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Banded Diadem Urchin

Diadema savignyi (Audouin 1809)

Behavior

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Diadema savignyi does not communicate in order to mate. Both sexes release gametes from lunar cues. It does not have sense organs so it hides during the day and only moves a maximum of 1 meter to forage for food at night.

Communication Channels: tactile ; chemical

Perception Channels: tactile ; chemical

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Elmquist, K. 2011. "Diadema savignyi" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Diadema_savignyi.html
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Kathleen Elmquist, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Conservation Status

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Diadema savignyi is not listed on the Red List, CITES appendices, or Endangered Species Act list.

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

State of Michigan List: no special status

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Elmquist, K. 2011. "Diadema savignyi" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Diadema_savignyi.html
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Kathleen Elmquist, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Life Cycle

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The female releases her eggs in the water column on the same day that the males release sperm. The eggs are fertilized and develop into pluteus larvae. The time D. savignyi takes to form a blastula and turn into a larva is unknown, but development depends on temperature, food availability, and salinity. In D. setosum the blastula develops into a blastua in 6 hours and an early plutei within 35 hours depending on environmental conditions. The larva is complex and pelagic, feeding with a cilliated feeding-band structure. Nerves are located along the cilliated band and the esophogus. The larva has bilateral symmetry with left-right arm pairs that are supported by calcareous skeletal rods. When the larva ages, parts of the band become isolated and specialized for locomotion. A late-stage larva has pedicellariae. The pluteus contains a complete gut. After this larval stage, the organism transforms into an adult. The amount of time D. savignyi is in the larval stage is unknown, but in a similar species D. setosum the stage is 6 weeks long.

Development - Life Cycle: metamorphosis

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Elmquist, K. 2011. "Diadema savignyi" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Diadema_savignyi.html
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Kathleen Elmquist, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Benefits

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Diadema savignyi and other species of Echinoidea can inflict some injury to people. The long spines can penetrate the skin when a person steps or falls onto an urchin. An infection can occur, similar to a foreign-body reaction if a spine detaches and is lodged in body tissue. The reaction occurs if the spine takes time to be forced to the surface of the skin.

Negative Impacts: injures humans

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Elmquist, K. 2011. "Diadema savignyi" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Diadema_savignyi.html
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Kathleen Elmquist, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Benefits

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Many people eat sea urchins around the world, but this custom is restricted to a few species. There is no information whether D. savignyi is eaten, but a closely related species D. setosum is eaten in a few districts of Kyushu Island. This species is only eaten in a few places because it is not very palatable.

Positive Impacts: food

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Elmquist, K. 2011. "Diadema savignyi" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Diadema_savignyi.html
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Kathleen Elmquist, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Associations

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Diadema savignyi is important to reef ecosystems because it grazes algae and prevents the algae from blocking coral from receiving light. When a study was performed to reduce the number of D. savignyi the reduction had a large effect on fish and algal biomass.

Mutualist Species:

  • Corals

Commensal/Parasitic Species:

  • No commensals or parasites.
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Elmquist, K. 2011. "Diadema savignyi" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Diadema_savignyi.html
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Kathleen Elmquist, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Trophic Strategy

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Diadema savignyi grazes on algae. It uses teeth that are on an apparatus called Aristotle's Lantern to scrape the algae off of hard substrate such as rocks or dead coral substrate.

Plant Foods: algae

Other Foods: detritus

Foraging Behavior: stores or caches food

Primary Diet: herbivore (Algivore)

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Elmquist, K. 2011. "Diadema savignyi" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Diadema_savignyi.html
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Kathleen Elmquist, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Distribution

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Diadema savignyi lives in shallow waters off of the east coast of Africa near Madagascar, Tanzania, and Kenya. It is found widespread across the Indo-Pacific region such as North Australia, the Philippines, China, South Japan, East Indies, South Pacific Islands, and islands in the western Indian Ocean.

