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Benefits

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Conservation Status : Guadalupe fur seals were nearly exterminated by humans in the 19th Century, and by the turn of the century the species was considered extinct. Following the observation of several dozen fur seals on Guadalupe Island in 1926, and the collection of 2 animals for the San Diego Zoo in 1928, none were seen again until 1949 when a lone bull landed on San Nicolas Island. A 1954 search of Guadalupe Island found 14. A count from 1987, yielded 3 259 animals including 998 pups. Guadalupe Island has been a protected pinniped sanctuary since its designation by the Mexican government in 1975. These fur seals are fully protected under Mexican law. IUCN: Vulnerable.
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Marine mammals of the world. Jefferson, T.A., S. Leatherwood & M.A. Webber - 1993. FAO species identification guide. Rome, FAO. 320 p. 587 figs. . 
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Brief Summary

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Breeding and pupping in this species are from mid-June to August; most pups are born from the middle to the end of June. Females with pups and subadults may be seen on or around the island throughout the winter and into the spring. Knowledge of activities and behaviour at sea, away from Guadalupe Island, are limited to a handful of records. At sea, they appear to be mostly solitary. Observations of animals in captivity suggest that they spend much of their waking time grooming. They raft at the surface to rest in the characteristic "southern fur sea" head-down posture. They also float with 1 or more flippers extended out of the water. When traveling rapidly, they have been observed to porpoise. Feeding activities and food habits are nearly unknown.
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Marine mammals of the world. Jefferson, T.A., S. Leatherwood & M.A. Webber - 1993. FAO species identification guide. Rome, FAO. 320 p. 587 figs. . 
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Size

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Two adult males were about 1.8 and 1.9 m in length and the latter specimen was estimated to weigh 160 to 170 kg. Two adult females were about 1.2 and 1.4 m; the latter was estimated to weigh 45 to 55 kg.
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Marine mammals of the world. Jefferson, T.A., S. Leatherwood & M.A. Webber - 1993. FAO species identification guide. Rome, FAO. 320 p. 587 figs. . 
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Diagnostic Description

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Guadalupe fur seals have a thick pelage, with dense under-fur. The forehead is flattened to slightly convex. Adults have moderate length whitish cream vibrissae and long prominent ear pinnae. The foreflippers have pelage that covers the black leathery skin on the upper surface, well past the wrist. The hindflippers are moderately long. The toes of the hindflipper are all approximately the same length; the hallux is only slightly wider and thicker than the other digits. Adult males have a very long, flattopped, pointed muzzle with a large bulbous nose with downward pointing nostrils (they can have a shark-like silhouette). Adult males develop a mane of long coarse guard hairs that cover the neck. This area is also thickened and more muscular in bulls. Coloration of adult males is dark greyish brown to greyish black. The longer guard hairs of the mane may be light tipped, yielding a greyish grizzled appearance. Much of the head and back of the neck often appears tan to yellowish, whereas the throat and underparts of the neck are darker. Coloration of adult females is dark grey-brown to greyish black above, variably paler below (especially on the chest and underside of the neck, which can be creamy grey). There may be areas of lighter colour on the face. The dental formula is I 312, C 1/1, PC 6/5. Can be confused with: Three other otariids, the northern fur seal and California sea lion and Steller sea lion share the present range of the Guadalupe fur seal. The Guadalupe fur seal can be distinguished from them by head shape, ear size, hindflipper length, and coloration differences. Note the differences between the amount of fur on the foreflippers between Guadalupe and northern fur seals.
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Marine mammals of the world. Jefferson, T.A., S. Leatherwood & M.A. Webber - 1993. FAO species identification guide. Rome, FAO. 320 p. 587 figs. . 
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Otarienn Guadalupe ( Breton )

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Otarienn Guadalupe (Arctocephalus townsendi) a zo ur bronneg mor kigdebrer hag a vev enez Guadalupe er-maez ledenez Baja California ha war aodoù Kalifornia ha Mec'hiko.

