été identifiée comme une atteinte virale par Morbillivirus[11]. Cette épidémie atteint plus les jeunes. Or, ces mammifères sont presque exclusivement des consommateurs de poissons et sont ainsi, vu la contamination élevée de leur alimentation, atteints par des intoxications liées en particulier au PCB (polychlorobiphényle)[12] ; ce toxique, stocké dans les graisses et transmis par le lait, induit une atteinte des moyens normaux de défense du jeune animal, ce qui favoriserait en conséquence l'atteinte virale.

Label « Dolphin Safe »

Faute de données, l'UICN n'arrive pas à établir de diagnostic clair des menaces liées à la pêche commerciale. L'UNESCO présume que, chaque année, environ 100 000 odontocètes seraient abattus à des fins commerciales, et 300 000 autres mourraient étouffés dans des filets abandonnés. La pêche industrielle aux thons, florissante dans le Pacifique Est, s'avère être une calamité pour ces cétacés. En 1990, le Congrès des États-Unis a donc créé le label « Dolphin Safe », pour signaler aux consommateurs les pratiques les plus vertueuses[13]. Autre fléau : la malnutrition, qui guette l'animal depuis que ses proies habituelles (harengs, sardines, maquereaux…) sont pêchées de manière intensive.

Classification

Le sous-ordre contient 6 familles :

Plus 4 familles au statut discuté :

Voir aussi

Références taxonomiques

Notes et références
  1. P.-H. Fontaine, Baleines et phoques, biologie et écologie, Éditions MultiMondes, Québec, 2005, 432 p. (ISBN 2-89544-076-X)
  2. (en) Référence Animal Diversity Web : Platanistidae
  3. Bernd G. Würsig, J. G. M. Thewissen, Encyclopedia of marine mammals, 2002, Academic Press, San Diego, California, 1352 p.
  4. C. Milikovitch, M., Molecular phylogeny of cetaceans prompts revision of morphological transformations, Trends in Ecological & Evolution, vol. 10, no. 8, août 1995
  5. Julia M. Fahlke, Philip D. Gingerich, Robert C. Welsh, Aaron R. Wood, Cranial asymmetry in Eocene archaeocete whales and the evolution of directional hearing in the water, 2011, Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, United States of America
  6. Sponge carrying by dolphins (Delphinidae, Tursiops sp.) : A foraging specialization involving tool use ? Smolker, R. A., Richards, A., Connor, R., Mann, J. & Berggren, P. (1997) Ethology 103, 454–465.
  7. Krutzen M, Mann J, Heithaus MR, Connor RC, Bejder L, Sherwin WB. Cultural transmission of tool use in bottlenose dolphins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Jun 21;102(25):8939-43. PMID 15947077
  8. Signature whistle shape conveys identity information to bottlenose dolphins. Janik VM, Sayigh LS, Wells RS. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 May 23;103(21):8293-7.PMID 16698937
  9. Voir la page Grindadráp, chasse culturelle de dauphins et de baleines aux îles Féroé.
  10. Nelly Moussu, Préfecture maritime de la Méditerranée (source), « Morbilivirus : le mal de la mer », sur Le portail des sous-marins, Gilles Corlobé, 15 mars 2008 (consulté le 11 octobre 2014) : « Habituellement, 45 dauphins se retrouvent sur le rivage de la belle bleue chaque année. Les chiffres ont explosé. Les scientifiques pointent du doigt le morbilivirus et parlent aujourd’hui d’épidémie. ».
  11. (en) Juan-Antonio Raga, Ashley C. Banyard, Mariano Domingo, Mandy Corteyn, Marie-Françoise Van Bressem, Mercedes Fernández et al., « Dolphin morbillivirus epizootic resurges in the Mediterranean Sea » [« Résurgence de l'épizootie de morbillivirus chez les dauphins de mer Méditerranée »], Emerging Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, USA, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), vol. 14, no 3,‎ mars 2008, p. 471-473 (ISSN , résumé, lire en ligne [PDF]).
  12. cf. Dolphin morbillivirus epizootic resurges in the Mediterranean Sea, p. 473 : « …striped dolphins killed by the disease in 1990 had particularly high polychlorinated biphenyls levels… ».
  13. Dolphin Protection Consumer Information Act

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Odontoceti: Brief Summary ( French )

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Odontocètes

Les odontocètes (Odontoceti), ou cétacés à dents, constituent l'un des deux micro-ordres des cétacés. Ce groupe est caractérisé par la possession de dents (contrairement aux fanons des mysticètes, ou cétacés à fanons).

Le sous-ordre des odontocètes comprend les différentes espèces de bélugas, de cachalots, d'orques (ou épaulards), de dauphins, de marsouins, de narvals et de globicéphales.

Les odontocètes font partie des rares espèces animales (avec les chauves-souris, quelques oiseaux et certaines musaraignes) à posséder la capacité d'écholocalisation au moyen d'ultrasons. Ils s'en servent pour repérer leurs proies et s'orientent en analysant les échos des sons qu'ils émettent : une fonction qui s'apparente au système du sonar.

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Míol mór fiaclach ( Irish )

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Ainmhí mór is ea an míol mór fiaclach.



Ainmhí
Is síol ainmhí é an t-alt seo. Cuir leis, chun cuidiú leis an Vicipéid.
Má tá alt níos forbartha le fáil i dteanga eile, is féidir leat aistriúchán Gaeilge a dhéanamh.


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Odontocetos ( Galician )

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Os odontocetos (Odontoceti, Flower, 1867) constitúen unha suborde dos cetáceos caracterizados por posuíren dentes, a diferenza das baleas e especies similares (misticetos) que posúen unhas formacións quitinosas chamadas barbas, con función filtradora.

Etimoloxía

O nome Odontoceti provén do grego antigo ὀδόντο- odónto-, "dente" e κῆτος kêtos, "gran monstro mariño".[1]

Características

A característica definitoria do taxon é a presenza de dentes, polo que as especies de gran tamaño, reciben o nome (impropio) de baleas dentadas ou baleas con dentes. Os dentes son cónicos, ocos e indiferenciados (homodontes) e poden presentarse en número moi variable, desde os 160-240 do golfiño común ata o dente único do narval.[2] Así mesmo varía a súa disposición, presente nas dúas mandíbulas ou só na inferior (como nos cachalotes ou algúns zifios) ou na superior (narval), e o seu tamaño, que oscila entre uns milímetros na toniña e os dous metros no narval.

Os dentes non teñen función mastigatoria senón que serven para capturar as presas, que engolen enteiras. Aínda así, non sempre cumpren esa función e nalgunhas especies convértense en caracteres de diferenciación sexual, como acontece tipicamente no narval.

Presentan un único espiráculo (orificio respiratorio) na parte superior da cabeza e unha fronte avultada debida ás modificacións anatómicas producidas pola presenza do melón, denominación popular do órgano da ecolocación.

Todos os odontocetos son carnívoros.

Taxonomía

Os odontocetos clasifícanse dentro da orde Cetacea e distribúense en dez familias (algunhas delas discutidas):

Modernamente moitos autores agrupan estas familias en seis superfamilias:[3]

Galería de imaxes

Notas

  1. "Dicciomed.es: Odontocetos". Arquivado dende o orixinal o 01 de abril de 2010. Consultado o 21 de agosto de 2013.
  2. Reealmente, o narval ten dous dentes na mandíbula superior, aínda que (normalmente) o esquerdo alcanza un desenvolvemento enorme, de ata de máis de 2 m)
  3. Paleobiology Database
  4. Que inclúe a especie Pontoporia blainvillei, o coñecido como golfiño do Prata, antes incluída na familia Iniidae.
  5. A dos Lipotidae é unha familia creada por Zhou, Qian & Li en 1978, que inclúe á especie Lipotes vexillifer, chamado golfiño chinés de río, antes icluída na familia dos Platanistidae.

Véxase tamén

Bibliografía

  • Carwardine, M. (1995): Ballenas, delfines y marsopas. Guía visual de todos los cetáceos del mundo. Barcelona: Omega. ISBN 84-282-1037-3.

Outros artigos

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Odontocetos: Brief Summary ( Galician )

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Os odontocetos (Odontoceti, Flower, 1867) constitúen unha suborde dos cetáceos caracterizados por posuíren dentes, a diferenza das baleas e especies similares (misticetos) que posúen unhas formacións quitinosas chamadas barbas, con función filtradora.

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Kitovi zubani ( Croatian )

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Kitovi zubani (lat. Odontoceti) su jedan od dva podreda kitova (Cetacea). Suprotno od kitova usana oni imaju zube u čeljustima. Oni su svi mesožderi koji se hrane pretežno ribama i glavonošcima, a u nekim slučajevima love i morske sisavce.

Anatomija

Većina kitova zubana su puno manji od kitova usana. Samo jedna porodica iz ove grupe, ulješura se ubraja u velike kitove. Osim veličinom, od kitova usana se razlikuju i po tome, što imaju samo jedan nosni otvor a ne dva, kao usani.

Različite vrste ovih kitova imaju i sasvim različito izražene zube. Mnogi zubani imaju veliki broj zubi, sve do stotinjak kod nekih vrsta dupina, dok narval ima jedan vrlo dugačak zub, kao kljovu. I mužjaci gotovo bezubih kljunastih kitova imaju bizarno oblikovane zube.

Ponašanje

Kretanje

Većina kitova zubana su vrlo brzi plivači. Neke male vrste ponekad jašu na valovima, recimo, na valovima koje za sobom ostavljaju brodovi. Posebno često se tako viđa dupine, koji su uz to poznati i po svojim akrobatskim skokovima.

Glasanje

Kod zubana glasanje ima vrlo važnu ulogu. Pored brojnih zviždukavih glasova pomoću kojih međusobno komuniciraju, oni se koriste i ultrazvukom za eholociranje, poput radara. Ovo im je osjetilo izuzetno važno u lovu.

Socijalno ponašanje

Kitovi zubani žive u grupama od nekoliko pa do petnaestak jedinki. Ove tzv. "škole" se mogu povremeno okupiti u grupe velike i do tisuću jedinki. Ovi su kitovi sposobni za vrlo kompleksno ponašanje kao što je, recimo, međusobna suradnja u lovu na jata riba. U zatočeništvu, neke vrste pokazuju iznimno veliku sposobnost učenja, zbog čega ih zoolozi svrstavaju među najinteligentnije životinje uopće.

Taksonomija

Kitove zubane se dijeli na devet porodica:

Postoje mnoge naznake, da se neke od ovih porodica svrstaju u nadporodice. No, prilično sigurno je samo, da su porodice oceanskih dupina, pliskavica i bijelih kitova međusobno srodne. Njih se ponekad obuhvaća zajedno u grupu Delphinidae. Suprotno tome, pokušaji da se Indijski, Kineski (koji se često naziva još i Baiji), La Plata, i Boto (koji se često naziva još i amazonskim dupinom) dupini svrstaju zajedno u grupu riječnih dupina nisu održivi. Ovim vrstama je zajedničko samo to što žive u slatkim vodotocima, no sasvim sigurno su se razvili neovisno jedni od drugih. Ulješure i kljunasti kitovi su vjerojatno prvobitne porodice kitova zubana, i nemaju bližih srodničkih veza s nijednom drugom porodicom.

Ljudski utjecaj

Ulješure su dugo bile izlovljavane za potrebe industrije. Dok se neke manje vrste još uvijek izlovljavaju, većina vrsta su ugrožene prije svega jalovim ulovom. Kod lova na tune se u mrežama utapaju tisuće oceanskih dupina, postajući tako jalovi ulov. Ne koristi nikom, a silno šteti vrstama koje pri tome stradavaju.

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Kitovi zubani: Brief Summary ( Croatian )

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Kitovi zubani (lat. Odontoceti) su jedan od dva podreda kitova (Cetacea). Suprotno od kitova usana oni imaju zube u čeljustima. Oni su svi mesožderi koji se hrane pretežno ribama i glavonošcima, a u nekim slučajevima love i morske sisavce.

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Paus bergigi ( Indonesian )

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Paus bergigi (nama sistematis Odontoceti) merupakan infraordo dari subordo artiodactyla Cetacea, termasuk paus sperma, paus berparuh, lumba-lumba, dan lain-lain. Setidaknya satu penulis percaya bahwa Cetacea harus terbaik diakui sebagai infraordo dalam subordo Whippomorpha di Artiodactyla.[1] Seperti namanya, subordo ini ditandai dengan adanya gigi daripada balin paus lainnya.

Referensi

  1. ^ Groves, Colin, and Peter Grubb. Ungulate taxonomy. JHU Press, 2011.
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Paus bergigi: Brief Summary ( Indonesian )

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Paus bergigi (nama sistematis Odontoceti) merupakan infraordo dari subordo artiodactyla Cetacea, termasuk paus sperma, paus berparuh, lumba-lumba, dan lain-lain. Setidaknya satu penulis percaya bahwa Cetacea harus terbaik diakui sebagai infraordo dalam subordo Whippomorpha di Artiodactyla. Seperti namanya, subordo ini ditandai dengan adanya gigi daripada balin paus lainnya.

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Tannhvalir ( Icelandic )

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Tannhvalir (fræðiheiti: Odontoceti) er annar tveggja undirættbálka hvala, hinn flokkurinn er Skíðishvalir (Mysticeti). Flokkunarfræðingar telja tæplega 80 tegundir tannhvala, en nákvæmur fjöldi tegunda er umdeildur. Tannhvalir finnast í öllum heimshöfum og í mörgum stórfljótum.

Tannhvalir eru tenntir eins og nafnið bendir til. Tennurnar eru þó ekki eins í öllum tannhvölum. Hjá sumum hvalategundum eru tennurnar allar af sömu gerð (það er þær greinast ekki í framtennur, vígtennur og jaxla) og eru keilulaga með einfalda rót. Fjöldi tanna er einnig misjöfn eftir tegundum, sumar tegundir vatnahöfrunga (Platanistidae) eru með allt að tvö hundruð tennur, en náhvalir (Monodon monoceros) hafa aðeins eina tönn sem skagar fram úr höfðinu.

búrhval (Physeter catodon) undanskildum eru flestar tegundir tannhvala talsvert minni en skíðishvalir. Tannhvalir hafa eitt öndunarop en skíðishvalir tvö. Hægri og vinstri hauskúpuhelmingar tannhvala er ekki eins og er það vegna þess að þeir nota bergmálsmiðun við fæðuleit og hefur aðlögun að slíkri skynjun gert það að verkum að hauskúpa þeirra er ósamhverf.

Tannhvalir eru nær undantekningalaust hópdýr og fjölkvænisdýr með flókið félagsatferli. Fullvaxnir tannhvalstarfar eru oft verulega stærri en kýrnar. Hóparnir eru afar misstórir, allt frá nokkrum dýrum upp í tugi einstaklinga og jafnvel allt að þúsund dýr eins og þekkist meðal höfrunga. Samskipti einstaklinga innan hópsins eru mjög flókin og nota þeir meðal annars mismunandi hljóð til samskipta.

Helsta fæða tannhvala er fiskur, smokkfiskur og kolkrabbar. Sumir háhyrningsstofnar lifa á öðrum hvölum, hreifadýrum og mörgæsum.

Ættir tannhvala

Vísindamenn eru ekki sammála um hvernig flokka beri tannhvali í ættir en algengt er að skipta núlifandi tannhvölum í sjö ættir.

Fimm tegundir teljast til vatnahöfrunga og lifa þær í fljótum í Suður-Ameríku og Asíu.

Ætt hvíthvela telur einungis tvær tegundir, mjaldur (Delphinapterus leucas) og náhvalur (Monodon monoceros).

Sex tegundir teljast til hnísuættarinnar og eru þær minnstar núlifandi hvala, stærstu tegundirnar verða aðeins um 2,5 metrar á lengd. Minnsta tegundin, Vaquinta (Phocoena sinus) sem lifir við strendur Norður-Ameríku, er aðeins 1,2 -1,5 m á lengd og 30-55 kg að þyngd.

Tegundaríkusta ætt tannhvala eru höfrungar en það eru taldar rúmlega 30 tegundir. Að undanskildum háhyrningum (Orchinus orca) eru höfrungar tiltölulega litlir samanborið við aðra hvali.

Svínshvelaætt er talin tegundaríkasta ætt hvala á eftir höfrungum og eru í henni 21 tegundur í 6 ættkvíslum. Svínshvalir eru meðalstórir hvalir, á bilinu 3,5 – 13 metrar á lengd og vega á bilinu 1-15 tonn.