Biogeographic Regions: oriental (Native ); ethiopian (Native ); australian (Native ); oceanic islands (Native ); indian ocean (Native ); pacific ocean (Native )

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Elmquist, K. 2011. "Diadema savignyi" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Diadema_savignyi.html
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Kathleen Elmquist, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Habitat

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Diadema savignyi lives in sand flats and coral reef areas, which are warm shallow areas near coasts. This urchin lives successfully in crevices, but is also found in aggregate groups on the sandy ocean floor or individually hidden under heads of coral.

Range depth: 1 to 10 m.

Habitat Regions: tropical ; saltwater or marine

Aquatic Biomes: reef ; coastal

Other Habitat Features: intertidal or littoral

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Elmquist, K. 2011. "Diadema savignyi" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Diadema_savignyi.html
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Kathleen Elmquist, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Renee Mulcrone, Special Projects
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Life Expectancy

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Diadema savignyi has a high initial growth rate compared to D. setosum, but both species reach a similar size. Diadema savignyi has a short lifespan of 3 to 5 years. The results above are from a study performed on caged indivuals off the coast of Kenya.

Typical lifespan
Status: wild:
3 to 5 years.

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Elmquist, K. 2011. "Diadema savignyi" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Diadema_savignyi.html
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Kathleen Elmquist, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Renee Mulcrone, Special Projects
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Morphology

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Diadema savignyi is an urchin that that displays pentamerism, which is a quality of the class Echinodermata. This urchin has a round body (test) with many long spines, tube feet, and a dark anal sac. The test can grow to 90 mm in diameter.

Diadema savignyi is sympatric with the species Diadema setosum. The difference between these two species is coloration. Diadema savignyi has solid iridescent blue or sometimes green lines that run along its black test and periproct (area surrounding anus) and D. setosum has dotted blue lines along its test and an orange line around its periproct.

Average mass: 120 g.

Range length: 61 to 90 mm.

Other Physical Features: ectothermic ; heterothermic ; radial symmetry

Sexual Dimorphism: sexes alike

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Elmquist, K. 2011. "Diadema savignyi" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Diadema_savignyi.html
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Kathleen Elmquist, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Associations

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Species of Diadema are predated upon by 15 species of finfish, the spiny lobster, and 2 species of gastropods. The finfish are mostly species with hard palates such as members of the families Balistidae and Diodontidae. The study performed analysis on gut contents, but did not observe predation specifically on D. savignyi. The presence of more urchin species in a reef area increase the density of urchins and then predation intensity by Balistidae decreases.

Known Predators:

  • filefishes and triggerfishes, Balistidae
  • burrfishes and porcupinefishes, Diodontidae
  • spiny lobsters, Palinuridae
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Elmquist, K. 2011. "Diadema savignyi" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Diadema_savignyi.html
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Kathleen Elmquist, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Reproduction

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Sea urchins spawn by gathering together and releasing millions of eggs and sperm into the water column. An urchin does not have a specific mate or a social structure. Diadema savignyi spawns once a month in coordination with the lunar cycle. Diadema savignyi may interbreed with D. setosum, but this rarely occurs because the species spawn at different times in the lunar cycle.

Mating System: polygynandrous (promiscuous)

Diadema savignyi has separate sexes that show no external sexual differences. It reproduces throughout the year and reproduction peaks at different times. Diadema savignyi reproduces monthly after the full moon during lunar days 17 and 18. The males produce spermatocytes over the course of a month by the process spermatogenesis. Oogenesis in females is also a month long process to create eggs (ova).

Breeding interval: Diadema savignyi breeds once a month.

Breeding season: All year

Key Reproductive Features: year-round breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; fertilization (External ); broadcast (group) spawning

There is no specific information about parental care for the species D. savignyi. No members of the genus Diadema provides parental care. Individuals release eggs and sperm into the water column leaving the eggs to be fertilized, sink to the bottom, and develop into larvae.