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Guadalupe-Seebär ( German )

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Der Guadalupe-Seebär (Arctocephalus townsendi) ist die seltenste Art der Südlichen Seebären.

Merkmale

Männchen erreichen eine Länge von 2 m, Weibchen werden 1,4 m lang. Das Gewicht liegt bei 140 bzw. 50 kg. Im Aussehen gleichen diese Seebären den anderen Vertretern ihrer Gattung.

Verbreitung

 src=
Verbreitung.
Dunkelblau: ständige Kolonie auf Guadalupe
Hellblau: wandernde Individuen auf den Kanalinseln und auf Cedros

Die größten Kolonien dieser Robbe befinden sich auf der zu Mexiko gehörenden Insel Guadalupe (vor Niederkalifornien). Man geht davon aus, dass es früher Kolonien dieser Art auf zahlreichen Inseln vor der Westküste Nordamerikas gegeben hat. Seit 1995 findet eine allmähliche Ausbreitung auf andere Inseln statt. So gibt es eine kleine, wachsende Kolonie auf den San-Benito-Inseln, die dichter an der Küste Niederkaliforniens liegen. 1997 fand auch eine Jungenaufzucht auf der zu den Kanalinseln gehörenden Insel San Miguel statt.

Bestandsentwicklung

Die Kolonie auf Guadalupe bestand ursprünglich aus über 100.000 Robben; im 19. Jahrhundert wurden die Seebären massenhaft wegen ihrer Felle getötet. Nachdem man 1894 die letzten Robben getötet hatte, erklärte man die Art für ausgerottet; heute wird angenommen, dass in den folgenden Jahren Seebären unbemerkt in den Höhlen entlang der Küste überlebten. Jedenfalls wurden 1928 wieder zwei Seebären von Fischern gefangen und dem Zoo von San Diego übergeben; danach dauerte es bis zum Jahr 1949, bis man wieder einen frei lebenden Seebären fand, und ab 1954 gab es wieder eine Kolonie auf Guadalupe. Der Guadalupe-Seebär ist heute durch mexikanische Gesetze streng geschützt, und die Insel Guadalupe ist ein Robbenschutzgebiet. So konnte die Kolonie wieder auf 7000 Seebären anwachsen. Außerhalb der Fortpflanzungszeit findet man Guadalupe-Seebären selbst auf den kalifornischen Channel Islands, wo sie sich unter die Nördlichen Seebären mischen.

Gefährdung und Schutz

Der Guadalupe-Seebär wird in der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten der Weltnaturschutzunion IUCN als nicht gefährdet (Least Concern) gelistet.

Über das Washingtoner Artenschutzabkommen CITES wird der Handel mit dieser Art gemäß Appendix I[1] als unmittelbar bedrohte Art verboten.

Die Europäische Union stellt den Guadalupe-Seebär mit der EU-Artenschutzverordnung 338/97 Anhang A zu den weltweit durch den Handel überlebensgefährdeten Arten. Sie übernimmt die Diktion der CITES und belegt die Art mit einem Handelsverbot. Darüber hinaus nimmt diese Verordnung der EU unmittelbaren Einfluss auf alle EU-Mitgliedsstaaten.

Die Bundesrepublik Deutschland weist im Bundesnaturschutzgesetz den Guadalupe-Seebär als streng geschützt aus.

Quellen

Einzelnachweise

  1. The CITES Appendices. Abgerufen am 8. Januar 2010 (englisch, Die Appendixe des Washingtoner Artenschutzabkommens CITES).

Literatur

  • Ronald M. Nowak: Walker’s mammals of the world. 6. Auflage. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 1999, ISBN 0-8018-5789-9 (englisch).
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Guadalupe-Seebär: Brief Summary ( German )

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Der Guadalupe-Seebär (Arctocephalus townsendi) ist die seltenste Art der Südlichen Seebären.