Búrhveli er stærstur tannhvala en fullorðnir tarfar geta orðið um 20 metra langir. Höfuðið er einn þriðji af heildarlengdinni kjafturinn sérstakur, neðri kjálkinn er með fjölda hvassra tanna en efri kjálkinn er því sem næst tannlaus.

Dvergbúrraætt skiptist í tvær ættir, litli búrhvalurinn (Kogia breviceps) og dvergbúrhvalurinn (Kogia sima). Báðar tegundirnar lifa í heitum eða heittempruðum sjó umhverfis jörðina.

Heimildir

  • Íslensk spendýr, ritsjóri Páll Hersteinsson, Vaka-Helgafell 2005, ISBN 9979-2-1721-9

Ítarefni

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Tannhvalir: Brief Summary ( Icelandic )

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Tannhvalir (fræðiheiti: Odontoceti) er annar tveggja undirættbálka hvala, hinn flokkurinn er Skíðishvalir (Mysticeti). Flokkunarfræðingar telja tæplega 80 tegundir tannhvala, en nákvæmur fjöldi tegunda er umdeildur. Tannhvalir finnast í öllum heimshöfum og í mörgum stórfljótum.

Tannhvalir eru tenntir eins og nafnið bendir til. Tennurnar eru þó ekki eins í öllum tannhvölum. Hjá sumum hvalategundum eru tennurnar allar af sömu gerð (það er þær greinast ekki í framtennur, vígtennur og jaxla) og eru keilulaga með einfalda rót. Fjöldi tanna er einnig misjöfn eftir tegundum, sumar tegundir vatnahöfrunga (Platanistidae) eru með allt að tvö hundruð tennur, en náhvalir (Monodon monoceros) hafa aðeins eina tönn sem skagar fram úr höfðinu.

búrhval (Physeter catodon) undanskildum eru flestar tegundir tannhvala talsvert minni en skíðishvalir. Tannhvalir hafa eitt öndunarop en skíðishvalir tvö. Hægri og vinstri hauskúpuhelmingar tannhvala er ekki eins og er það vegna þess að þeir nota bergmálsmiðun við fæðuleit og hefur aðlögun að slíkri skynjun gert það að verkum að hauskúpa þeirra er ósamhverf.

Tannhvalir eru nær undantekningalaust hópdýr og fjölkvænisdýr með flókið félagsatferli. Fullvaxnir tannhvalstarfar eru oft verulega stærri en kýrnar. Hóparnir eru afar misstórir, allt frá nokkrum dýrum upp í tugi einstaklinga og jafnvel allt að þúsund dýr eins og þekkist meðal höfrunga. Samskipti einstaklinga innan hópsins eru mjög flókin og nota þeir meðal annars mismunandi hljóð til samskipta.

Helsta fæða tannhvala er fiskur, smokkfiskur og kolkrabbar. Sumir háhyrningsstofnar lifa á öðrum hvölum, hreifadýrum og mörgæsum.

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Odontoceti ( Italian )

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Gli odontoceti (Odontoceti Flower, 1867), detti anche cetacei dentati o meno comunemente denticeti, sono un sottordine dei cetacei, contraddistinti dal possedere denti veri e propri, anziché fanoni come avviene nell'altro sottordine dei cetacei, i misticeti. Delfini, capodogli e orche appartengono a questo sottordine.

Sono cacciatori attivi che si nutrono di pesci, cefalopodi, o, talvolta, di mammiferi marini.

Anatomia

Gli Odontoceti hanno un unico sfiatatoio sulla sommità della testa, a differenza dei Misticeti che ne posseggono in numero pari. Le narici non sono fuse: una di loro è diventata dominante sull'altra.

Come adattamento per l'ecolocalizzazione, il cranio degli Odontoceti è diventato asimmetrico. Possiedono dei cervelli relativamente grandi, sebbene la loro crescita reale non cominci prima dello sviluppo dell'ecolocalizzazione. Il cervello presenta poche connessioni tra i due emisferi. Sul capo si trova un organo, chiamato melone, che ha il compito di concentrare le onde sonore, agendo come lente acustica. Le corde vocali sono assenti e i suoni vengono emessi mediante delle sacche aeree presenti sotto lo sfiatatoio. Hanno perso il senso dell'olfatto e mancano anche le ghiandole salivari

Eccezion fatta per i Capodogli, gli Odontoceti sono generalmente più piccoli dei Misticeti. I denti differiscono considerevolmente tra le specie. Possono essere numerosi (in alcuni delfini superano il centinaio), assumere forme bizzarre come nel narvalo, che possiede una singola lunga zanna, o essere quasi totalmente assenti come negli zifidi, che presentano un solo dente nella mascella inferiore dei maschi.

Comportamento

Vocalizzazioni

Le vocalizzazioni sono di grande importanza per gli odontoceti. Molte specie mantengono una larga varietà di suoni per comunicare, e tutte le specie utilizzano suoni secchi per l'ecolocazione. I capodogli usano frequenze basse (forse meno di 50 kHz), mentre altri odontoceti utilizzano più suoni ad alta frequenza (come le focene o alcune specie di Cephalorhynchus). La maggior parte dei delfini, comunque, usa suoni secchi a banda larga. Uno dei più antichi cetacei a usare l'ecolocazione fu Papahu, un platanistoide del Miocene inferiore (circa 20 milioni di anni fa) della Nuova Zelanda.

Movimento

La maggior parte degli odontoceti nuota rapidamente. Le specie più piccole occasionalmente riescono a cavalcare le onde, e i delfini sono spesso visti affiancare le navi "accompagnandole" nuotando in superficie. I delfini sono anche famosi per le loro evoluzioni acrobatiche fuori dall'acqua (ad esempio Stenella longirostris).

Comportamento sociale

Generalmente, gli odontoceti vivono in gruppi fino a una dozzina di animali. Questi gruppi occasionalmente si fondono con altri, dando vita a veri e propri "supergruppi", aggregazioni di centinaia di animali. Gli odontoceti sono capaci di interazioni complesse, come la caccia in cooperazione. In cattività alcune specie mostrano un alto potenziale di apprendimento; per questa ragione gli odontoceti sono considerati tra gli animali più intelligenti.

Impatto umano

Il capodoglio è stato cacciato commercialmente per lungo tempo; nonostante piccoli cetacei come i globicefali (gen. Globicephala) sono cacciati ancora oggi, il principale pericolo per la maggior parte delle specie è la cattura accidentale nelle reti da pesca.

Tenere in cattività cetacei di piccole e medie dimensioni (come il tursiope, il beluga ma anche l'orca) è una grande attrazione per i parchi acquatici e gli zoo. In ogni caso, questa situazione è causa di controversie, poiché i mammiferi marini hanno bisogno di grandi spazi per vivere.

Anche altre attività umane hanno impatto su queste specie. Ad esempio, il Lipotes vexillifer si è estinto nel 2006 a causa della costruzione della Diga delle tre gole.

Sistematica

Note

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h (EN) Hamilton, H., Caballero, S. e et al., Evolution of river dolphins (PDF), in Proc. Biol. Sc., B (2001), n. 268, 2001, pp. 549-556, DOI:10.1098/rspb.2000.1385. URL consultato il 5 novembre 2016. Nota: è stata pubblicata successivamente (v. url) la correzione di un refuso in una figura.

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Odontoceti: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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Gli odontoceti (Odontoceti Flower, 1867), detti anche cetacei dentati o meno comunemente denticeti, sono un sottordine dei cetacei, contraddistinti dal possedere denti veri e propri, anziché fanoni come avviene nell'altro sottordine dei cetacei, i misticeti. Delfini, capodogli e orche appartengono a questo sottordine.

Sono cacciatori attivi che si nutrono di pesci, cefalopodi, o, talvolta, di mammiferi marini.

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Odontoceti ( Latin )

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Odontoceti sunt mammalia aquatica infraordinis Cetaceorum. Exstantes comprehendunt familias Delphinidarum (animalia oceanica), Platanistidarum (animalia fluminum Indicorum), Iniidarum (animalia fluviatilia Mundi Novi, Pontoporiidarum (animalia aquae amarae), et Lipotidarum (exstinctorum fluminum Sinicorum animalium). Quadraginta species exstantes odontoceti appellantur.

Odontoceti magnitudine variant a 1.7 metra longi et 50 kg (Cephalorhynchus hectori maui) ad 9.5 metra et 10 megatonnae (Orcinus orca). Nonnullae species dimorphismum sexualem exhibent, ut mares feminis maiores sint. Corpus est mollis, duobus membris remiformibus. Aliqui, quamquam non tam flexibiles quam Pinnipedia, moveri 55.5 kph possunt. Dentibus coniformibus utuntur ad praedam celerem capiendam. Auditus est acer, ad aerem et aquam aptus, tam accuratus quam singuli vivere possunt, etsi caeci sunt. Nonnullae species ad profunda oceanica descendunt. Eis sub cuti est stratum adipis, plerumque blubber appellati, ut in aqua frigida calidi maneant.

Quamquam odontoceti magnopere divulgati sunt, plurimae species calidiores zonarum tropicarum aquas, alii, sicut odontoceti generis Lissodelphidis, climata frigidiora malunt. Odontoceti plerumque piscibus et decapodiformibus, sed nonnulli, sicut Orcinus orca, mammalibus magnis, sicut pinnipedia vescuntur. Mares plerumque cum multis feminis quotannis, sed feminae anno tertio quoque coeunt. Proles vere et aestate nasci solent, quos feminae solae educant. Matres nonnullarum specierum ieiunium diu servant cum partus nutriunt. Odontoceti varias vocalizationes efficiunt, plerumque crepitus et sibilos.

Taxinomia et distributio

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Notae

Bibliographia

  • Carwardine, M. 2000. Whales, Dolphins and Porpoises. Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 978-0-7513-2781-6.
  • Dal Piaz, Giorgio, 1977. Gli Odontoceti del Miocene bellunese.Patavii: Società cooperativa.
  • Williams, Heathcote. 1988. Whale Nation. Novi Eboraci: Harmony Books. ISBN 978-0-517-56932-0.

Nexus externi

Conservatio, investigatio, nuntii
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Odontoceti: Brief Summary ( Latin )

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Odontoceti sunt mammalia aquatica infraordinis Cetaceorum. Exstantes comprehendunt familias Delphinidarum (animalia oceanica), Platanistidarum (animalia fluminum Indicorum), Iniidarum (animalia fluviatilia Mundi Novi, Pontoporiidarum (animalia aquae amarae), et Lipotidarum (exstinctorum fluminum Sinicorum animalium). Quadraginta species exstantes odontoceti appellantur.

Odontoceti magnitudine variant a 1.7 metra longi et 50 kg (Cephalorhynchus hectori maui) ad 9.5 metra et 10 megatonnae (Orcinus orca). Nonnullae species dimorphismum sexualem exhibent, ut mares feminis maiores sint. Corpus est mollis, duobus membris remiformibus. Aliqui, quamquam non tam flexibiles quam Pinnipedia, moveri 55.5 kph possunt. Dentibus coniformibus utuntur ad praedam celerem capiendam. Auditus est acer, ad aerem et aquam aptus, tam accuratus quam singuli vivere possunt, etsi caeci sunt. Nonnullae species ad profunda oceanica descendunt. Eis sub cuti est stratum adipis, plerumque blubber appellati, ut in aqua frigida calidi maneant.

Quamquam odontoceti magnopere divulgati sunt, plurimae species calidiores zonarum tropicarum aquas, alii, sicut odontoceti generis Lissodelphidis, climata frigidiora malunt. Odontoceti plerumque piscibus et decapodiformibus, sed nonnulli, sicut Orcinus orca, mammalibus magnis, sicut pinnipedia vescuntur. Mares plerumque cum multis feminis quotannis, sed feminae anno tertio quoque coeunt. Proles vere et aestate nasci solent, quos feminae solae educant. Matres nonnullarum specierum ieiunium diu servant cum partus nutriunt. Odontoceti varias vocalizationes efficiunt, plerumque crepitus et sibilos.

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Dantytieji banginiai ( Lithuanian )

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Dantytieji banginiai (Odontooceti) – vienas iš dviejų banginių (Cetacea) pobūrių, kuriam priklauso nuo 2 iki 250 kūgiškų dantų turintys jūrų žinduoliai. Skirtingai nuo bedančių banginiųšnervė tik viena. Dantytieji banginiai yra plėšrūs, minta daugiausia žuvimis, dvižiauniais ir kai kuriais atvejais jūrų žinduoliais.

Daugiausia rūšių turinti dantytųjų banginių šeima yra delfininiai.

Anatomija

Beveik visi dantytieji banginiai yra mažesni už bedančius. Tik kašalotas priskiriamas prie didžiųjų banginių. Likusios rūšys yra mažos arba vidutinio dydžio.

Kaukolė asimetriška. Skirtingos rūšys turi labai skirtingus dantis. Daugelis dantytųjų banginių turi labai daug dantų, kai kurie delfinai jų turi net iki 100. Narvalas turi vieną labai ilgą dantį, o snapuotieji banginiai yra beveik bedančiai. Pagal dantis nesunku nustatyti dantytųjų banginių amžių. Kiekvienais metais ant dantų atsiranda naujas sluoksnis, ir metus galima skaičiuoti panašiai kaip medžių rieves. Seniausias iki šiol nustatytas dantytasis banginis buvo 70 metų kašalotas.

Elgesys

Daugelis dantytųjų banginių yra greiti plaukikai.

Gyvena grupėmis nuo kelių iki tuzino individų, kartais susirenka į didžiules grupes, kuriose yra iki tūkstančio banginių. Nelaisvėje kai kurios rūšys rodo gerus mokymosi sugebėjimus, dėl to zoologai juos laiko protingiausiais gyvūnais.

Taksonomija

Pobūryje 7 šeimos:

Yra nemažai bandymų jas jungti į antšeimius. Gana aišku yra, kad delfininių, jūros kiaulių ir narvalinių šeimos yra tarpusavyje susijusios. Jos kartais jungiamos į Delphinoidea antšeimį. Tuo tarpu keturių upinių delfinų genčių sistematika yra ginčytina. Kartais visos jos jungiamos į vieną šeimą, kartais laikomos konvergentinio vystymosi pavyzdžiu ir išskirstomos į keturias šeimas. Pagal molekulinius genetinius tyrimus panašiausia, kad Gango delfinai turi būti išskiriami, o likusio trys rūšys (Amazonės, La Platos ir Kinijos ežerinio delfino) jungiamos į vieną šeimą. Kašalotiniai ir snapuotieji banginiai greičiausiai yra senosios dantytųjų banginių šeimos ir su kitomis šeimomis artimai nėra susijusios.

Žmonių poveikis

Kašalotai ilgą laiką buvo medžiojami pramonės reikmėms, daugiausia dėl anksčiau parfumerijoje naudotos ambros. Šiuo metu kai kurios mažųjų banginių rūšys tebėra medžiojamos ([vz., ilgapelekė grinda), o daugeliui rūšių neigiamą poveikį daro žvejyba, kai gaudant verslines žuvis į tinklus patenka ir banginiai. Ypač gaudant tunus tinkluose nuskęsta tūkstančiai delfinų.

Mažieji banginiai, dažniausiai afalinos, orkos ir baltieji delfinai, yra laikomi okeanariumuose ir zoologijos soduose. Jų laikymas nelaisvėje dėl ribotos erdvės yra ginčų objektas, taip pat ir delfinų terapijos naudojimas.

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Dantytieji banginiai: Brief Summary ( Lithuanian )

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Dantytieji banginiai (Odontooceti) – vienas iš dviejų banginių (Cetacea) pobūrių, kuriam priklauso nuo 2 iki 250 kūgiškų dantų turintys jūrų žinduoliai. Skirtingai nuo bedančių banginiųšnervė tik viena. Dantytieji banginiai yra plėšrūs, minta daugiausia žuvimis, dvižiauniais ir kai kuriais atvejais jūrų žinduoliais.

Daugiausia rūšių turinti dantytųjų banginių šeima yra delfininiai.