Parental Investment: no parental involvement; pre-fertilization (Provisioning)

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Elmquist, K. 2011. "Diadema savignyi" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Diadema_savignyi.html
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Kathleen Elmquist, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Diadema savignyi

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Diadema savignyi is a species of long-spined sea urchin belonging to the family Diadematidae. Common names include long-spined sea urchin, black longspine urchin and the banded diadem. It is native to the east coast of Africa, the Red Sea, the Indian Ocean and western Pacific Ocean. It was first described in 1829 by the French naturalist Jean Victoire Audouin. The specific epithet honours the French zoologist Marie Jules César Savigny who described many new marine species from the Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea.[2] The type locality is Mauritius.[1]

Description

Diadema savignyi

Diadema savignyi has a usually black, spherical, slightly-flattened test up to about 9 cm (3.5 in) in diameter. The brittle, thin, hollow spines grow in tufts and can be as long as 25 cm (10 in). They are usually black but can also be grey, dark brown or purple. They may be banded with lighter and darker shades in juveniles and the occasional individual sea urchin is completely white.[2] Diadema savignyi is similar in appearance to the closely related Diadema setosum with which it is sympatric, that is, the two species share a common range and frequently come into contact with each other.[3] Diadema savignyi can be distinguished by the fact that it has iridescent green or blue lines in the interambulacral areas and around the periproct, a cone-shaped region surrounding the anus. In a small number of individuals there are pale coloured spots at the aboral (upper) ends of the interambulacrals. Another distinguishing feature is that D. savignyi does not have a thin orange ring round the periproct whereas D. setosum does.[4]

Distribution and habitat

The range of Diadema savignyi extends from the eastern coast of Africa and the Red Sea to French Polynesia, Hawaii, New Caledonia and northern Australia. It is typically found on mixed sandy, rocky and coral substrates especially in areas disturbed by storms or by other natural causes. Its depth range is from the surface down to about 70 metres (230 ft).[2]

Biology

Diadema savignyi is nocturnal and tends to hide in crevices or under boulders during the day, or several individuals may huddle together in the open. The urchins disperse at dusk to feed on the algal mat that grows over the surface of seabed. In the course of tearing up the mat the urchin also abrades the underlying surface, causing bioerosion. Its activities help control the algae which otherwise might overwhelm the corals.[2] Certain small fish such as cardinal fish, flatworms and shrimps sometimes seek protection from predators among the long spines. The sea urchin is preyed on by pufferfish (Tetraodontidae) and porcupinefish (Diodontidae), and also lobsters and snails. It reacts to a shadow falling on it by angling its spines towards the possible attacker.[2]

Diadema savignyi and Diadema setosum live in close proximity and often in mixed groups on reefs and in shallow lagoons off the coast of East Africa. The latter breeds throughout the year, but breeding in D. savignyi is concentrated and occurs mainly during the north-east monsoon period, peaking in May. Hybridisation between the two species is largely prevented by the fact that the release of gametes by each is synchronised with the lunar cycle. D. savignyi spawns just after the full moon, on days seventeen to eighteen of the lunar cycle, whereas D. setosum mostly spawns around days eight to ten.[3]

References

  1. ^ a b Kroh, Andreas (2013). Kroh A, Mooi R (eds.). "Diadema savignyi (Audouin, 1829)". World Echinoidea Database. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2013-11-23.
  2. ^ a b c d e Le Bris, Sylvain; Didierlaurent, Sylvie (2013-09-06). "Diadema savignyi (Audouin, 1829)". DORIS (in French). Retrieved 2013-11-23.
  3. ^ a b Muthiga, N. A. (2003). "Coexistence and reproductive isolation of the sympatric echinoids Diadema savignyi Michelin and Diadema setosum (Leske) on Kenyan coral reefs". Marine Biology. 143 (4): 669–677. doi:10.1007/s00227-003-1095-7.
  4. ^ Coppard, Simon Edward; Campbell, Andrew C. (2006). "Taxonomic significance of test morphology in the echinoid genera Diadema Gray, 1825 and Echinothrix Peters, 1853 (Echinodermata)" (PDF). Zoosystema. 28 (1): 93–112. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-11-27. Retrieved 2009-01-12.