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Guadalupe fur seal

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The Guadalupe fur seal (Arctocephalus townsendi) is one of eight members of the fur seal genus Arctocephalus. They are the northernmost member of this genus. Sealers reduced the population to just a few dozen by the late 19th century, but the species had recovered to 10,000 in number by the late 1990s. Many individuals can be found on Mexico's Guadalupe Island.

Description

Adult Guadalupe fur seals are dark brown or dusty gray with yellowish silver manes, called guard hairs, on the back of the neck.[3] Guadalupe fur seals are sexually dimorphic in size, as males are much larger and heavier than females; males can grow to about seven feet in length and weigh upwards of 400 pounds, while females are typically only five feet long and weigh about 110 pounds.[4] Additionally, males usually have a larger head and are lighter brown in color. Both males and females have a twenty-year lifespan. Guadalupe fur seals have distinctive ear flaps and large flippers for walking on land, confirming that they are not phocids (true seals) but are more closely related to sea lions.[5] Guadalupe fur seal pups are born with black coats similar to those of adult Guadalupe fur seals, but it is difficult to distinguish juvenile Guadalupe fur seals from juveniles of California sea lions and Northern fur seals due to physiological similarities.

Distribution and habitat

Guadalupe fur seals breed along the eastern coast of Guadalupe Island, approximately 200 km west of Baja California. In addition, individuals have been sighted in the southern California Channel Islands, including two males who established territories on San Nicolas Island. Stray seals have been found as far north as Oregon.[6]

Guadalupe fur seals were known to reside in Baja California, Mexico and Southern California but were heavily hunted in the 19th century and were believed to be extinct. However, the animals were found on Isla Guadalupe, Baja California in a cave in 1954; this is now the only place of Guadalupe fur seal reproduction. Currently, the population of Guadalupe fur seals is about one-fifth of its 2013 population, which was between 34,000 and 44,000.[7]

Feeding

Guadalupe fur seals are a pelagic species that spend most of their time on the open ocean.[8] Thus, they dive to catch food and forage for about two weeks before returning to land to feed. Guadalupe fur seals commonly hunt in shallow water (maximum depth of 250 feet/76 meters) and catch squid, mackerels, and lanternfish. They feed exclusively at night.

Behavior

Guadalupe fur seals create caves on land which can causes social pressures amongst the individuals. The seals that do not breed often play with each other by barking, lunging at each other, and pushing each other into the water. Other behaviors of the animal consist of waving their hind flippers in the water whist face down in the water. Additionally, when interacting with humans, these seals are not typically aggressive. They are often seen with their heads under the water and pay little attention to the observer.[9]

Breeding

Observations suggest that males of reproducing age claim particular sites for a number of years, though territorial fights are uncommon amongst males once regions have been taken. Tenure of territorial males lasts from 35 to 122 days. Males mate with up to twelve females during mating season, and births occur from mid-June through mid-July, though most births take place in June. After birth, females nurse their pups for 8–10 days. In the nine months following the birth, females alternate between spending 9–13 days foraging food for and spending 5–6 days nursing pups.[10] After this period, the pups are considered adults and are on their own. Mothers and pups recognize each other by unique noises and smells.

Impacts on Guadalupe fur seals

The major cause of the Guadalupe fur seal's decline was commercial hunting in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. The species was exterminated in southern California waters by 1825. Commercial sealing continued in Mexican waters through 1894.

Conservation and recovery efforts

The species is listed as Threatened by the U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service under the Endangered Species Act.[11] The principal cause of the decline in Guadalupe fur seals was commercial sealing. The species is now protected from such activity throughout its range, and the magnitude of the threat to the species is considered to be low. The portion of the Guadalupe fur seal's range which is under U.S. jurisdiction is at the limit of the species range. No activities in areas under U.S. jurisdiction are known to be adversely affecting recovery of this species now. Therefore, management activities in the U.S. portion of its range are not likely to contribute substantially to recovery. However, Guadalupe fur seals are protected from federal actions that are likely to jeopardize the species through interagency coordination under Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act. No other specific actions necessary for the recovery of the species have been identified, and no direct recovery actions are being implemented.