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Zobvaļi ( Latvian )

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Zobvaļi (Odontoceti) ir viena no vaļveidīgo infrakārtas (Cetacea) sīkkārtām, kas apvieno delfīnus, cūkdelfīnus un vaļus ar zobiem. Gandrīz 90% no visiem vaļveidīgajiem ir zobvaļi.[1]

Kā jau sīkkārtas nosaukums norāda visiem zovaļiem ir zobi, turpretī plātņvaļiem zobu vietā ir keratīna plāksnītes, kas kā bārkstis karājas no augšžokļa. Seno vaļu fosilijas apliecina, ka kādreiz visiem vaļiem bija zobi.[2] Zobvaļi ir aktīvi mednieki, galvenokārt barojas ar zivīm un kalmāriem, bet dažas sugas medī arī jūras zīdītājus.

Izskats un īpašības

 src=
Zobvaļi, izņemot kašalotus (Physeter macrocephalus), ir mazāki par plātņvaļiem

Zobvaļiem kā visiem vaļveidīgajiem ir vārpstas formas ķermenis. Priekškājas ir pārveidojušās par airkājām, bet pakaļkājas nav redzamas. Aste kā dzenskrūve nodrošina zobvaļu kustību uz priekšu, airkājas tiek lietotas stūrēšanai, bet muguras spura izlīdzsvaro peldējumu. Astes spura ir novietota horizontālā plaknē atšķirībā no zivīm, kurām astes spura atrodas vertikālā plaknē.

Zobvaļiem ir viena elpošanas atvere, kas atrodas uz galvas mugurpuses. Plātņvaļiem ir divas elpošanas atveres. Zobvaļiem viena no atverēm ir kļuvusi dominanta un nomākusi otru, līdz ar to mazākā nāss nav redzama, tomēr nevar teikt, ka tā būtu izzudusi. Zobvaļi medībām lieto eholokāciju, tādēļ to galvaskauss ir kļuvis asimetrisks. To smadzenes ir relatīvi lielas, lai gan smadzeņu apjoms zobvaļiem sāka pieaugt pēc tam, kad tiem attīstījās eholokācijas spēja. Zobvaļu abas smadzeņu puslodes ir vāji savstarpēji saistītas. Galvā tiem ir speciāls orgāns eholokācijas skaņu izdošanai. Tas kā lēca fokusē skaņas viļņus. Zobvaļiem nav ožas, kā arī siekalu dziedzeru.

Izņemot kašalotus, pārējie zobvaļi ir mazāki par plātņvaļiem. Attiecīgi lielākais no zobvaļiem ir kašalots, kas var sasniegt 20 metru garumu.[3] Zobvaļiem tēviņi ir nedaudz lielāki par mātītēm.[1]

Zobi

Zobi zobvaļiem ir kā asas, konusveidīgas[4] tapiņas, tie ir paredzēti medījuma satveršanai, nevis košļāšanai.[1] Zobu skaits variē atkarībā no tā, kādai sugai pieder indivīds. Ir, piemēram, delfīni, kuriem ir vairāk kā 240 zobu.[2] Toties narvaļiem ir tikai 1[2] vai 2 zobi augšžoklī, un viens no tiem ļoti garš ilknis.[1] Bet snīpjvaļu dzimtas vaļiem zobi ir tikai tēviņiem. Ne visi zobus lieto, lai medītu. Kašaloti zobus lieto tikai savstarpēju domstarpību noskaidrošanai.

Sistemātika

 src=
Cūkdelfīns (Phocoena phocoena)
 src=
Parastais delfīns (Delphinus delphis)
 src=
Zobenvalis (Orcinus orca)
 src=
Baltvalis (Delphinapterus leucas)
 src=
Blenvila snīpjvalis (Mesoplodon densirostris)

† Izmirušie dzīvnieki

Atsauces

Skatīt arī

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Zobvaļi: Brief Summary ( Latvian )

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Zobvaļi (Odontoceti) ir viena no vaļveidīgo infrakārtas (Cetacea) sīkkārtām, kas apvieno delfīnus, cūkdelfīnus un vaļus ar zobiem. Gandrīz 90% no visiem vaļveidīgajiem ir zobvaļi.

Kā jau sīkkārtas nosaukums norāda visiem zovaļiem ir zobi, turpretī plātņvaļiem zobu vietā ir keratīna plāksnītes, kas kā bārkstis karājas no augšžokļa. Seno vaļu fosilijas apliecina, ka kādreiz visiem vaļiem bija zobi. Zobvaļi ir aktīvi mednieki, galvenokārt barojas ar zivīm un kalmāriem, bet dažas sugas medī arī jūras zīdītājus.

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Tandwalvissen ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Tandwalvissen (Odontoceti) zijn een onderorde van de walvisachtigen (Cetacea) of een infraorde van de walvissen en evenhoevigen (Cetartiodactyla).

Kenmerken

Zoals de naam al zegt onderscheidt deze groep zich van de andere walvissen door het hebben van tanden, in tegenstelling tot de baard- of baleinwalvissen (Mystacoceti), die baleinen in hun kaak hebben. Een ander verschil is het spuitgat, dat bij tandwalvissen bestaat uit één enkel neusgat. Baardwalvissen en alle overige zoogdieren hebben twee neusgaten.[1]

Leefwijze

Tandwalvissen zijn actieve jagers, ze voeden zich met vis, inktvis, en soms met andere zeezoogdieren.

Taxonomie

1rightarrow blue.svg Zie voor een overzicht ook Cetacea (taxonomie)

Platanistoidea

Er is enige onduidelijkheid over de families Platanistidae, Iniidae, Pontoporiidae en Lipotidae. Gezamenlijk worden ze in de superfamilie Platanistoidea (Rivierdolfijnen) gezet. De taxons Iniidae, Pontoporiidae en Lipotidae worden door ITIS als een en dezelfde familie beschouwd, waarvan de juiste naam "Iniidae" is. Ook het Smithonian National Museum of Natural History beschouwt ze als synoniemen, maar dan met de juiste naam "Platanistidae". Onderzoeker Dale Rice ziet Planistidae, Inlidae, Pontoporiidae en Lipotidae als afzonderlijke families, maar beschouwt de Gangesdolfijn en de Indusdolfijn als één soort met de naam Platanista gangetica.[2]

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. (en) Peter G.H. Evans in Mammals of the World - Sea Mammals (1986), Equinox (Oxford) Ltd.
  2. (en) Dale W. Rice: Marine Mammals of the World (1988), Society for Marine Mammalogy
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Tandwalvissen: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Tandwalvissen (Odontoceti) zijn een onderorde van de walvisachtigen (Cetacea) of een infraorde van de walvissen en evenhoevigen (Cetartiodactyla).

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Tannkvalar ( Norwegian )

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Tannkvalar (Odontoceti) er ein underorden av kvalar. Det er denne gruppa som har med flest artar og syner størst genetisk variasjon mellom kvalane, òg med omsyn til den fysiske storleiken på dyra. Dei skil seg frå bardekvalane ved å ha ordinære tenner av dentin, sjølv om desse ikkje er funksjonelle hjå alle artane. Tannkvalane har blåsehòl med berre ei pusteopning. Alle tannkvalar har dessutan ei avansert form for ekkolokalisering som dei brukar til å orientere seg med. Artane i denne gruppa lever både i havet og i ferskvatn, i større elvesystem.

Artar

Kjelder

  1. Reeves, R.R., Smith, B.D., Crespo, E.A. and di Sciara, G.N. (compilers) 2003. Dolphins, Whales and Porpoises: 2002-2010 Conservation Action Plan for the World's Cetaceans. IUCN/SSC Cetacean Specialist Group. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
  2. Rice, Dale W. 1998. Marine Mammals of the World: Systematics and Distribution. Special Publications of the Society for Marine Mammals, no. 4. The Society for Marine Mammalogy. Lawrence, Kansas, USA. ix + 231. ISBN 1-891276-03-4
  3. Tursiops aduncus (Indian Ocean Bottlenose Dolphin, Red Sea Bottlenose Dolphin). Zipcode Zoo
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Tannkvalar: Brief Summary ( Norwegian )

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Tannkvalar (Odontoceti) er ein underorden av kvalar. Det er denne gruppa som har med flest artar og syner størst genetisk variasjon mellom kvalane, òg med omsyn til den fysiske storleiken på dyra. Dei skil seg frå bardekvalane ved å ha ordinære tenner av dentin, sjølv om desse ikkje er funksjonelle hjå alle artane. Tannkvalane har blåsehòl med berre ei pusteopning. Alle tannkvalar har dessutan ei avansert form for ekkolokalisering som dei brukar til å orientere seg med. Artane i denne gruppa lever både i havet og i ferskvatn, i større elvesystem.

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Tannhvaler ( Norwegian )

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Tannhvaler (Odontoceti) er en gruppe hvaler som har kjever utrustet med tenner, i motsetning til bardehvalene (Mysticeti) som har fått tennene omdannet til barder i overkjeven. Det finnes omkring 70 ulike arter med tannhvaler.

Beskrivelse

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Spermhvalku med kalv

Tannhvalene er sannsynligvis den eldste av de to primærgruppene med hvaler. De startet trolig sin evolusjonære utvikling som gruppe alt for omkring 60–50 millioner år siden. Tannhvalene viser også større genetisk variasjon enn bardehvalene, også med hensyn til fysisk størrelse, men de blir ikke på langt nær like store. Hannen (oksen) blir imidlertid større enn hunnen (kua).

Tannhvalene har relativt små hoder i forhold til kroppen, unntatt spermhvalen som har et enormt hode. Alle tannhvaler har blåsehull med kun en pusteåpning, som bare brukes til respirasjon, ettersom tannhvaler antas å mangle luktesans fullstendig. Kjevene er utstyrt med tenner, men disse er ikke attltid like funksjonelle. Hos noen tannhvaler bryter ikke tennene ut av gummene. Disse bruker gjerne en sugeteknikk når de fanger byttedyr. Den fremre parten av hodet kalles gjerne snuten, men hos noen arter er snuten av en slik utforming at den kalles et nebb. Hvalnebb er imidlertid egentlig å betrakte som snuter.

Kroppen er strømlinjeformet og gir minimal motstand i vannet. Spekklaget varierer i henhold til habitatet. Arter som tilbringer mye tid i Arktis eller Antarktis har betydelig tykkere spekklag enn de som holder til i varmere farvann, der mange av artene er relativt små og hurtige. Hos noen arter utgjør hodet nærmere en tredjedel av kroppen, mens andre har et forholdsvis lite hode. Noen arter har også markert nakke som gjør hodet mer bevegelig.

Den største av alle tannhvalene er spermhvalen, som kan bli opp mot tjue meter lang og femti tonn tung. Spermhvalen er imidlertid unik hva størrelse angår. Man kan nemlig hevde at tannhvalene består av små og mellomstore hvaler med tydelig kjønnspreg. Hannene er altså generelt større enn hunnene. Den minste av alle hvaler er den lille hektordelfinen. Den blir normalt kun 1,2-1,5 meter lang og veier vanligvis 35-60 kg (i snitt ca. 48 kg).

Habitat

Tannhvalene lever helst i havet, men blant disse dyrene finnes også noen arter som lever i ferskvann hele eller deler av livet, for eksempel elvedelfinene. Elvedelfinene holder til i noen av verdens største elevesystemer, med unntak av en art som både habiterer elver og kystnære havstrøk langs atlanterhavskysten av Brasil. De fleste andre tannhvaler holder til i kystnære strøk, men noen arter trives også på åpent hav med store havdyp. Dette gjelder eksempelvis spermhvaler og nebbhvaler, der artene er kjent for sine utrolige dykk ned i havdypet.

Atferd og matvaner

De fleste artene er sosiale og danner flokker. Flokkene kan bestå av alt fra 2-3 dyr til flere tusen dyr. Noen dyr lever også i en solitær tilværelse. Store flokker dannes helst når hvalene migrerer mellom beiteplassene gjennom sesongen, men av og til dannes det også slike kjempeflokker om tilgangen på mat er spesielt gunstig.

Normalflokken består som regel av et antall voksne hunner og deres avkom og kalles gjerne en mødreflokk eller haremsflokk. Unge hanner forlater mødreflokken når de blir kjønnsmodne og danner ofte egne ungkarsflokker, mens unge hunner gjerne blir i haremsflokken. Senere i livet forlater de eldre hannene ungkarsflokken og danner mindre hannflokker eller blir solitære. Voksne hanner og hunner kommer sjelden sammen, annet enn i paringstiden, sesongvis migrering mellom beiteplasser, og spesielt store etegilder.

Matvaner

De fleste artene fanger byttet med tennene, men noen bruker også en sugeteknikk for å snappe det. Flere delfinarter har utviklet avanserte former for jakt på bytte, eksempelvis gjennom å strande fisk og spise den på land. Under selve strandingen samarbeider gjerne to eller flere dyr om å jage fisken på land. En art, spekkhogger, jakter også på marine pattedyr, og noen populasjoner jakter nesten utelukkende på seler. Arter som regnes som dypdykkere, spiser helst blekksprut som de fanger i dypet, mens kystartene helst spiser fisk og skjelldyr.

Ekkolokalisering

Tannhvalene bruker ekkolokalisering (biosonar) for å lokalisere byttedyr og for å orientere seg i stummende mørke. De har derfor godt utviklet hørsel. Ekkolokaliseringsorganet sitter trolig i pannekulen, som kalles en melon eller hvalmelon, som alle tannhvaler har (om enn ikke alltid like synlig). Hvalenes biosonar har en rekke fellestrekk med elektroniske instrumenter som ekkolodd og sonar.

Hos hvaler kan ekkolokalisering deles inn i to typer; fløyting og klikking. Fløytingen består av kontinuere FM lyder, med en frekvens på opp mot 60 kHz. Ikke alle hvaler kan fløyte, men hos de hvaler som kan det, følger gjerne fløytelyden klikkingen. Klikkingen består av korte smalbåndslyder (40–200 µs), med en frekvens på 35-160 kHz (avhengig av art, jo mindre des mer høyfrekvent) og en intensitet på 150-227 dB. I praksis betyr dette at ulike arter har ulik nytte av sin biosonar. Store arter har lenger rekkevidde, men får trolig en mindre detaljert bilde tilbake. Mennesker ikke kan oppfatte ultralyd uten bruk av audioelektroniske hjelpemidler, men i beste fall høre lyd i området 20 Hz-20 kHz.

Tannhvaler har normalt godt utviklet syn, men blant elvedelfinene er synet normalt dårlig utviklet. En art er også helt blind. Disse artene er derfor i større grad avhengig av ekkolokalisering for å kunne orientere seg og fange føde.

Dykking

Alle hvaler er gode dykkere, men tannhvalene er de beste. Selv om hvalen er et pattedyr unngår den dykkesyke. Når en hval dykker dypere enn 100 meter, kollapser lungene ettersom trykket øker, og den komprimerte luften presses inn det respiratoriske treet som motstår trykket fordi hvaler har brusk i veggene, helt ned til de terminale bronkiolene. Brusken gjør at hvalen tåler trykket. Fra disse respiratoriske gangene kan ikke nitrogenet trekke seg inn i blodbanen, slik at dykkersyke kan oppstå.

Hvalene har utviklet mange av de samme tilpasningene til dykking som finnes hos seler. Hvalene har blant annet økt kapasitet for lagring av oksygen som følge av et stort blodvolum med høye hematokritverdier (andeler med røde blodlegemer målt i prosent) og høye konsentrasjoner av myoglobin (et protein som er viktig for å transportere oksygen til musklene) i muskulaturen. Det er også kjent at hvaler kan regulere hjertefrekvensen under dykking – såkalt bradycardia, men artene har sannsynligvis ulike forutsetninger og behov. Behovet er størst hos de arter som dykker dypest, og derfor trolig også best utviklet.

 src=
Gåsenebbhval (Ziphius cavirostris)

Spermhval er sannsynligvis den arten som kan dykke dypest av alle pattedyr, trolig helt ned mot 3 000 meter under havoverflaten, men slike dypdykk har aldri latt seg bekrefte. Spermhvalen kan imidlertidd være neddykket opp mot 120 minutter av gangen (noen hevder opp mot 190 minutter[1])). Det er imidlertid gåsenebbhvalen som innehar den offisielle verdensrekorden i dypdykking for pattedyr. Den lød på 1 899 meter og ble gjort i et dykk som varte i 85 minutter.[2] Den rekorden ble imidlertid ettertrykkelig slettet, da en annen gåsenebbhval dykket til 2 992 m utenfor kysten av California noen år senere.[3] Generelt regnes også gruppen av nebbhvaler som de beste dykkerne av alle hvalene. Flere av artene kan trolig dykke ned mot 1 000-1 500 meter eller mer.