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Diadema savignyi: Brief Summary

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Diadema savignyi is a species of long-spined sea urchin belonging to the family Diadematidae. Common names include long-spined sea urchin, black longspine urchin and the banded diadem. It is native to the east coast of Africa, the Red Sea, the Indian Ocean and western Pacific Ocean. It was first described in 1829 by the French naturalist Jean Victoire Audouin. The specific epithet honours the French zoologist Marie Jules César Savigny who described many new marine species from the Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea. The type locality is Mauritius.

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Diadema savignyi ( French )

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L’oursin-diadème de Savigny (Diadema savignyi) est une espèce d'oursin régulier tropical de la famille des Diadematidae, caractérisé par de très longues épines et des motifs linéaires généralement bleu électrique sur la face supérieure[2].

Description

 src=
Un groupe mixte de Diadema setosum et D. savignyi. La forme du test, ses motifs bleus et l'anneau orange autour de l'anus permettent de les distinguer. Les deux peuvent cependant arborer des piquants clairs.

Son test (coquille) est relativement petit (maximum 9 cm de diamètre pour 4,5 cm de haut[3]) comparativement à ses radioles (piquants) fines et creuses peuvent mesurer jusqu'à 25 cm, lui assurant une bonne défense et une locomotion rapide. Celles-ci, réparties en deux fois cinq faisceaux (correspondant aux cinq plaques du test) sont généralement noires ou gris sombre comme le test, mais peuvent parfois être plus claires (grises voire blanche, parfois avec des reflets violets ou marron) ou annelées : c'est le cas chez les juvéniles, mais ceci peut persister chez certains adultes[2]. Parfois, certains spécimens sont bicolores, permettant de bien voir les deux groupes de cinq faisceaux d'épines[2]. Le plus souvent, on peut distinguer un motif en forme d'étoile à cinq branches bifides d'un bleu iridescent délimitant les plaques ambulacraires sur la partie dorsale du test, rayonnant depuis le pourtour de la papille anale (qui n'est jamais colorée). Ce motif (appelé « iridophore ») peut cependant être gris ou blanc chez certains oursins, et varier selon le jour ou la nuit, et des individus albinos ont même été observés[2].

Cet oursin peut être confondu avec d'autres oursins-diadèmes qui partagent son aire de répartition, comme Diadema setosum (au corps plus petit et aux radioles plus longues, et orné d'un anneau orange autour de l'anus et de 5 points blancs sur la partie supérieure du test) ou Echinothrix calamaris dans ses formes sombres (à la papille anale mouchetée et aux radioles plus courtes, et de deux sortes très différentiées alternant suivant les dix aires du test)[4].

Répartition

Son aire de répartition est vaste, s'étendant dans le bassin indo-pacifique de toute la côte est-africaine (y compris la mer Rouge) jusqu'au Japon et à la Polynésie, s'étendant au sud jusqu'en Nouvelle-Calédonie.

On peut le trouver dans de nombreux biotopes liés aux lagons coralliens, aussi bien sur roche que sur sable ou corail, entre 0 et 70 m de profondeur, souvent en petits groupes mais parfois isolés. Il est généralement dissimulé pendant la journée, et sort le soir pour se nourrir.

Écologie et comportement

 src=
Crevette commensale du genre Periclimenes sur un D. savignyi.

Il se nourrit principalement du feutrage algal du substrat (notamment sur le corail mort), qu'il broute de nuit, mais est aussi un omnivore opportuniste[2]. Il est donc un acteur important de l'élimination des algues dans les écosystèmes coralliens, au profit du corail.

Comme tous les Diadematidae, il est pourvu d'organes photosensibles sur la partie aborale du test, lui permettant de voir au-dessus de lui afin d'orienter ses radioles (épines) vers d'éventuelles menaces[5]

La reproduction est gonochorique, et mâles et femelles relâchent leurs gamètes en même temps en pleine eau, où œufs puis larves vont évoluer parmi le plancton pendant quelques semaines avant de se fixer[2].

De nombreux petits invertébrés peuvent vivre en symbiose ou en commensalisme avec cet oursin dont les longues épines assurent une excellente protection, comme les juvéniles des poissons de la famille des Apogonidae (le poisson cardinal), ou encore des crevettes nettoyeuses (comme les Periclimenes) et des vers plats[2].