In Mexico, the Guadalupe fur seal, where the seal was discovered after being believed to be extinct, is protected in the Guadalupe Island Biosphere Reserve.

References

  1. ^ Aurioles-Gamboa, D. (2015). "Arctocephalus townsendi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T2061A45224420. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T2061A45224420.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  2. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  3. ^ Gallo-Reynoso, Juan-Pablo; Figueroa-Carranza, Ana-Luisa (2010-04-30). "Pup growth of the guadalupe fur seal, Arctocephalus townsendi". Therya. 1 (1): 75–90. doi:10.12933/therya-10-8. ISSN 2007-3364.
  4. ^ Fisheries, NOAA (2022-09-15). "Guadalupe Fur Seal | NOAA Fisheries". NOAA. Retrieved 2022-10-21.
  5. ^ Ventura, Mailing Address: 1901 Spinnaker Drive; Us, CA 93001 Phone: 805 658-5730 Contact. "Guadalupe Fur Seal - Channel Islands National Park (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2022-10-21.
  6. ^ KATU Staff (2020-12-19). "Seaside Aquarium rescues abandoned seal pup on Oregon beach". KATU. Retrieved 2020-12-21.
  7. ^ García-Aguilar, María C.; Elorriaga-Verplancken, Fernando R.; Rosales-Nanduca, Hiram; Schramm, Yolanda (2018). "Population status of the Guadalupe fur seal (Arctocephalus townsendi)". Journal of Mammalogy. 99 (6): 1522–1528. ISSN 0022-2372. JSTOR 27007996.
  8. ^ OctoberCMS. "Guadalupe Fur Seal | The Marine Mammal Center". www.marinemammalcenter.org. Retrieved 2022-10-21.
  9. ^ Peterson, Richard S.; Hubbs, Carl L.; Gentry, Roger L.; DeLong, Robert L. (1968). "The Guadalupe Fur Seal: Habitat, Behavior, Population Size, and Field Identification". Journal of Mammalogy. 49 (4): 665–675. doi:10.2307/1378727. ISSN 0022-2372. JSTOR 1378727.
  10. ^ "Guadalupe Fur Seal". Oceana. Retrieved 2022-10-21.
  11. ^ "List of Endangered Species". awionline. Animal Welfare Institute. 2020. Retrieved 22 September 2020.

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Guadalupe fur seal: Brief Summary

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The Guadalupe fur seal (Arctocephalus townsendi) is one of eight members of the fur seal genus Arctocephalus. They are the northernmost member of this genus. Sealers reduced the population to just a few dozen by the late 19th century, but the species had recovered to 10,000 in number by the late 1990s. Many individuals can be found on Mexico's Guadalupe Island.

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Arctophoca philippii townsendi ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El lobo fino de Guadalupe u oso marino de Guadalupe (Arctophoca philippii townsendi) es una subespecie de la especie A. philippii, del género Arctophoca, que incluye mamíferos pinnípedos de la familia de los otáridos. Esta subespecie puebla el sector oriental del océano Pacífico norte. En Enciclovida la especie se denomina como Arctocephalus townsendi [2].

Este mamífero carnívoro de ambiente marino es de tamaño medio; los machos llegan a medir 180 cm y pesar 160-170 kg; las hembras miden 120 cm y pesan entre 40-50 g. Sus miembros se caracterizan por tener cuerpo, cuello, nariz y miembros anteriores largos; orejas pequeñas y aletas sin pelo. Mcho más grande que la hembra. Su color principal es el negro (vientre más claro que el dorso). Actualmente, la especie solo se encuentra en la isla Guadalupe (donde se centra su distribución) y en el archipiélago de San Benito en México, por lo que se considera especie endémica de México para estos sitios de la Península de Baja California.