Familier, slekter og arter

Fylogenien nedenfor er ifølge Eske Willerslev m. fl. (2009)[4] og er basert på en molekylær studie av hvalene, der 87 av 89 nålevende arter inngikk. Willerslev påpeker at plasseringen av Megaptera blant Balaenopteridae ikke er avklart og trenger mer forskning.

Treliste

Referanser

  1. ^ «Eugen Gravningen Sørmo. 2003. «Hval i norske og tilstøtende farvann», side 8. Institutt for biologi, NTNU» (PDF). Arkivert fra originalen (PDF) 27. september 2009. Besøkt 27. februar 2007.
  2. ^ «It's official: New free-diving record is 1,899 meters (6,230 feet)». CYBER DIVER News Network. SPAIN (17 Oct 2006)
  3. ^ Schorr, G. S., Falcone, E. A., Moretti, D. J., & Andrews, R. D. (2014). First long-term behavioral records from Cuvier’s beaked whales (Ziphius cavirostris) reveal record-breaking dives. PloS one, 9(3), e92633. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0092633
  4. ^ Eske Willerslev m.fl. (2009-10-05). Radiation of Extant Cetaceans Driven by Restructuring of the Oceans. Syst Biol (2009) 58 (6): 573-585. doi: 10.1093/sysbio/syp060. Besøkt 2013-07-24
  5. ^ Reeves, R.R., Smith, B.D., Crespo, E.A. and di Sciara, G.N. (compilers) 2003. Dolphins, Whales and Porpoises: 2002-2010 Conservation Action Plan for the World's Cetaceans. IUCN/SSC Cetacean Specialist Group. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
  6. ^ Rice, Dale W. 1998. Marine Mammals of the World: Systematics and Distribution. Special Publications of the Society for Marine Mammals, no. 4. The Society for Marine Mammalogy. Lawrence, Kansas, USA. ix + 231. ISBN 1-891276-03-4
  7. ^ Tursiops aduncus (Indian Ocean Bottlenose Dolphin, Red Sea Bottlenose Dolphin). Zipcode Zoo

Eksterne lenker

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Tannhvaler: Brief Summary ( Norwegian )

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Tannhvaler (Odontoceti) er en gruppe hvaler som har kjever utrustet med tenner, i motsetning til bardehvalene (Mysticeti) som har fått tennene omdannet til barder i overkjeven. Det finnes omkring 70 ulike arter med tannhvaler.

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Zębowce ( Polish )

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Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons  src= Zobacz w Wikicytatach kolekcję cytatów na temat zębowców

Zębowce (Odontoceti) – klad w obrębie Cetartiodactyla lub w starszych klasyfikacjach jeden z dwóch podrzędów w rzędzie waleni. Ich przedstawiciele posiadają zęby, czym odróżniają się od fiszbinowców. Zębowce polują na ryby, głowonogi, a niektóre także na ssaki morskie.

Anatomia

Z wyjątkiem kaszalota osiągającego nawet do 18 m, największego zwierzęcia tej grupy, są to walenie małej lub średniej wielkości. Zębowce posiadają pojedynczy otwór nosowy na szczycie głowy (w przeciwieństwie do fiszbinowców z dwoma otworami). W kształcie zębów istnieją wielkie różnice pomiędzy gatunkami. Podczas gdy większość ma dużą liczbę identycznych zębów, do 260 u niektórych delfinów, istnieją też walenie jak narwal, u którego jedyny ząb tworzy długi róg, lub prawie bezzębne wale dziobogłowe z niezwykle ukształtowanymi zębami u samców.

Zębowce podobnie jak fiszbinowce mają opływowe kształty,ich wygląd bywa jednak różnorodny. Większość to gładkie i smukłe zwierzęta jak np. delfiny, lecz są i takie o budowie mocnej i masywnej najlepszym przykładem jest tu Kaszalot. Większość zwierząt tego podrzędu posiada płetwę grzbietową.

Zachowanie

Poruszanie się

Większość zębowców potrafi pływać z dużą prędkością. Mniejsze rodzaje czasami towarzyszą statkom, dając się nosić falom. Najczęściej można obserwować przy tej czynności delfiny, słynące także z akrobatycznych skoków.

Odgłosy

Wydawanie dźwięków gra ważną rolę dla zębowców. Obok różnych gwizdów i krzyków służących do komunikacji, są w stanie używać dźwięków o wysokiej częstotliwości aby orientować się za pomocą echolokacji. Ten zmysł stanowi wielką pomoc przy polowaniu.

Życie stadne

Z reguły zębowce żyją w grupach składających się z kilku do tuzina waleni. Zdarza się, że grupy te złączają się, tworząc zbiorowiska do tysiąca zwierząt. Wysokie umiejętności komunikacyjne zębowców objawiają się np. w skoordynowanym polowaniu na stada ryb. W niewoli niektóre gatunki okazują duże zdolności do nauki; z tego powodu zoolodzy zaliczają je do najbardziej inteligentnych zwierząt.

Systematyka

Do zębowców należą następujące rodziny [2][3]:

Wpływ człowieka

Kaszalot przez długi czas był celem przemysłu wielorybniczego. Dzisiaj na niektóre stosunkowo niewielkie walenie (np. grindwale i grindwale krótkopłetwe) nadal trwają polowania, jednak największe zagrożenie dla większości gatunków stanowi rybactwo. Zwłaszcza przy połowie tuńczyków, co roku giną w sieciach tysiące delfinów.

Trzymanie małych waleni stanowi wielką atrakcję dla oceanariów i ogrodów zoologicznych, gdzie najczęściej występują butlonosy, orki i białuchy. Ze względu na duże zapotrzebowanie miejsca, niewola tych ssaków morskich jest kontrowersyjna.

Przypisy

  1. Odontoceti, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. Systematyka i nazwy polskie za: Włodzimierz Cichocki, Agnieszka Ważna, Jan Cichocki, Ewa Rajska, Artur Jasiński, Wiesław Bogdanowicz: Polskie nazewnictwo ssaków świata. Warszawa: Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii PAN, 2015, s. 186-191. ISBN 978-83-88147-15-9.
  3. Wilson Don E. & Reeder DeeAnn M. (red.) Odontoceti. w: Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (Wyd. 3.) [on-line]. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005. (ang.) [dostęp 2009-01-07]

Bibliografia

"Wieloryby, delfiny i morświny." CIBET

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Zębowce: Brief Summary ( Polish )

provided by wikipedia POL

Zębowce (Odontoceti) – klad w obrębie Cetartiodactyla lub w starszych klasyfikacjach jeden z dwóch podrzędów w rzędzie waleni. Ich przedstawiciele posiadają zęby, czym odróżniają się od fiszbinowców. Zębowce polują na ryby, głowonogi, a niektóre także na ssaki morskie.

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Odontocetos ( Portuguese )

provided by wikipedia PT

Os odontocetos[2] (Odontoceti, Flower, 1867) constituem uma subordem de cetáceos caracterizada por possuir dentes, ao contrário das baleias e espécies semelhantes (misticetos) que possuem formações quitinosas denominadas barbas, com função filtrante.

Caracterização

Os Odontoceti são uma subordem dos Cetáceos formada majoritariamente por golfinhos e narvais,[3] possuindo 10 famílias, que contém em média 70 espécies.[4] Possui representantes marinhos e dulcícolos.[5] São animais homodontes, ou seja, que possuem dentes não diferenciados entre si, os quais persistem durante toda a vida do animal, em número de 2 a 200. Possuem dietas carnívoras, se alimentando de peixes, lulas e outros mamíferos. Os seus representantes mais conhecidos são as orcas, os cachalotes, golfinhos e botos.[4]

Ao contrário dos Misticeti, a outra subordem de Cetácea, os Odontocetos possuem um crânio assimétrico.[4] Em algumas espécies, a região frontral é muito desenvolvida, com longos bicos. Sua audição é extremamente desenvolvida. Por serem mamíferos, esses animais possuem pulmões, logo precisam voltar a superfície frequentemente para captar ar. O orifício respiratório é único e localizado no topo da cabeça.[6] Esses animais contém uma grande camada de gordura, que parece ter função na ecolocalização (sentido de localização que consiste na emissão de curtos pulsos sonoros e na recepção desses pulsos após refletirem em algum objeto), além de ajudar no isolamento térmico.[4] Seu corpo tem formato hidrodinâmico, com pescoços inflexíveis, membros modificados em nadadeiras, sem peças auditivas externas e uma cauda alongada.[7]

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Duas Orcinus orca na natureza

Possuem inteligência característica, realizando a ecolocalização, vocalização e comportamento social.[8]

Possuem dimorfismo sexual, sendo que os machos são geralmente maiores que as fêmeas, mas existem morfologias invertidas em alguns grupos.[9] O período gestacional desse grupo aumenta, conforme aumenta o tamanho da espécie, podendo chegar até a 16 meses, nas Cachalotes. Como em todo grupo Mammalia, as fêmeas possuem glândulas mamárias e amamentam seus filhotes pós nascimento, processo que pode persistir em até dois anos do nascimento. Também há cuidado parental, que pode ser realizado pela mãe, sozinha, ou com ajuda de outras fêmeas do grupo.[10]

Reprodução

Os Odontoceti, como qualquer mamífero, se reproduzem por fecundação interna. Os machos possuem um pênis retrátil, que é exteriorizado na cópula. A escolha do parceiro não é trivial, a corte desses animais contêm vocalização, troca de toques, saltos e movimentos com as nadadeiras. Já a cópula é normalmente curta, suficiente para fertilização. Esses animais apresentam variação em relação ao dimorfismo sexual.[11] Em algumas espécies, como nas orcas e cachalotes, os machos se apresentam muito maiores que as fêmeas. Já os Berardius apresentam a fêmea maior que o macho.[12]

Muitas espécies de odontocetos possuem um sistema de acasalamento promíscuo, no qual muitos machos podem acasalar com uma única fêmea. Contudo, algumas espécies podem apresentar alguma forma de manter seus parceiros sexuais[12].

O período de gestação dos odontocetos varia em torno de 7 e 17 meses e quase todas as espécies apresentam intervalos entre as gestações maiores que 1 ano[13]. Normalmente o tempo de gestação e a taxa de crescimento do feto dependem do tamanho do indivíduo ao nascer, sendo que espécies maiores possuem um período maior de gestação. Os odontocetos produzem normalmente uma prole por vez, sendo bem desenvolvida.[12]

A prole é caracterizada por exigir períodos longos de lactação, variando entre 32 a 100 semanas, que é realizado pela fêmea. Os odontocetos tendem a apresentar cuidado materno, resultando em uma forte ligação entre a prole e a mãe.[12] Algumas espécies após seu completo desenvolvimento permanecem em grupos de família por toda a vida, como algumas populações de orcas. Alguns odontocetes apresentam um comportamento alomaternal, no qual um indivíduo cuida de uma prole desconhecida. Esse mecanismo aparentemente está relacionado com o aumento da taxa de sobrevivência dos nascidos e defesa contra predação.[12]

Alimentação

As diferentes espécies de Odontoceti alimentam-se de peixes, lulas, crustáceos, aves e ocasionalmente outros mamíferos. Eles se diferenciam dos Mysticeti pelos hábitos de predação como captura e perseguição, além de se alimentarem de presas maiores.[12]

Os dentes dos Odontocetis são de formatos uniformes (homodontes), diferentemente dos outros mamíferos terrestres. A maioria das espécies possuem o dente com formato de pinos com raízes abertas simples. Assim, a dieta desses animais é refletida na morfologia das mandíbulas e nos tipos e número de dentes.[12]

Espécies que se alimentam majoritariamente de peixes tendem a possuir mais dentes que são usados para agarrar uma única presa. Já os indivíduos que se alimentam principalmente de lulas tendem a apresentar redução nos dentes, já que as presas são capturadas por sucção. Esse mecanismo de captura é realizado pelo uso da língua como um pistão, envolvendo a distensão do assoalho da boca pela expansão dos sulcos da garganta juntamente com a retração da língua[12]. Além disso, algumas espécies conseguem debilitar a presa, emitindo sons de alta intensidade.[14]

A hipótese do uso de sucção intraoral ou gular para a captura de alimento foi confirmada por documentação experimental e observação direta em várias espécies, como belugas (Delphinapterus leucas) e orcas (Orcinus orca). Nessa estratégia, as partes da presa são separadas antes de serem engolidas. Esse método é o predominante em predadores vertebrados aquáticos e também o mais eficiente.[15]

Algumas espécies possuem adaptações notáveis associadas à alimentação, como o golfinho-roaz. Esse animal carrega esponjas nos bicos para se proteger, ao explorar os corais em busca de peixes. Essa mesma espécie também possui outro comportamento diferenciado que consiste na perseguição de peixes até que eles encalhem em águas rasas, para imobilizá-los e facilitar a caça.[12]

Adaptações para a vida marinha

Os Odontoceti são um clado dentro de Mammalia, um grupo primitivamente terrestre, portanto, foram necessárias adaptações para que esses animais vivessem na água.

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Golfinho na superfície da água. Na imagem é possível localizar o orifício respiratório

O trato respiratório dos mamíferos é especializado para ambientes terrestres, logo, os Odontoceti precisam voltar a superfície da água para respirar, o que é facilitado pela localização do seu único orifício nasal, no topo da cabeça.[6] Ademais, esse orifício possui válvulas, que permitem seu fechamento quando o animal mergulha, protegendo suas vias respiratórias da água.[6]

Além da respiração, a locomoção desses animais teve que ser adaptada. Para isso, seus corpos são hidrodinâmicos, ou seja, alongados, com nadadeiras substituindo os membros e uma forte musculatura no pedúnculo caudal[6]. Além disso, os Odontoceti, ao contrário dos outros mamíferos, não possuem pelos, pois esses causariam fricção na água, dificultando o nado. Ademais, a maioria das espécies possui nadadeiras dorsais, que auxiliam no equilíbrio. Os músculos desses animais possuem altos níveis de mioglobina, permitindo uma maior retenção de oxigênio, o que possibilita mergulhos mais longos entre as tomadas de ar na superfície. [6]

Para manter sua temperatura corporal, os Odontoceti possuem uma camada de gordura sob a pele, que proporciona isolamento, dificultando a perda de calor para o ambiente, além de servir como reserva energética.[6] A pressão também é um problema, uma vez que é maior nas profundezas, causando um colapso no volume pulmonar. Para evitar esse problema, os Cetáceos possuem um caixa torácica articulada e dobrável, além de vasos sanguíneos que se adaptam à mudança de volume do órgão respiratório.[6]

Diversidade

As baleias com dentes são animais mamíferos, da ordem dos Cetáceos e da sub-ordem Odontoceti.[5]

A sub-ordem Odontoceti apresenta 10 famílias. São elas:[5]

 src=
Ilustração de espécies da Ordem cetácea, em que 4 representa a Cachalote, representante de Phytherseridae. 2 representa a Orca, da família Delphinidae. 5 ilustra o Narval e 8 a Beluga, ambos representantes de Monodontidae.

Phytherseridae: Família de uma espécie, o Cachalote, o maior Odontoceti, chegando a atingir 20 m de comprimento. Sua cabeça é larga, com formato quadrado e muito modificada, possuindo um “órgão do espermacete”, que armazena óleo.[5]

Kogiidae: Essa família possui apenas duas espécies, o Cachalote-anão e o Cachalote-pigmeu, que compõem um único gênero. Possuem menos de seis metros de comprimento. Apesar de possuírem o mesmo nome popular que o Cachalote, eles compartilham apenas a mesma estrutura basal e assimetria do crânio, porém a dos Kogiidae é muito menor..[5]

Monodontidae: Representados pela Narval e a Beluga (baleia-branca), essa família possui apenas 2 gêneros e 2 espécies. Seus integrantes possuem menos de 6 metros de comprimento, com cabeças bulbosas e sem barbatana dorsal. Ao contrário da maioria dos Cetáceos, as vértebras cervicais desses animais não são fundidas, permitindo uma maior flexibilidade no pescoço.[5]

Ziiphidae: As Baleias-de-Bico, reunidas nessa família de 19 espécies e 5 gêneros, são cetáceos de tamanho médio, que possuem uma barbatana dorsal pequena na região posterior do corpo. A taxonomia desse grupo é muito discutida. [5]

Delphinidae: São os golfinhos marinhos, reunidos nessa família de 32 espécies e 17 gêneros. Possuem forma diversa, mas compartilham o tamanho pequeno a médio, o bico pronunciado, dentes cônicos e uma barbatana dorsal larga localizada medialmente. A espécie mais cohecida é Orcinus orca, chamada de "Baleia Assassina".[5]

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Phocoena phocoena, conhecida como Toninha.

Phocoenidae: Família de 6 espécies e 4 gêneros, conhecidas como Toninhas ou Marsuínos. Agrupam pequenos Cetáceos, com bico indistinguível ou ausente, barbatana dorsal triangular e dente em forma de espada. [5]

Platanistidae: Essa família inclui os golfinhos de rio do Sul da Ásia, possuindo duas espécies em um gênero. Os animais desse grupo são quase cegos, dependendo da ecolocalização. Possuem corpo pequeno, com um bico longo, sem barbatana dorsal verdadeira.[5]

 src=
Boto, da espécie Inia geoffrensis ,representante da família Iniidae.

Iniidae: Essa família é composta por uma única espécie, o Boto da Amazônia. É um animal muito único, muito largo para um golfinho de rio, com um focinho relativamente longo e fino, barbatana dorsal indistinguível e coloração rosa na idade adulta.[5]

Pontoporiidae: Essa família de 2 espécies e 2 gêneros, agrupa um golfinho de rio da China e uma espécie marinha da costa Leste da América do Sul. Ambos possuem um bico bem longo e fino e uma nadadeira dorsal triangular.[5]

Inteligência

O cérebro dos Odontoceti são significamente maiores que mamíferos não primatas, sinalizando sua imensa inteligência.[8] Cientistas acreditam que o cérebro desses animais evoluiu em resposta a fatores sociais - a alta complexidade social das baleias com dentes requerem habilidades de comunicação, memória e colaboração.[8] Estudos laboratoriais já documentaram várias dimensões das habilidades cognitivas de golfinhos, como entendimento de símbolos, manipulação de objetos, autoconhecimento e mais.[8]

Uma das habilidades apresentadas pelos golfinhos, assim como grandes macacos, humanos e elefantes, é a de se reconhecer em um espelho. Isso indica que esses mamíferos conseguem interpretar corretamente a informação em um espelho como sendo si mesmo, além de demonstrar a motivação do indivíduo de usar o espelho como ferramenta para ver seu próprio corpo[8]. Golfinhos também são conscientes de seu próprio comportamento, de forma a serem capazes de entender e seguir instruções gestuais para repetir ou não repetir um comportamento anterior ou monitorar anéis de bolha produzidos por eles mesmos. Encontra-se também percepção e controle consciente de suas partes corporais, em maneiras específicas e frequentemente novas conforme instruções gestuais. Ademais, os golfinhos demonstram metacognição, indicando sua certeza ou incerteza sobre qual de dois sons é de tom mais alto.[8]

Experimentos com golfinhos “nariz de garrafa” entendem representações simbólicas de objetos e eventos (ou seja, conhecimento declarativo), funcionamento e manipulação de objetos (denominado conhecimento procedimental) e atividades, identidades e comportamento de outros (conhecimento social)[8]. Observou-se também o autoconhecimento já discutido. Todas essas habilidades dependem de uma base firme de memória. Pesquisas já mostraram que as memórias auditivas, visuais e espaciais dos golfinhos nariz de garrafa são precisas e robustas. Aprender, lembrar e inovar podem ser ferramentas cognitivas que salvam vidas em um ambiente desafiador.[8]

Observações na natureza mostraram que os golfinhos formam grupos complexos, com laços de longo termo, alianças, divisão de tarefas e tomadas de decisões coletivas, processos que demandam muita habilidade cognitiva. Por fim, esses animais apresentam atributos culturais, ou seja, passagem de conhecimento aos filhotes, o que está presente em pouquíssimos animais não-humanos.[8] Nesses animais, existe uma estreita relação entre a fêmea e o filhote. Durante todo o primeiro ano de vida do filhote, incluindo o período de amamentação, ele recebe atenção completa de sua mãe. [11]

Evolutivamente, os cetáceos surgiram de seus ancestrais artiodáctilos no início do Eoceno, aproximadamente 55 milhões de anos atrás. Os cetáceos mais primitivos, os archaeoceti, não eram altamente cefalizados[8]. Provavelmente, ocorreu um aumento significativo no tamanho relativo do cérebro de odontocetos durante a irradiação inicial na transição do Eoceno para o Oligoceno. Esse aumento envolveu uma diminuição substancial no tamanho corporal e, simultaneamente, aumento mais moderado no tamanho do cérebro. [8]

Sonar e vocalização

Em Odontoceti, ocorreu a evolução de um sistema de ecolocalização utilizado em navegação e estratégias para a alimentação[16]. Essa característica permitiu a eles ocupar ambientes profundos, costeiros e bacias hidrográficas, principalmente áreas de visibilidade limitada como águas túrbidas.[17]

Esse sistema envolve a codificação de ecos e/ou reverberações como informações do ambiente ou presa, a partir de sons gerados pelo próprio animal. Esse som ultrassônico é provocado por movimentos de abertura e fechamento da laringe, com auxílio do osso do hióide, criando estalos. É sugerido que os dois lados do complexo epicranial produzem sons relacionados a ecolocalização (lado direito) e comunicação (lado esquerdo) ao mesmo tempo[16]

Os odontocetos conseguem produzir clicks, burst clicks e assobios. Os clicks possuem maior frequência e são pulsos relacionados ao sistema do sonar biológico em si. Sua estrutura é única em cada espécie. Esse tipo de som proporcionou a irradiação do grupo em diferentes ambientes e também a organização social em diferentes níveis. Já os burst clicks, são de intervalos muito curtos, aparentando ser um único som. Eles ocorrem em todos as espécies, exceto cachalotes (Physeter macrocephalus). Estes são os únicos que se comunicam por coda clicks. Por último, os assobios apresentam frequência modular de curta duração e são utilizados para a comunicação[16]. Os assobios estão envolvidos na manutenção da coesão dentro de um grupo e em sua organização. Já os burst clicks, possuem função de contato e reconhecimento social, além de coordenação de comportamento. Dentro do grupo, encontra-se variabilidade morfológica em relação às estruturas responsáveis pela produção dos sons. .[16]

Os cliques envolvidos com a ecolocalização de muitas espécies são de curta duração, com ampla variedade de frequência: entre 10 e 150 kHz. [17]

Nesses animais, os pulsos sonoros são emitidos e refletidos por um obstáculo. A recepção deste pulso é feita pela mandíbula. Ou seja, além de atuar na captura de alimento, a mandíbula dos Odontoceti também está envolvida na recepção de som em sua ecolocalização. Dessa forma, esses mamíferos podem perceber a presa. A mandíbula dos odontocetos pode ser dividida em porção alimentar e auditiva. Estudos sugerem que a área T1 estaria mais relacionada à alimentação, enquanto que as outras áreas estariam mais associadas a audição[18] .

Ecologia

Os pequenos odontocetos geralmente são classificados como generalistas, ou seja, se alimentam de várias presas diferentes. Apesar disso, o boto-cinza, por exemplo, apresenta uma restrição na alimentação relacionada a características de suas presas: formação de cardumes, velocidade, tamanho e local de aparecimento[19]

Os odontocetos bioacumulam muitos contaminantes químicos, devido a suas dietas de longos períodos de vida. Contaminantes são substâncias encontradas em locais inadequados ou em concentrações acima do natural. Esses contaminantes podem atingir o ambiente aquático e se dispersarem. Alguns contaminantes podem ter efeitos tóxicos e nesse caso são denominados poluentes[20]. Os odontocetos muitas vezes acumulam essas substâncias porque possuem uma taxa de absorção desses componentes maior que sua capacidade de metabolização e excreção. Dessa forma, armazenam contaminantes em suas reservas lipídicas. Além disso, são endotérmicos e portanto possuem tendência maior a bioacumulação do que ectotérmicos. Os odontocetos estão ainda sujeitos a biomagnificação, por serem predadores de topo de suas cadeias tróficas. A biomagnificação envolve a transferência de contaminantes ao longo da cadeia alimentar de maneira sucessiva da presa ao predador até o topo.[20]

Devido a essas características de exposição a diferentes poluentes, esses animais podem ser utilizados em programas de monitoramento para indicação de conservação de um ecossistema. Ou seja, eles podem atuar como espécies sentinelas refletindo então as perturbações do meio.[20]

Em relação aos tubarões, os odontocetos podem estabelecer relações de predador-presa e existe possibilidade de competição, já que muitos tubarões se alimentam de teleósteos e cefalópodes. [21]

Conservação

 src=
Tursiops truncatus usados para apresentações em parques

No passado a maior interação dos humanos com odontocetos envolvia somente consumo. Algumas espécies foram caçadas em escalas relativamente grandes, como as cachalotes. Apesar da moratória sobre a caça de baleias grandes ter acabado com a pesca de misticetos, há apenas uma espécie de odontocetos inclusa nesse mecanismo de proteção. Assim, as caças à Odontoceti são pouco monitoradas, levando espécies, como as Vaquitas, à ameaça de extinção.[12]

Atualmente, muitas espécies são mantidas em cativeiro para fins de exibição ou pesquisas, sendo a maioria golfinhos nariz de garrafa, baleias assassinas e golfinhos de Commerson. Essa forma de mantê-los foi vital para diversas pesquisas, mas cientistas discutem atualmente se esses animais teriam uma melhor qualidade de vida em seu ambiente natural.[12]

Atualmente a observação e estudo de odontocetos estão ocorrendo cada vez mais em seu habitat natural, preocupando os cientistas sobre o impacto adversos nesses animais com o comportamento errático dos barcos e a redução do seu repouso. Alguns trabalhos indicam que há uma correlação oposta entre a abundância de golfinhos e operadores turísticos, podendo interferir na viabilidade de estudo da população.[12]

Além disso muitos outros problemas de origem antrópica, como mudanças climáticas, degradação de habitat, ruídos e sonares militares e contaminantes vêm afetando muito todos os cetáceos Como a dieta de muitas espécies de odontocetos inclui moluscos, como lulas, que são confundidas facilmente com plásticos no ambiente marinho, esses animais podem acabar consumindo esse material, se ferindo. Ademais, por ocuparem altos níveis tróficos, sofrem com a biomagnificação de poluentes[12]

Referências

  1. Mead, J.G.; Brownell Jr., R.L. (2005). Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. (eds.), ed. Mammal Species of the World 3 ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 723–743. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494 A referência emprega parâmetros obsoletos |coautor= (ajuda) !CS1 manut: Nomes múltiplos: lista de editores (link)
  2. «Odontoceto». Michaelis
  3. IOUSP. «XXXII. Odontocetos (cetáceos com dentes) nos ecossistemas polares - IOUSP». www.io.usp.br. Consultado em 8 de maio de 2021
  4. a b c d Perrin; Thewissen e Würsig, William; J. G. e Bernd (2008). Encyclopedia of Marine mammals. [S.l.]: Elsevier
  5. a b c d e f g h i j k l Jefferson, Thomas (1996). Marine mammals of the world. [S.l.]: FAO
  6. a b c d e f g Reidenberg, Joy S. (2007). «Anatomical adaptations of aquatic mammals». The Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology (6): 507–513. ISSN 1932-8486. doi:10.1002/ar.20541. Consultado em 5 de novembro de 2020
  7. https://alunosonline.uol.com.br/biologia/cetaceos-odontocetos.html
  8. a b c d e f g h i j k Marino, Lori; Connor, Richard C; Fordyce, R. Ewan; Herman, Louis M; Hof, Patrick R; Lefebvre, Louis; Lusseau, David; McCowan, Brenda; Nimchinsky, Esther A (15 de maio de 2007). «Cetaceans Have Complex Brains for Complex Cognition». PLoS Biology (5): e139. ISSN 1545-7885. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0050139. Consultado em 5 de novembro de 2020
  9. Orteney, Natacha Estér. «Sucesso reprodutivo dos cetáceos de vida-livre: uma revisão sobre os principais fatores que influenciam a taxa reprodutiva de diferentes espécies». Consultado em 5 de novembro de 2020
  10. Sergeant., D.E. (1982). «Tha Scientif Reports of The Whales Research Institute». Tha Scientif Reports of The Whales Research Institute
  11. a b Jacobina, Ana Maria (2000). «Os Cetáceos». Repositório UniceUB. Brasília |acessodata= requer |url= (ajuda)
  12. a b c d e f g h i j k l m Hooker, Sascha K. (2018). «Toothed Whales (Odontoceti)». Elsevier: 1004–1010. ISBN 978-0-12-804327-1. Consultado em 5 de novembro de 2020
  13. Hall, Ailsa (setembro de 2000). «Biology of Marine Mammals EDITED BY JOHN E. REYNOLDS III AND SENTEL A. ROMMEL viii + 578 pp., 187 figs., 27.7 × 21.5 × 3.8 cm, ISBN 1 56098 375 2 hardback, US$75.00, Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1999». Environmental Conservation (em inglês) (3): 312–322. ISSN 0376-8929. doi:10.1017/S0376892900290358. Consultado em 5 de novembro de 2020
  14. Norris, Kenneth S.; Mohl, Bertel (julho de 1983). «Can Odontocetes Debilitate Prey with Sound?». The American Naturalist (em inglês) (1): 85–104. ISSN 0003-0147. doi:10.1086/284120. Consultado em 5 de novembro de 2020
  15. Werth, Alexander J. (junho de 2006). «MANDIBULAR AND DENTAL VARIATION AND THE EVOLUTION OF SUCTION FEEDING IN ODONTOCETI». Journal of Mammalogy (em inglês) (3): 579–588. ISSN 0022-2372. doi:10.1644/05-MAMM-A-279R1.1. Consultado em 5 de novembro de 2020
  16. a b c d Barcellos, Diogo Destro. «Monitoramento acústico passivo: detecção de cetáceos odontocetos no litoral norte do Estado de São Paulo». Consultado em 5 de novembro de 2020
  17. a b Correa, Guilherme Laizola Frainer (2019). «O órgão produtor de som dos golfinhos (Odontoceti: Delphinida) : funcionalidade, ontogenia e evolução»
  18. TOMAZELLI, LUIZ (30 de junho de 1994). «Morfologia, Organização e Evolução do Campo Eólico Costeiro do Litoral Norte do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil». Pesquisas em Geociências (1). 64 páginas. ISSN 1807-9806. doi:10.22456/1807-9806.21252. Consultado em 5 de novembro de 2020
  19. Godoy, Daniela (2016). «O Boto-cinza (Sotalia guianensis) no complexo estuarino lagunar de Cananéia: fatores associados ao uso de habitat»
  20. a b c Dias, Vera (2017). «Imunodetecção do citocromo P450 1A1 em amostras teciduais de cetáceos odontocetos»
  21. Heithaus, Michael R. (janeiro de 2001). «Predator–prey and competitive interactions between sharks (order Selachii) and dolphins (suborder Odontoceti): a review». Journal of Zoology (1): 53–68. ISSN 0952-8369. doi:10.1017/s0952836901000061. Consultado em 5 de novembro de 2020
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Odontocetos: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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Os odontocetos (Odontoceti, Flower, 1867) constituem uma subordem de cetáceos caracterizada por possuir dentes, ao contrário das baleias e espécies semelhantes (misticetos) que possuem formações quitinosas denominadas barbas, com função filtrante.