Esta especie marina prefiere habitar costas con numerosas rocas grandes y bloques de lava en la base de los acantilados; también ocupa cuevas que proveen protección y temperaturas bajas. Al sur de la Isla de Guadalupe, donde se distribuye la especie, se presenta una vegetación típica de duna y pastizales. A pesar de que su población está aumentando de tamaño, aún se encuentra en riesgo debido a varias amenazas como la baja diversidad genética de la población, la escorrentía de contaminantes, el tráfico de barcos petroleros, la actividad de extracción de petróleo más al norte, la posibilidad de un derrame de petróleo, fenómenos naturales como El Niño, transmisión de enfermedades e introducción de especies exóticas y de enfermedades en las islas. Por estas amenazas, la NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010 ha clasificado a la especie como En peligro de extinción. Sin embargo, la Unión Internacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza (UICN) la tiene clasificada como Preocupación menor (LC) dado que su población ha aumentado y lo continúa haciendo. Son depredadores tope especializados en cefalópodos, pero también consumen peces y crustáceos.

Distribución

Este amorfo vive en la mexicana isla de Guadalupe y en otras cercanas de las costas Baja Californianas. Su población se estima en unos 7000 ejemplares.

Referencias

  1. Aurioles-Gamboa, D. (2015). «Arctocephalus townsendi». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2015.2 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 23 de junio de 2015.
  2. «Enciclovida (consultado el 29 de noviembre de 2019).».
  • Aurioles-Gamboa, D. 2015. Arctocephalus townsendi. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015.2. Acceso: 23 de junio de 2015.

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Arctophoca philippii townsendi: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El lobo fino de Guadalupe u oso marino de Guadalupe (Arctophoca philippii townsendi) es una subespecie de la especie A. philippii, del género Arctophoca, que incluye mamíferos pinnípedos de la familia de los otáridos. Esta subespecie puebla el sector oriental del océano Pacífico norte. En Enciclovida la especie se denomina como Arctocephalus townsendi ​.

Este mamífero carnívoro de ambiente marino es de tamaño medio; los machos llegan a medir 180 cm y pesar 160-170 kg; las hembras miden 120 cm y pesan entre 40-50 g. Sus miembros se caracterizan por tener cuerpo, cuello, nariz y miembros anteriores largos; orejas pequeñas y aletas sin pelo. Mcho más grande que la hembra. Su color principal es el negro (vientre más claro que el dorso). Actualmente, la especie solo se encuentra en la isla Guadalupe (donde se centra su distribución) y en el archipiélago de San Benito en México, por lo que se considera especie endémica de México para estos sitios de la Península de Baja California.

Esta especie marina prefiere habitar costas con numerosas rocas grandes y bloques de lava en la base de los acantilados; también ocupa cuevas que proveen protección y temperaturas bajas. Al sur de la Isla de Guadalupe, donde se distribuye la especie, se presenta una vegetación típica de duna y pastizales. A pesar de que su población está aumentando de tamaño, aún se encuentra en riesgo debido a varias amenazas como la baja diversidad genética de la población, la escorrentía de contaminantes, el tráfico de barcos petroleros, la actividad de extracción de petróleo más al norte, la posibilidad de un derrame de petróleo, fenómenos naturales como El Niño, transmisión de enfermedades e introducción de especies exóticas y de enfermedades en las islas. Por estas amenazas, la NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010 ha clasificado a la especie como En peligro de extinción. Sin embargo, la Unión Internacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza (UICN) la tiene clasificada como Preocupación menor (LC) dado que su población ha aumentado y lo continúa haciendo. Son depredadores tope especializados en cefalópodos, pero también consumen peces y crustáceos.