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Odontocete ( Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan )

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Odontocetele (Odontoceti) este un subordin de cetacee cu dinți și fără fanoane, reprezentate prin delfini și cașaloți. Dinții sunt simpli, alungiți, mai mult sau mai puțin uniformi. Numărul lor obișnuit este de 8-15 într-o jumătate de falcă, dar unele specii n-au în total decât doi sau patru dinți, în schimb la alte specii sunt numeroși și la delfinul comun ajunge până la 260. Odontocetele au craniul asimetric, partea dreaptă fiind mai mare și ca urmare fața este mai mult sau mai puțin asimetrică. În frunte au o cocoașă de țesut gras. Nările sunt unite și au o singură deschidere nazală exterioară. Membrele sunt pentadactile. Câteva coaste au două articulații cu vertebrele. Cecul intestinal lipsește; nervul olfactiv de asemenea. [1] [2]

Acest subordin conține 8 familii, dintre care una dispărută (Squalodontidae): [3]:

Etimologie

Numele Odontoceti provine din limba greacă, unde ὀδόντο- odonto înseamnă „dinte” și κῆτος cetos „animal marin mare”.[4]

Taxonomie

Arbore filogenetic





Physeteridae



Kogiidae





Ziphiidae




Platanistidae





Delphinidae




Monodontidae



Phocoenidae





Iniidae







Mysticeti



Note

  1. ^ Victor Pop. Zoologia vertebratelor. Vol. II. Fasc. 2, Mamiferele. Editura Didactică și Pedagogică. București, 1962.
  2. ^ Z. Feider, Al. V. Grossu, St. Gyurkó, V. Pop. Zoologia vertebratelor. Autor coordonator: Prof. Dr. Doc. Al. V. Grossu. Editura didactică și pedagogică, București, 1967.
  3. ^ Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder. Mammal Species of the World : A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Johns Hopkins University Press; 3rd edition, 2005
  4. ^ Dicciomed.es: Odontocetos Dicționar spaniol, cu etimologie. Accesat pe 13 septembrie 2014

Legpturi externe

Commons
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Wikispecies
Wikispecies conține informații legate de Odontocete
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Odontocete: Brief Summary ( Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan )

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Odontocetele (Odontoceti) este un subordin de cetacee cu dinți și fără fanoane, reprezentate prin delfini și cașaloți. Dinții sunt simpli, alungiți, mai mult sau mai puțin uniformi. Numărul lor obișnuit este de 8-15 într-o jumătate de falcă, dar unele specii n-au în total decât doi sau patru dinți, în schimb la alte specii sunt numeroși și la delfinul comun ajunge până la 260. Odontocetele au craniul asimetric, partea dreaptă fiind mai mare și ca urmare fața este mai mult sau mai puțin asimetrică. În frunte au o cocoașă de țesut gras. Nările sunt unite și au o singură deschidere nazală exterioară. Membrele sunt pentadactile. Câteva coaste au două articulații cu vertebrele. Cecul intestinal lipsește; nervul olfactiv de asemenea.

Acest subordin conține 8 familii, dintre care una dispărută (Squalodontidae): :

Familia Delphinidae Familia Monodontidae Familia Phocoenidae (marsuini) Familia Physeteridae (Unii autori separă genul Kogia în familia Kogiidae) Familia Platanistidae Familia Iniidae (Unii autori separă genul Pontoporia în familia Pontoporiidae, iar genul Lipotes în familia Lipotidae) Familia Ziphiidae Familia †Squalodontidae
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Bezkosticovce ( Slovak )

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Bezkosticovce (iné názvy: zubaté veľryby, veľryby zubaté, delfínoblížne; lat. Odontoceti, Odontoceta, Delphinoceti, Squaloceti) sú podrad veľrýb. Na rozdiel od kosticovcov nemajú kostice, ale normálne zuby. Bezkosticovce sú aktívni lovci, živia sa rybami, chobotnicami a niektoré aj morskými cicavcami.

Anatómia

Bezkosticovce majú jednu nozdru na temene hlavy (zatiaľ čo kosticovce majú dve). Okrem vorvaňovité sú menšie ako kosticovce. Zuby sa medzi druhmi značne odlišujú. Môže ich byť veľa, ako u niektorých delfínov, ktorí majú v tlame viac ako 100 zubov. Ďalšie extrémy pozorujeme u narvalovitých s ich dlhým klom a u takmer bezzubých vorvaňovcovitých so zvlaštnymi zubami iba u samcov. Nie všetky druhy používajú svoje zuby na jedenie. Napríklad vorvaňovité používajú svoje zuby na predvádzanie sa a na agresívne útoky.

Správanie

Hlas

Hlasové prejavy sú u bezkosticovcov veľmi dôležité. Sú schopné vydávať rôzne zvuky určené na komunikáciu, ale dokážu využiť aj ultrazvuk na echolokáciu.

Pohyb

Väčšina bezkosticovcov pláva svižne. Menšie druhy sa niekedy vezú na vlnách vyvolaných prechádzajúcou loďou. Delfíny sú známe svojimi akrobatickými výskokmi z vody.

Spoločenské správanie

Bezkosticovce žijú väčšinou v skupinách s tuctom kusov. Tieto malé skupinky sa príležitostne spájajú a vytvárajú spoločnosť s tisíckou veľrýb. Bezkosticovce sú schopné zložitých vzťahov, napríklad skupinového lovu. Niektoré druhy v zajatí ukazujú veľký potenciál na učenie sa, z tohto dôvodu sú považované za jedny z najinteligentnejších zvierat.

Systematika [1]

Bezkosticovce:

Referencie

Iné projekty

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Bezkosticovce: Brief Summary ( Slovak )

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Bezkosticovce (iné názvy: zubaté veľryby, veľryby zubaté, delfínoblížne; lat. Odontoceti, Odontoceta, Delphinoceti, Squaloceti) sú podrad veľrýb. Na rozdiel od kosticovcov nemajú kostice, ale normálne zuby. Bezkosticovce sú aktívni lovci, živia sa rybami, chobotnicami a niektoré aj morskými cicavcami.

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Tandvalar ( Swedish )

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Tandvalar (Odontoceti) är en av två underordningar som utgör ordningen valar, där den andra är bardvalar (Mysticeti). Tandvalarna omfattar omkring 70 arter och har, som namnet antyder tänder i käken, till skillnad från bardvalarna. Tandvalarna är köttätare och livnär sig främst av fisk och bläckfiskar men i vissa fall även av havslevande däggdjur.

Utseende

Tandvalarna kännetecknas bland annat av att de har blåshål, förlängd överkäke och saknar blindtarm. Tandvalarna uppvisar könsdimorfism och hanarna är oftast större än honorna. Merparten arter i underordningen är tydlig mindre än bardvalarna.

Till skillnad från bardvalarna har tandvalarna tänder i käken. Antalet tänder varierar från narvalen, som endast har två, till kaskeloten med cirka 40, och delfinerna med cirka 240 tänder. Hanarna hos vissa näbbvalar har också bara två tänder vilka utgör betar.

Ekologi

Merparten tandvalar är snabba simmare. Några mindre arter är kända för att de "surfar" på vågor och utför akrobatiska hopp.

Tandvalar har olika pipande läten för att kommunicera. De använder ekolokalisering med ultraljud för att hitta födan.

De flesta arter lever i grupper med några dussin individer. Dessa grupper samlas ibland och kan då forma stim med tusentals valar. Flera tandvalar samarbetar med varandra när de jagar fiskar. Individer i fångenskap visade högt inlärningsförmåga och därför räknas de av flera zoologer till de mest intelligenta djuren.

Systematik

Tidigare samlades ett antal arter i en familj som kallades floddelfiner men genetiska studier har visat att dessa arter inte är närbesläktade varför de idag placeras i separata familjer.

Underordningen tandvalar ingår i ordningen Cetacea och delas upp i sex överfamiljer som vanligtvis delas upp i nio eller tio familjer:

Underordning Odontoceti: Tandvalar

Tandvalar och människor

Kaskeloten jagades tidigare intensiv för att komma åt ett ämne i valens tarmar som var grundämne för framställningen av ambra. Även idag jagas några arter som till exempel långfenad grindval men det största hotet består i att valarna fastnar i fiskenät. Särskild många delfiner drunknar i nät som används för fångst av tonfisk.

Några arter som öresvin, späckhuggare och vitval hölls ofta i delfinarier eller andra djurparker. Att tandvalar hölls i fångenskap blev kritiserat av olika djurrättsaktivister, då dessa djur behöver större utrymme.

Referenser

Den här artikeln är helt eller delvis baserad på material från tyskspråkiga Wikipedia, 26 oktober 2008.
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Tandvalar: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

provided by wikipedia SV

Tandvalar (Odontoceti) är en av två underordningar som utgör ordningen valar, där den andra är bardvalar (Mysticeti). Tandvalarna omfattar omkring 70 arter och har, som namnet antyder tänder i käken, till skillnad från bardvalarna. Tandvalarna är köttätare och livnär sig främst av fisk och bläckfiskar men i vissa fall även av havslevande däggdjur.

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Dişli balinalar ( Turkish )

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"Tür"ler

Metne bakınız.

Türler

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Зубаті кити ( Ukrainian )

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Склад підряду

Родини дельфіновидих

До підряду входять 7 родин[1]:

Дельфіновиді в Україні

У фауні України відомі три види двох родин[2]:

Характерні риси

Зубаті кити мають одновершинні зуби і лише одну зовнішню ніздрю. За виключенням річкових дельфінів, повністю втратили волосся на голові. Рот і язик відносно невеликі. Хрящі гортані становлять трубку, що щільно входить у внутрішні, відсунуті далеко назад ніздрі — хоани. Тому дихальний шлях ізольований від стравохідного.

Хапання здобичі в зубатих китів нерідко комбінується з усмоктуванням корму, що дозволяє їм втягувати в рот відразу по кілька риб або молюсків. Шлунок багатокамерний, глотка широка.

Характерна в черепі асиметрія виникла, вочевидь у зв'язку з розвитком ехолокаційного та звукосигнального апаратів, коли носові проходи над черепом спеціалізувалися: один — як повітропровід, а інший — для видавання звуків. У генерації звуків бере участь пара повітряних мішків, з'єднаних з носовим каналом. Зубаті кити випромінюють звукові сигнали для зв'язку один з одним й ультразвуки для орієнтації у воді — луна ультразвуків попереджає тварин про об'єкти у воді.

Нижні щелепи коротше черепа, прямі, або ввігнуті усередину, на передньому кінці зрощені. Подовжена грудина складається з декількох зрослих або роздільних члеників і зчленована не менш чим із трьома парами ребер. Нюхові частки й нерви в головному мозку скорочені повніше, ніж у вусатих китів. Нюхових капсул у черепі немає.

Види підряду

До підряду зубатих китів відносять китоподібних із зубами — або на передній частині нижньої щелепи, або на обох щелепах (у деяких видів зуби не функціональні). Самці зазвичай більші за самок. Основну їжу майже всіх видів складають риба або кальмари. На відміну від вусатих китів, у зубатих китів ніздря непарна.

Кашалот

 src=
Кашалот
Докладніше: Кашалот

Кашалот (Physeter catodon) — найбільший зубатий кит: самці досягають 20 метрів, а самки — 15 метрів. Він здатний занурюватися на глибину понад 1,5 кілометра, залишатися там протягом години, а потім спливати, не відчуваючи, очевидно, особливих перевантажень. Голова, що становить третину загальної довжини тіла, спереду тупа і може використовуватися як величезний таран; у минулому дерев'яні китобійні судна отримували пробоїни від таких ударів. Довга (5,5 метра), але вузька нижня щелепа несе від 8 до 36 пар міцних конічних зубів, кожний з яких важить приблизно по 1 кілограму. На верхній щелепі їх не більше 1-3 пар, причому вони нефункціональні. Кашалота можна впізнати по короткому широкому фонтану, направленому вперед і вгору. Основну його їжу складають кальмари і каракатиці, яких він ловить біля дна, пускаючи в хід довгі щелепи. Дорослі кашалоти поглинають на добу до тони корму. Мігрують тварини тисячними стадами. Самці поширені на більшій площі, аніж самки, мігрують далі за самок і влітку на півночі досягають Девісової протоки, Баренцева і Берингова морів, а на півдні — Антарктики. Самки живуть в гаремах, розмножуються в тропіках і рідко виходять за межі субтропічної зони. У водах Росії самці кашалота найчастіше зустрічаються біля Курильської гряди, в південних частинах Охотського моря, біля Командорських островів і Камчатки, але рідкісні в Японському морі, влітку досягають південних частин Анадирської затоки.

Карликовий кашалот

Докладніше: Kogia breviceps

Карликовий кашалот (Kogia breviceps) відрізняється від «звичайного» кашалота невеликою, в порівнянні з тулубом, закругленою спереду головою. Спина і боки чорні, черево світліше, рот рожевий; спинний плавник серповидний. Довжина статевозрілих особин всього близько 4 метрів, маса приблизно 400 кілограмів. Нижня щелепа вузька, з 8-16 вузькими загостреними зубами на кожній стороні. Цей вид також пірнає на велику глибину і полює там на кальмарів і каракатиць. Карликові кашалоти живуть в теплому поясі океану і дуже рідкісні. Одинаки заходять на північ до берегів Голандії, Франції, півострова Нова Шотландія, Японії, штату Вашингтон, а на південь — до острова Тасманія, Нової Зеландії, затоки Імперіал (Чилі) і мису Доброї Надії.

Білуха

 src=
Білуха
Докладніше: Білуха

Білуха (Delphinapterus leucas) характеризується білим або жовтуватим забарвленням; спинного плавника у цього виду немає. Кожна сторона верхньої щелепи несе 10, а нижньої — 8 зубів. Ними кит схоплює і утримує їжу, що складається з кальмарів і риби. Дорослі самці досягають в довжину 3,5-5 метра при середній масі 900 кілограмів, хоча у деяких особин вона перевищує 1500 кілограмів; самки дещо дрібніші. Білуха поширена у всіх морях Арктики і в прилеглих басейнах — Беринговому і Охотському морях. У дуже суворі зими спускається на південь до берегів Японії, Великої Британії, штату Массачусетс, заходить навіть у Балтику. У водах Росії існують три підвиди білух — біломорська, карська і далекосхідна.

Нарвал

Докладніше: Нарвал

Нарвал, або одноріг (Monodon monoceros) володіє незвичайною ознакою — довгим (до 3 метрів) бивнем кольору слонячої кістки, гвинтоподібно скрученим за годинниковою стрілкою, він стирчить вперед з лівої половини верхньої щелепи самців. Довжина тіла статевозрілого нарвала 3,5-4,5 метра. Забарвлення дорослих особин темне, з численними жовтувато-білими плямами, але старі кити бувають і майже білого кольору. Морда округла; спинного плавника немає. Нарвали — мешканці Північного Льодовитого океану і північної частини Атлантичного, хоча відомі випадки, коли вони допливали до берегів Англії і Голландії. Нарвал занесений в Червоний Список МСОП.

Ременезуби

Докладніше: Ременезуб

Ременезуб (Mesoplodon) досягають середньої довжини 4,5-6,5 метра. Рило витягнуте в закруглений дзьоб, що звужується. Голова невелика, вузька; спинний плавник маленький, зрушений далеко назад. Одна з відмітних ознак — пара борозен на горлі. Ременезуби ведуть більш-менш одиночний спосіб життя. Вони часто зустрічаються в теплих водах обох півкуль. Основною їжею їм служать кальмари і каракатиці.

Дзьоборил

Докладніше: Дзьоборил

Дзьоборил (Ziphius cavirostris) в довжину не перевищує 8 метрів. На відміну від інших видів має короткий і конічний дзьоб, низький і похилий «лоб», короткий розріз рота. Забарвлення тіла мінливе, але переважає сіре, яснішає на череві і (у старих особин) на голові. По тілу розкидані білі неправильні плями в поперечнику від 2 до 5—8 сантиметрів і довгих смужок. Дзьоборил поширений у всіх помірних і теплих водах світового океану, від широти Шетландських островів і островів Прібилова до Південної Африки, Патагонії, Тасманії, Нової Зеландії, але усюди нечисленний. Занесений в Червоний Список МСОП.

Тасманів дзьоборил

Тасманів дзьоборил (Tasmacetus shepherdi) свою наукову назву отримав від Тасманова моря, де його вперше виявили, і від старогрецького слова «кетос» — кит. Про цей вид практично нічого не відомо, за винятком того, що у нього близько 90 функціональних зубів, з яких два передніх на нижній щелепі цибулеподібно роздуті. В наш час[коли?] відомо 8 знахідок цього кита (6 в районах Нової Зеландії, 1 у водах Аргентини і 1 в Чилі). Це рідкісний вид родини з майже невивченою біологією. Вид занесений в Червоний Список МСОП.

Плавун північний

Докладніше: Плавун північний

Плавун північний (Berardius bairdi) досягає довжини тіла до 12,5 метрів у самок і до 11 метрів у самців. Маса північного плавуна 8-10 тон. На невеликій голові характерний високий сферичний «лоб» і сильно витягнутий циліндричний дзьоб. Верхня щелепа в області дзьоба трохи вужча і коротша нижньої, на якій дві пари сильно сплощенних (лише у молодих особин — конічних) зубів. Забарвлення тіла темно-буре, ледь яснішає донизу, іноді з білими відмітинами. Живуть ці кити в північній частині Тихого океану від мису Наварін, півострова Аляска і Британської Колумбії до широти Південної Японії і Каліфорнії. Бувають в Охотському морі і біля Курильських островів, рідше — в Японському і Беринговому морях. Головна їжа плавунів — головоногі молюски, а також придонна риба (скати і їхні яйця, морські йоржі, подонеми, тріскові), краби і великі раки. Плавун північний занесений в Міжнародну Червону Книгу.

Високочолий пляшконіс

Високочолий пляшконіс (Hyperoodon ampullatus) зазвичай зустрічається в Північній Атлантиці від Девісової протоки, Гренландського і Баренцева морів, до широти Північно-Західної Африки і середньої частини США. Є в Середземному морі, рідкісний в Балтійському і Білому морях. Величина самців до 9,4 метрів, самок — до 8,7 метрів. Забарвлення більш менш однотонне, дещо яснішає з віком, особливо на голові. Рило попереду високого «лоба» загострено звужується. «Лоб» з віком збільшується і прямовисно, а іноді навіть нависаючи, опускається до основи дзьоба. Пляшконоси живуть зграями. Своїм харчуванням і поведінкою нагадують північних плавунів, якого заміщають в Північній Атлантиці. Занесений в Червоний Список МСОП.

Пляшконіс плосколобий

Близький вид, пляшконіс плосколобий (Hyperoodon planifrons), поширений у південній півкулі від льодів Антарктики, Південної Георгії, Південних Оркнейських і Фолклендських островів до широти Австралії, Нової Зеландії і Аргентини. Його щелепні гребені і «лоб» нижчі, а дзьоб коротший, ніж у високолобого пляшконоса. Включено до Червоного списоку МСОП зі статусом «найменший ризик».

Примітки

  1. Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Hrsg.): Mammal Species of the World. 3. Ausgabe. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 2005, ISBN 0-8018-8221-4 (розділ ODONTOCETI)
  2. Список ссавців України
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Cá voi có răng ( Vietnamese )

provided by wikipedia VI

Phân bộ Cá voi có răng (danh pháp khoa học: Odontoceti) là một phân bộ thuộc Bộ Cá voi (Cetacea). Phân bộ này bao gồm các loài cá nhà táng, cá voi mỏ, các loài cá heo, cá hổ kình v.v[1]. Đặc điểm những loài thuộc phân bộ này có là có răng, khác với tấm sừng của phân bộ Cá voi tấm sừng (Mysticeti).

Theo các nghiên cứu hóa thạch thì cá voi tấm sừng trước kia cũng có răng, sau này mới tiến hóa thành tấm sừng, vì vậy để phân loại 2 phân bộ này các nhà khoa học không thể chỉ dựa vào răng mà phải so sánh nhiều đặc điểm khác nữa.

Cá voi có răng là những loài săn mồi nhanh nhẹn, thức ăn chủ yếu là cá, mực và có loài ăn thú biển.

Giải phẫu

Cá voi có răng chỉ có một lỗ phun nước trên đầu trong khi cá voi tấm sừng có 2 lỗ.[2]

Để thích nghi với kiểu định vị bằng âm thanh (siêu âm), sọ của cá voi có răng đã trở nên không đối xứng.

Bộ não của chúng tương đối lớn, tuy nhiên bộ não chỉ phát triển từ khi chúng sử dụng cách định vị bằng âm thanh. Hai bán cầu não của cá voi có răng kết nối kém với bộ phận gọi là "quả dưa" ("melon"-nơi tiếp nhận phản xạ của sóng âm).

Dây âm thanh trong thanh quản của Cá voi có răng không còn nữa, thay vào đó âm thanh được phát ra từ hệ thống lỗ phun nước., ngoài ra chúng không còn khả năng về khứu giác cũng như không còn tuyết nước bọt.

Trừ cá nhà táng ra tất cả cá voi có răng đều nhỏ hơn các loài cá voi tấm sừng. Loài có nhiều răng nhất là một số loài cá heo, có thể tới 100 chiếc răng, loài ít nhất là kỳ lân biển chỉ có duy nhất 1 chiếc răng ngà, còn các loài cá voi có mỏ chỉ có 1 đến 2 cặp răng ở con đực. Có những loài như cá nhà táng không sử dụng răng để ăn mà chỉ sử dụng như vũ khí và để "tỏ tình".

Định vị bằng âm thanh

 src=
Cá heo xác định con mồi bằng sóng âm

Định vị bằng âm thanh là cực kì quan trọng đối với cá voi có răng. Cá nhà táng sử dụng âm thanh tần số thấp (có thể là 50 kHz). Trong khi một số khác sử dụng băng tần hẹp với tần số cao (ví dụ các loài họ Phocoenidae, hay các loài chi Cephalorhynchus).

Phân loại

Tham khảo

  1. ^ “ITIS”.
  2. ^ Hooker, Sascha K. (2009). Perrin, William F.; Wursig, Bernd; Thewissen, J. G. M, biên tập. Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals (ấn bản 2). 30 Corporate Drive, Burlington Ma. 01803: Academic Press. tr. 1173. ISBN 978-0-12-3733553-9 Kiểm tra giá trị |isbn= (trợ giúp).

Liên kết ngoài

 src= Wikispecies có thông tin sinh học về Cá voi có răng  src= Wikimedia Commons có thư viện hình ảnh và phương tiện truyền tải về Cá voi có răng
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Cá voi có răng: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

provided by wikipedia VI

Phân bộ Cá voi có răng (danh pháp khoa học: Odontoceti) là một phân bộ thuộc Bộ Cá voi (Cetacea). Phân bộ này bao gồm các loài cá nhà táng, cá voi mỏ, các loài cá heo, cá hổ kình v.v. Đặc điểm những loài thuộc phân bộ này có là có răng, khác với tấm sừng của phân bộ Cá voi tấm sừng (Mysticeti).

Theo các nghiên cứu hóa thạch thì cá voi tấm sừng trước kia cũng có răng, sau này mới tiến hóa thành tấm sừng, vì vậy để phân loại 2 phân bộ này các nhà khoa học không thể chỉ dựa vào răng mà phải so sánh nhiều đặc điểm khác nữa.

Cá voi có răng là những loài săn mồi nhanh nhẹn, thức ăn chủ yếu là cá, mực và có loài ăn thú biển.

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Зубатые киты ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
Царство: Животные
Подцарство: Эуметазои
Без ранга: Вторичноротые
Подтип: Позвоночные
Инфратип: Челюстноротые
Надкласс: Четвероногие
Подкласс: Звери
Инфракласс: Плацентарные
Надотряд: Лавразиотерии
Подотряд: Зубатые киты
Международное научное название

Odontoceti Flower, 1867

Семейства Wikispecies-logo.svg
Систематика
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ITIS 180404NCBI 9722EOL 2849318FW 42937

Зуба́тые киты́ (лат. Odontoceti) — один из двух современных подотрядов китообразных. В отличие от усатых китов на их челюстях имеются зубы. Зубатые киты являются плотоядными животными и питаются преимущественно рыбой, головоногими и в некоторых случаях морскими млекопитающими.

Анатомия

Большинство зубатых китов по размеру (длина тела от 1,2 м. до 20 м.[1]) значительно уступает усатым (беззубым) китам. Только кашалот может сравниться с ними своей величиной. Остальные виды считаются малыми или средними китами. Ещё одним отличием является то, что у зубатых китов лишь одно носовое отверстие, открывающееся на темени. Нижние челюсти короче черепа и спереди сращены. Хорошо развиты слух, звуковая сигнализация и голосовой орган, связанный с носовым каналом[1].

Зубы у отдельных видов развиты в разной степени. У большинства их довольно много, например, около ста, как у некоторых дельфинов; в зависимости от вида имеют от 1 до 240 зубов[1]. У нарвала, однако, зубная система имеет только два резца, из которых левый развивается в бивень, выдвигающийся из челюсти в горизонтальном направлении. У молодых нарвалов, кроме резцов, в верхней челюсти появляются два небольших передних зуба и по одному коренному, но со временем они выпадают. На нижней челюсти зубов никогда не бывает[2].

У почти беззубых самцов клюворылых китов зубы имеют весьма экзотическую форму.

Поведение

Большинство зубатых китов являются отличными и быстрыми пловцами. Меньшие виды иногда плывут по волнам и любят сопровождать корабли. Особенно часто в этой роли встречаются дельфины, известные своими акробатическими прыжками. У зубатых китов большую роль для общения играют звуковые сигналы. Кроме многочисленных посвистываний, служащих для общения между особями, зубатые киты издают звуки ультразвуковой частоты, которые служат им в роли эхолокатора. При охоте это шестое чувство имеет для них особенно большое значение. Большинство зубатых китов живут в группах численностью от двух-трёх до нескольких десятков зверей. Эти группы, в свою очередь, могут на время объединяться с другими группами и создавать стада в несколько тысяч китов. Зубатые киты способны к сложным социальным отношениям и достижениям. При охоте на рыбные стаи они показывают высокоразвитую кооперацию. В неволе некоторые виды демонстрируют примечательное умение и готовность учиться, из-за чего многие зоологи считают их одними из наиболее умных млекопитающих.

Классификация

Зубатые киты делятся на следующие семейства:

Существуют несколько схем, по которым семейства зубатых китов объединяют в надсемейства. Относительно бесспорным является то, что дельфины, морские свиньи и нарваловые близко связаны между собой. Иногда их относят к надсемейству дельфинообразных. Однако объединение лаплатских, озёрных, гангских дельфинов и иний в надсемейство речных дельфинов неверно. Хотя представители всех этих семейств обитают в пресных водах, они возникли и развивались независимо друг от друга. Кашалотовые и клюворылые являются весьма древними семействами зубатых китов и не являются близкими родственниками ни одному другому семейству.

Зубатые киты и человек

На кашалота долгое время шёл интенсивный промысел (использовались жир, спермацет, мясо[1]). На сегодняшний день охота разрешена только на некоторых мелких китов, таких как гринда, но большинство китов сталкиваются с угрозой от рыболовецких сетей, в которых они запутываются и умирают, будучи не в состоянии всплыть и глотнуть воздуха. Особенно при ловле тунца в сетях погибают тысячи дельфинов.

Некрупные киты — дельфины, косатки или белухи — используются в аттракционах для туристов в дельфинариумах и океанариумах, однако они требуют больши́х площадей для их содержания.

Галерея

Примечания

  1. 1 2 3 4 Зубатые киты // Казахстан. Национальная энциклопедия. — Алматы: Қазақ энциклопедиясы, 2005. — Т. II. — ISBN 9965-9746-3-2.
  2. А. Брэм, Жизнь животных // Жизнь животных в рассказах и картинах по А. Брэму, под ред. Б. М. Житкова и Н. С. Дороватовского. т. 1. Млекопитающие. Москва, СП «Слово», 1992
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Зубатые киты: Brief Summary ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию

Зуба́тые киты́ (лат. Odontoceti) — один из двух современных подотрядов китообразных. В отличие от усатых китов на их челюстях имеются зубы. Зубатые киты являются плотоядными животными и питаются преимущественно рыбой, головоногими и в некоторых случаях морскими млекопитающими.

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齿鲸 ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科

齿鲸小目学名Odontoceti),类小目之一,区别于须鲸,该小目所属各种的共同点是口中生有细密的牙齒,包含海豚鼠海豚與一些有牙齒的鯨魚例如喙鯨抹香鯨,共有73種齒鯨。齒鯨與鬚鯨被認為在34百萬年前分成兩群。

體型最小的齒鯨為小頭鼠海豚,體長約 4.5英尺(1.4米)、而體重約 120磅(54公斤)。體型最大的齒鯨則為抹香鯨,體長約 20米(66英尺)、而體重約 55 t(61 short ton) 。許多種類的齒鯨為兩性異形,兩性之間體型上有所差異。齒鯨具有流線型的身體與一對鰭狀肢,泳速可達 20 節。齿鲸重要食物为鱼类、乌贼,某些种,例如虎鯨,有捕食海洋哺乳动物和海鸟的习性。齒鯨在水中與空氣中均具有靈敏的聽力,部分種類甚至視力退化,完全仰賴聽力感知周遭環境。淡水豚以外的所有齒鯨都具有鯨脂,可以隔絕體外的低水溫。

齒鯨主要受到的威脅為捕鯨海豚驅獵、誤捕與海洋汙染。其中白鱀豚由於長江的汙染,數量急遽減少,現已被國際自然保護聯盟宣布為功能性滅絕

解剖学特征

齿鲸仅有一个噴氣孔,位于头部前方接近嘴唇部。与须鲸相比,齿鲸体长较小,除抹香鲸外,典型体长小于10米,嘴喙明显(虎鲸、伪虎鲸和抹香鲸除外)。

齒鯨的體型多半遠小於鬚鯨,部分種類為兩性異形,雌性體型大於雄性。唯一的例外為抹香鯨,其雄性體型大於雌性[1][2]

除了淡水豚外,幾乎所有的齒鯨均具有一層厚鯨脂。棲息於極區的部分齒鯨,鯨脂層厚度可達 11英寸(28 cm)。這些鯨脂可以提供浮力、保護來自掠食者的攻擊、能量儲存以及隔絕外界的低溫。剛出生的幼鯨缺乏鯨脂,有些種類透過毫毛代替保暖[1][3]

行为特征

鳴叫

绝大多数齿鲸小目的成员可以发出鸣叫,且叫声多样。

运动

齿鲸游泳动作较为迅速和灵活,小型种有骑浪行为。

社会行为

齿鲸大多结群活动,种群数量较大,海豚种群有时可达上千只之多。

分类

生存威脅

齒鯨有時會在商業漁業中遭到誤捕英语bycatch,被困在漁網中或是意外吞下魚鉤。流刺網圍網英语Seine fishing作業時常是鯨豚與其他海洋哺乳動物的常見死因之一[4]。鯨豚也常受到海洋汙染的影響,由於牠們屬於海洋食物鏈的頂端,因此體內時常累積有高濃度的持久性有機污染物,且齒鯨體內的濃度多半高於鬚鯨。這些汙染物也會透過哺乳傳染給幼鯨。汙染物會導致腸胃癌英语gastrointestinal cancer並且降低對感染疾病的抵抗力[5]。除了有機汙染物外,鯨豚也會誤食塑膠袋等海洋垃圾[6],這些垃圾無法經由消化道排出,進而造成胃腸的阻塞。而長江的汙染最後導致了白鱀豚功能性滅絕[7]環保主義者認為,聲納會干擾鯨魚活動,進而對牠們的存活造成威脅。有些科學家認為聲納會導致鯨魚擱淺,這些鯨魚為了躲避聲納而快速上浮,導致減壓症產生而發生擱淺[8][9][10][11]

參考文獻

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 Reidenberg, Joy S. Anatomical adaptations of aquatic mammals. The Anatomical Record. 2007, 290 (6): 507–513. PMID 17516440. doi:10.1002/ar.20541.
  2. ^ Ralls, Katherine; Mesnick, Sarah. Sexual Dimorphism. Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals (PDF) 2nd. San Diego: Academic Press. : 1005–1011. ISBN 978-0-08-091993-5.
  3. ^ Klinowska, Margaret; Cooke, Justin. Dolphins, Porpoises, and Whales of the World: the IUCN Red Data Book (PDF). Columbia University Press, NY: IUCN Publications. 1991. ISBN 978-2-88032-936-5.
  4. ^ NOAA Fisheries – Office of Protected Resources. The Tuna-Dolphin Issue. noaa.gov. [29 August 2015].
  5. ^ Metcalfe, C. Persistent organic pollutants in the marine food chain. United Nations University. 23 February 2012 [16 August 2013].
  6. ^ Tsai, Wen-Chu. Whales and trash-bags. Taipei Times. [5 August 2015].
  7. ^ World Wildlife Fund. Threat of Pollution in the Yangtze. WWF.
  8. ^ Rommel, S. A.; 等. Elements of beaked whale anatomy and diving physiology and some hypothetical causes of sonar-related stranding (PDF). Journal of Cetacean Resource Management. 2006, 7 (3): 189–209 [29 August 2015].
  9. ^ Schrope, Mark. Whale deaths caused by US Navy's sonar. Nature. 2003, 415 (6868): 106. Bibcode:2002Natur.415..106S. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 11805797. doi:10.1038/415106a.
  10. ^ Kirby, Alex. Sonar may cause Whale deaths. BBC News. 8 October 2003 [14 September 2006].
  11. ^ Piantadosi, C. A.; Thalmann, E. D. Pathology: whales, sonar and decompression sickness. Nature. 2004, 428 (6894): 716–718. PMID 15085881. doi:10.1038/nature02527a.
物種識別信息
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维基百科作者和编辑