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Otarie de l'île Guadalupe ( French )

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Arctocephalus townsendi

L'otarie de l'île Guadalupe se trouve principalement dans l'île Guadalupe. C'est une des six espèces membres du genre arctocephalus, mais la seule à se trouver dans l'hémisphère nord. Alors que la population de cette espèce diminuait depuis la fin du XIXe siècle, la population voit ses effectifs augmenter depuis 1990

Biologie

Cette espèce présente un dimorphisme sexuel avec des mâles beaucoup plus grands que les femelles. La couleur de leur fourrure est brun foncé ou noire, que ce soit chez les jeunes ou chez les adultes. Des observations suggèrent que les otaries de Guadalupe sont fidèles à leur lieu de reproduction. Les naissances se font principalement en juin et en juillet.

Répartition

L'otarie de Guadalupe se situe le long de la côte orientale de l'île de Guadalupe à environ 200 km à l'ouest de l'État de Baja California. En outre, des individus ont été aperçus dans les îles du sud de la Californie notamment sur l'île de San Nicolas.

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Otarie de l'île Guadalupe: Brief Summary ( French )

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Arctocephalus townsendi

L'otarie de l'île Guadalupe se trouve principalement dans l'île Guadalupe. C'est une des six espèces membres du genre arctocephalus, mais la seule à se trouver dans l'hémisphère nord. Alors que la population de cette espèce diminuait depuis la fin du XIXe siècle, la population voit ses effectifs augmenter depuis 1990

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Arctocephalus townsendi ( Italian )

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L'otaria orsina di Guadalupe (Arctocephalus townsendi Merriam, 1897) è una specie di otaria orsina. È uno dei sei membri del genere Arctocephalus, ma è l'unico che si incontra nell'emisfero settentrionale. Alla fine del XIX secolo, i cacciatori di foche ne ridussero il numero ad appena poche dozzine, ma da allora la popolazione è aumentata di nuovo, tanto che alla fine degli anni novanta se ne potevano incontrare 10.000 esemplari. Molti individui si possono incontrare sull'isola di Guadalupe, in Messico.

Biologia

Nelle dimensioni, queste otarie sono sessualmente dimorfiche, con i maschi molto più grandi delle femmine, sebbene siano stati misurati solo pochi esemplari. Entrambi i sessi sono di colore marrone scuro o nero fuliggine, ma i peli di guardia sul retro del collo sono giallastri o marroncino chiaro. I cuccioli nascono con un mantello nero simile a quello degli adulti. Le osservazioni suggeriscono che i maschi riproduttivi rimangono fedeli a particolari siti per un gran numero di anni. La permanenza dei maschi territoriali dura 35-122 giorni. Le nascite avvengono tra la metà di giugno fino a tutto luglio, sebbene il picco si abbia a giugno.

Distribuzione

Le otarie orsine di Guadalupe si riproducono lungo le coste orientali dell'isola di Guadalupe, circa 200 km ad ovest della Baja California. Inoltre, alcuni esemplari sono stati avvistati presso le Isole Channel, in California meridionale, compresi due maschi che hanno stabilito i propri territori sull'isola di San Nicolas.

Nemici

La maggior causa del declino dell'otaria orsina di Guadalupe fu la caccia commerciale datale tra la fine del Settecento e gli inizi del secolo successivo. Nel 1825 questa specie scomparve dalle acque della California meridionale. Nonostante questo, nelle acque messicane la caccia continuò fino al 1894.

Bibliografia

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Arctocephalus townsendi: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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L'otaria orsina di Guadalupe (Arctocephalus townsendi Merriam, 1897) è una specie di otaria orsina. È uno dei sei membri del genere Arctocephalus, ma è l'unico che si incontra nell'emisfero settentrionale. Alla fine del XIX secolo, i cacciatori di foche ne ridussero il numero ad appena poche dozzine, ma da allora la popolazione è aumentata di nuovo, tanto che alla fine degli anni novanta se ne potevano incontrare 10.000 esemplari. Molti individui si possono incontrare sull'isola di Guadalupe, in Messico.