齿鲸: Brief Summary ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科

齿鲸小目(学名:Odontoceti),类小目之一,区别于须鲸,该小目所属各种的共同点是口中生有细密的牙齒,包含海豚鼠海豚與一些有牙齒的鯨魚例如喙鯨抹香鯨,共有73種齒鯨。齒鯨與鬚鯨被認為在34百萬年前分成兩群。

體型最小的齒鯨為小頭鼠海豚,體長約 4.5英尺(1.4米)、而體重約 120磅(54公斤)。體型最大的齒鯨則為抹香鯨,體長約 20米(66英尺)、而體重約 55 t(61 short ton) 。許多種類的齒鯨為兩性異形,兩性之間體型上有所差異。齒鯨具有流線型的身體與一對鰭狀肢,泳速可達 20 節。齿鲸重要食物为鱼类、乌贼,某些种,例如虎鯨,有捕食海洋哺乳动物和海鸟的习性。齒鯨在水中與空氣中均具有靈敏的聽力,部分種類甚至視力退化,完全仰賴聽力感知周遭環境。淡水豚以外的所有齒鯨都具有鯨脂,可以隔絕體外的低水溫。

齒鯨主要受到的威脅為捕鯨海豚驅獵、誤捕與海洋汙染。其中白鱀豚由於長江的汙染,數量急遽減少,現已被國際自然保護聯盟宣布為功能性滅絕

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ハクジラ亜目 ( Japanese )

provided by wikipedia 日本語
ハクジラ亜目
生息年代: 始新世現世
ハンドウイルカ
船首波を跳ぶハンドウイルカ
地質時代 漸新世前期 - 完新世現代分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata : 哺乳綱 Mammalia 亜綱 : 獣亜綱 Theria 下綱 : 真獣下綱 Eutheria 上目 : ローラシア獣上目 Laurasiatheria : 鯨偶蹄目 Cetartiodactyla 亜目 : ハクジラ亜目 Odontoceti 学名 Odontoceti
Flower, 1869 他 絶滅群多数

ハクジラ亜目(歯鯨亜目、Odontoceti)は鯨偶蹄目に属する分類群で、現生のクジラ類を2分する大グループの一つ。リンネ式の分類では亜目の階級が与えられているが、クジラ類が偶蹄目から分岐した系統であるためハクジラ類、ヒゲクジラ類の位置づけは変動する可能性が高い[1]。またイルカもハクジラ類に分類される。イルカは分類学的にはクジラと相違はなく、ハクジラ亜目の小型種の慣習的な呼び名である。

形態[編集]

現生のクジラ類は、ハクジラ亜目とヒゲクジラ亜目に大きく分けられる。現生のハクジラ類はその名の通り、顎に歯を持つクジラである。しかし、最初期のヒゲクジラは歯を持っており、歯の存在によってこの分類群が定義されている訳ではない[2]。通常の哺乳類の歯は異歯性[3]を示すが、ハクジラ類の歯は化石種を含めて大半が二次的に同形歯となっている。また歯の本数が真獣類の基本数である44本より多いものや大半が失われているものなど変異が多い。またアカボウクジラ科の一部の様に雄のみ下顎に一対の歯を持つものや、の様に伸びた歯を持つイッカクなど特異な形態を示すものも少なくない。[4]陸生の捕食者たちの歯は捕殺の道具として使用されるが、ハクジラ類の大半は魚体を捕捉するための罠として機能する。しかしシャチなど、丸呑みが出来ない大型のクジラやサメを狙うものは、捕らえた獲物を引き裂き、飲み込みやすい大きさにまで切り刻むために歯を使う。また、アカボウクジラ科の一部の種の雄は特異な歯をディスプレイとして使用していると推定される。[5]

歯以外のヒゲクジラ類との差異としては、比較的頭部の比率が小さいこと(原クジラ類よりは大型化している)、噴気孔は一つであること、またマッコウクジラやアカボウクジラ科の一部、シャチなどを除き、ヒゲクジラよりも小型であること、などである。皮下の形態では、鼻腔内に発声唇と呼ばれる音を発するための器官と音を収束するメロンがあり、これらを使用した高周波エコロケーション能力を持つ。[6]

上顎骨鼻孔が頭頂部へ移動した事にともないテレスコーピングと呼ばれる形態を示すが、伸長した上顎骨は眼窩の上を通って(ヒゲクジラ類は下)眼窩後方に達し、「上眼窩突起」と呼ばれる筋肉の付着部を形成する。ここに付着する顔の筋肉及び発声唇を使用し高周波音が発せられると推定されている。[2] 尚、鼻孔はヒゲクジラ類が二つ有するのに対して、ハクジラ類は一つである。

また現生群では頭骨の骨要素及び軟組織が左右非対称となっているが、これは高周波エコロケーションに特化した機能を持つためとされる。初期の化石種では頭骨が左右対称のものも存在するが、軟組織がいかなる状態であったかは不明である。[7]

現生のクジラ類では耳骨が頭骨から遊離しているが、ハクジラの耳骨は一部の種を除いて軟組織のみで頭骨に接しており、完全に骨による接続は断たれている。また、耳骨の構成要素、耳周骨蝸牛などを収めた骨)と鼓室胞耳小骨を収めた骨)も分離した状態にあるのも特徴的である(ヒゲクジラでは癒合)。[8]

これと関連して、ハクジラの下顎骨は縦方向に幅があり、後部に大きな開口部を持つ。この部分には脂肪組織が収まっており、下顎骨で受けたエコロケーションの反響などの音波を内耳に伝導する役割を果たしているとされる。こうした形態は高周波エコロケーションこそ行っていないもののムカシクジラ類にも存在しており、祖先から受け継いだものであると推定される。一方ヒゲクジラはこうした特徴は失っている。[9]

嗅覚に関しては、一部の種の発生段階を除いて嗅球、嗅神経も消失しており、嗅覚は完全に退化している。対してヒゲクジラは僅かながら嗅覚を残している。[10]

  •  src=

    マッコウクジラの全身骨格図

  •  src=

    エウリノデルフィス骨格

  •  src=

    イルカの骨格及び主要器官

生態[編集]

食性は主に魚類を捕食するが、アカボウクジラ科マイルカ科のクジラやイルカのように、深海凄のイカ類に依存するものも多く、トックリクジラマッコウクジラハナゴンドウのようにほぼイカ類を捕食する種類もいる。また、シャチはイルカや自分より大型のクジラ、アザラシペンギンサメなどを襲う事もある。

進化[編集]

ハクジラ類はヒゲクジラ類とともに現鯨類を構成するが、その起源は漸新世後期に求められる。その祖先は所謂「ムカシクジラ類」のドルドンなどに近縁なグループであった。

現生群こそ「ハ」クジラと呼ばれているが、先述の様に最初期のヒゲクジラも歯を持っており、歯があるからといってハクジラと同定される訳ではない。このグループを特徴付けるのは高周波エコロケーション能力であり[2]、これを行う事の出来る、上顎骨の伸長(テレスコーピング)やメロンを収める窪みなどの頭骨の形態が分類の決め手である。[11]最初期のハクジラとしては、アゴロフィウス上科および科分類無しでハクジラ類直下に置かれる幾つかの属が知られる[12]。次いで分岐したのが、現生種マッコウクジラなどを含むマッコウクジラ上科である。この群にはマッコウクジラ科及びコマッコウ科が含まれる。研究者によってはアカボウクジラ科を含める場合があるが、最近の遺伝子研究によるデータでは、アカボウクジラ科は含まれないとする結果が出ている[13]。また、他のハクジラよりもヒゲクジラに近縁とする説も存在したが、これも否定的な結果となった[14]。マッコウクジラ科最古の化石は漸新世後期から出土しており、極めて古い系統である事が裏付けられている。一方のコマッコウ科は化石記録が乏しく、いつ頃出現したかは定かではない。[15]次いで分岐したのはアカボウクジラ科であるが、中新世中期以降多数の化石が発見されている[13]。これ以降カワイルカなど幾つかのグループが現れているが、これらの分類は未だ流動的である[16]

現生3科、絶滅3科を含む最大のグループであるマイルカ上科は漸新世末期に現れたとされる。初期に栄えたケンドリオン科は現生マイルカ科の祖先を含むとされる。またアルビレオ科は独特の形態を具えた絶滅群である。[17]最大のグループであるマイルカ科は中新世に現れている。[18]また、ネズミイルカ科は分子研究によれば約1,600万 - 1,300万年前にマイルカ科から分岐したとされるが、この時期は化石記録とも一致している。現生群の、丸みを帯び、相対的にが短く脳函が大きい、また小柄であるなどの特徴は幼形成熟によるものとの説もある。[19]イッカク科は中新世後期に現れたグループで、イッカクは雄が長い角(伸びた左上顎切歯)を持つ事で知られている。これと近縁な(イッカク科に含められる事もある)絶滅群にオドベノケトプス科が存在するが、雄の右上顎切歯が著しく下方へ伸長する事が知られている。[20]

分類[編集]

系統[編集]

ヒゲクジラ類の14種に対し、60種以上とハクジラ類は種類が多い。マッコウクジラなどを除けば、イルカなど小型種が大半を占める。またイルカは分類学的にはクジラと相違はなく、ハクジラ亜目の小型種を慣習的にイルカと称している。

かつてはカワイルカを総括するカワイルカ上科 Physeteridae を置くことがあったが、側系統であることがわかり分割された。

クジラ目

ヒゲクジラ亜目


ハクジラ亜目 マッコウクジラ上科

マッコウクジラ科



コマッコウ科





アカボウクジラ科




インドカワイルカ科





ヨウスコウカワイルカ科


アマゾンカワイルカ上科

アマゾンカワイルカ科



ラプラタカワイルカ科




マイルカ上科 マイルカ科

ゴンドウクジラ亜科



シャチ亜科




セミイルカ亜科





マイルカ亜科



シワハイルカ亜科








ネズミイルカ科



イッカク科









下位分類[編集]

†は絶滅。絶滅群は主要な科、上科及び主要な属のみ掲載。

参照:[21][22]

  •  src=

    アカボウクジラ

  •  src=

    インドカワイルカ(ガンジスカワイルカ)

  •  src=

    マイルカ

  •  src=

    ハンドウイルカ

  •  src=

    シャチ

  •  src=

    シロイルカ

脚注[編集]

[ヘルプ]
  1. ^ 『鯨類学』 2頁
  2. ^ a b c 『絶滅哺乳類図鑑』 126頁
  3. ^ 異形歯性とも。生える場所により歯の形態が異なること。
  4. ^ 『鯨類学』 14 - 15頁
  5. ^ 『哺乳類の進化』 218頁
  6. ^ 『鯨類学』 138 - 148頁
  7. ^ 『鯨類学』 44頁
  8. ^ 『鯨類学』 11 - 13頁
  9. ^ 『鯨類学』 14頁
  10. ^ 『鯨類学』 55, 176頁
  11. ^ 『鯨類学』 44頁
  12. ^ 『鯨類学』 44 - 45頁
  13. ^ a b 『鯨類学』 46頁
  14. ^ 『鯨類学』 61 - 65頁
  15. ^ 『鯨類学』 45 - 46頁
  16. ^ 『鯨類学』 47 - 49頁
  17. ^ 『鯨類学』 49頁
  18. ^ 『鯨類学』 52頁
  19. ^ 『鯨類学』 50 - 51頁
  20. ^ 『鯨類学』 49 - 51頁
  21. ^ 『鯨類学』 4頁
  22. ^ 哺乳類の系統分類

参考文献[編集]

  • May-Collado, L., Agnarsson, I. (2006). Cytochrome b and Bayesian inference of whale phylogeny. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 38, 344-354. [1]
  • 村山司 『鯨類学』 東海大学出版会〈東海大学自然科学叢書〉、ISBN 978-4-486-01733-2。
  • 富田幸光 『絶滅哺乳類図鑑』 伊藤丙雄、岡本泰子、丸善ISBN 4-621-04943-7。
  • 遠藤秀紀 『哺乳類の進化』 東京大学出版会ISBN 978-4-13-060182-5。
執筆の途中です この項目は、動物に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めていますPortal:生き物と自然プロジェクト:生物)。
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wikipedia 日本語

ハクジラ亜目: Brief Summary ( Japanese )

provided by wikipedia 日本語

ハクジラ亜目(歯鯨亜目、Odontoceti)は鯨偶蹄目に属する分類群で、現生のクジラ類を2分する大グループの一つ。リンネ式の分類では亜目の階級が与えられているが、クジラ類が偶蹄目から分岐した系統であるためハクジラ類、ヒゲクジラ類の位置づけは変動する可能性が高い。またイルカもハクジラ類に分類される。イルカは分類学的にはクジラと相違はなく、ハクジラ亜目の小型種の慣習的な呼び名である。

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이빨고래 ( Korean )

provided by wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

이빨고래류는 두 개의 고래 분류 중 하나이다.[1] 또한 이빨고래는 이빨고래소목(Odontoceti)으로 분류하며, 수염고래류고래에게 있는 수염 대신 이빨을 갖고 있으나, 모든 이빨을 이용해 먹이를 먹지는 않는다. 또한 이빨고래류의 분기공은 한 개이다.

태어난 뒤 반드시 이가 나는 고래로, 종류에 따라 이가 두 개뿐인 것도 있고 200개가 넘는 종도 있다. 고래의 이빨은 먹이를 잡거나 생식을 위한 투쟁을 위해서 사용한다. 먹이는 오징어·물고기 등으로 긴수염고래에 비해 영양단계가 높다. 두개골은 좌우가 가지런하지 않으며, 체유는 긴수염고래와 달리 고급지방산의 알코올 에스테르이다. 긴수염고래에 비해 몸이 작아 1.5-20m 정도이다.

향유고래 등 서너 종만이 포경업의 대상이 되고, 흰돌고래·흰줄박이돌고래 등이 돌고래어업에 의해 포획될 뿐, 그 밖의 이빨고래는 사람들의 관심을 끌지 못한다. 좌우의 콧구멍을 합쳐 외비공은 한 개로 되어 있다. 거의 모든 종류가 성숙 후의 몸길이가 수컷이 암컷보다 크며, 수컷은 서로 투쟁해서 이긴 놈이 무리의 통솔자가 된다. 작은 무리를 짓기도 하나, 어떤 종류의 돌고래는 수천 마리가 큰 무리를 짓기도 한다. 회유(回遊)를 하지만 긴수염고래보다는 범위가 좁고, 일정한 곳에 정주하다시피 하는 종류도 있다.[2]

하위 분류

계통 분류

다음은 거테시 등(Gatesy et al..)의 계통 분류이다.[3]

고래하목 수염고래

Janjucetus

     

참고래과Megaptera novaeangliae NOAA.jpg

     

꼬마긴수염고래과

     

귀신고래과Eschrichtius robustus NOAA.jpg

   

수염고래과Megaptera novaeangliae NOAA.jpg

          이빨고래    

꼬마향고래과

   

향고래과Physeter macrocephalus NOAA.jpg

       

인도강돌고래과Lipotes vexillifer.png

     

부리고래과Ziphius cavirostris NOAA.jpg

       

아마존강돌고래과

   

라플라타돌고래과Pontoporia blainvillei.jpg

    참돌고래상과

참돌고래과Orcinus orca NOAA 2.jpg

     

쇠돌고래과

   

외뿔고래과Delphinapterus leucas NOAA.jpg

               

각주

  1. Mead, J.G.; Brownell, R.L., Jr. (2005). 〈Order Cetacea〉 [고래목]. Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. 《Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference》 (영어) 3판. 존스 홉킨스 대학교 출판사. 723–743쪽. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  2. 글로벌 세계대백과사전》, 〈고래〉
  3. John Gatesy, Jonathan H. Geisler, Joseph Chang, Carl Buell, Annalisa Berta, Robert W. Meredith, Mark S. Springer, Michael R. McGowen: A phylogenetic blueprint for a modern whale. In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. Volume 66, Issue 2, Februar 2013, S. 479–506. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2012.10.012
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Wikipedia 작가 및 편집자

Classification

provided by World Register of Marine Species
There is yet no agreement on the rank that this clade should have.

Reference

Order Cetartiodactyla, accepted assessment, by W. Perrin (Word file)

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Perrin, William [email]