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Arctocephalus townsendi ( Portuguese )

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Arctocephalus townsendi, conhecido popularmente como lobo-marinho-de-guadalupe, é uma espécie de mamífero marinho da família Otariidae. Ocorre na ilha de Guadalupe e nas ilhas San Benito.

Distribuição geográfica e habitat

A distribuição da espécie está centrada na ilha de Guadalupe, localizada a 241 km da costa da península de Baja California, no oceano Pacífico, costa oeste do México. Em 1997, uma pequena colônia foi descoberta nas ilhas San Benito, e desde a década de 1980 a espécie tem sido observada com mais frequência na ilha de São Miguel e em outras ilhas do Canal, assim como nas ilhas Farallon na costa norte da Califórnia. Vagrantes são registrados nas costas do Oregon e Washington.[2]

Conservação

A União Internacional para Conservação da Natureza (IUCN) classifica a espécie como "pouco preocupante".[2] Nos Estados Unidos a espécie é listada como ameaçada pelo Marine Mammal Protection Act e U.S. Endangered Species Act desde 1985.[3]

Referências

  1. Wozencraft, W.C. (2005). Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. (eds.), ed. Mammal Species of the World 3 ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 532–628. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494
  2. a b c Aurioles-Gamboa, D. (2015). Arctocephalus townsendi (em inglês). IUCN 2015. Lista Vermelha de Espécies Ameaçadas da IUCN de 2015 . Página visitada em 23 de junho de 2015..
  3. «Endangered and Threatened Marine Species under NMFS' Jurisdiction». NOAA. 27 de abril de 2015. Consultado em 24 de junho de 2015
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Arctocephalus townsendi: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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Arctocephalus townsendi, conhecido popularmente como lobo-marinho-de-guadalupe, é uma espécie de mamífero marinho da família Otariidae. Ocorre na ilha de Guadalupe e nas ilhas San Benito.

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과달루페물개 ( Korean )

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과달루페물개(Arctocephalus townsendi)는 남방물개속에 속하는 물개의 일종이다. 바다표범잡이배들때문에 19세기말까지 불과 수십년 동안 개체수가 감소했지만, 1990년대 말에 10,000여 마리로 개체수가 회복되었다. 대다수가 멕시코과달루페섬에서 발견된다.

생태

불과 일부 표본을 측정한 것이지만, 크기 면에서 수컷이 암컷보다 커서 동종이형(同種二形)을 보인다. 암수 모두 갈색 또는 어슴프레한 검은색을 띠며, 목 뒤에 난 털은 누르스름거나 연한 황갈색이다. 새끼는 태어날 때, 어미와 비슷한 검은 색을 띤다. 관찰 결과, 번식기의 수컷은 수년동안 특정 장소를 집착하는 것으로 추정하고 있다. 수컷은 그 장소에 35~122일을 머문다.

계통 분류

다음은 물개과의 계통 분류이다.[2]

물개과 북방물개속

북방물개

           

남극물개

     

과달루페물개

   

후안페르난데스물개

         

갈라파고스물개

   

뉴질랜드물개

         

아남극물개

   

갈색물개

   

남아메리카바다사자

       

오스트레일리아바다사자

   

뉴질랜드바다사자

        큰바다사자속

큰바다사자

바다사자속

바다사자

     

캘리포니아바다사자

   

갈라파고스바다사자

           

각주

  1. “Arctocephalus townsendi”. 《멸종 위기 종의 IUCN 적색 목록. 2008판》 (영어). 국제 자연 보전 연맹. 2008. 2009년 1월 29일에 확인함.
  2. Berta, A.; Churchill, M. (2012). “Pinniped taxonomy: Review of currently recognized species and subspecies, and evidence used for their description”. 《Mammal Review》 42 (3): 207–34. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2907.2011.00193.x.
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