Sa croissance est plus rapide que celle de son cousin Diadema setosum (avec lequel il peut potentiellement s'hybrider, même si les périodes de reproduction ne sont pas les mêmes), et il peut vivre jusqu'à 5 ans[2].

L'espèce et l'Homme

 src=
Test partiellement nettoyé.

Diadema savignyi est un très bel oursin, apprécié des aquariophiles malgré sa morphologie peu adaptée aux petits bassins.

L'oursin de Savigny a une assez bonne vue, procurée par les photorécepteurs colorés disposés sur son test : cela lui permet d'orienter efficacement ses épines vers les menaces potentielles, comme la main d'un plongeur, afin d'en optimiser l'angle de pénétration. Une fois à l'intérieur d'un tissu étranger, ces épines se brisent très facilement en plusieurs morceaux très difficiles à retirer et peuvent entraîner un risque d'infection[6].

Une partie de ses épines (« radioles ») les plus courtes sont pourvues de venin dans leur matrice[2], comme souvent dans cette famille : leur piqûre est donc particulièrement douloureuse, et potentiellement dangereuse[7]. Heureusement, sa taille le rend généralement suffisamment visible aux nageurs, qui peuvent l'éviter facilement[2].

Onomastique

« Diadema » vient du grec diadema, « diadème » (évoquant le port et la beauté de l'animal) ; « Savigny » vient de Marie Jules César Lelorgne de Savigny (ou Lelorgue de Savigny) (1777 - 1851), zoologiste français qui a récolté le spécimen holotype dans le cadre de la campagne d’Égypte de Napoléon. L'espèce a été décrite par le zoologiste français Jean-Victor Audouin, et publiée dans la Description de l'Égypte à partir de 1809.

En anglais, il est appelé Long-spined sea urchin, black longspine urchin, ou encore banded diadem urchin. En italien, il est appelé Riccio diadema a bande ; en espagnol, on le nomme Erizo diadema bandeado et en allemand, il est le Savignys Diademseeigel[2].

Références taxinomiques

Notes et références

  1. Bánki, O., Roskov, Y., Vandepitte, L., DeWalt, R. E., Remsen, D., Schalk, P., Orrell, T., Keping, M., Miller, J., Aalbu, R., Adlard, R., Adriaenssens, E., Aedo, C., Aescht, E., Akkari, N., Alonso-Zarazaga, M. A., Alvarez, B., Alvarez, F., Anderson, G., et al. (2021). Catalogue of Life Checklist (Version 2021-10-18). Catalogue of Life. https://doi.org/10.48580/d4t2, consulté le 12 mars 2014
  2. a b c d e f g h i j et k DORIS, consulté le 05 août 2013
  3. (en) Simon E. Coppard et Andrew C. Campbell, « Taxonomic significance of test morphology in the echinoid genera Diadema Gray, 1825 and Echinothrix Peters, 1853 », Zoosystema, vol. 28, no 1,‎ 2006, p. 93-112 (lire en ligne).
  4. Cette illustration du site DORIS permet de comparer les deux espèces de Diadema.
  5. « Diadema savignyi », sur le site de l'université Jussieu.
  6. François Cornu, « Diadema savignyi », sur SousLesMers.
  7. Voir à ce sujet cet article de médecine subaquatique.
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Diadema savignyi: Brief Summary ( French )

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L’oursin-diadème de Savigny (Diadema savignyi) est une espèce d'oursin régulier tropical de la famille des Diadematidae, caractérisé par de très longues épines et des motifs linéaires généralement bleu électrique sur la face supérieure.

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Diadema savignyi ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Diadema savignyi is een zee-egel uit de familie Diadematidae.

De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd in 1829 gepubliceerd door Audouin.

Beschrijving

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De soorten Diadema savignyi en Diadema setosum leven naast elkaar.

De zee-egel heeft een zwart bolvormig licht afgeplat kalkskelet met een diameter van ongeveer 9 centimeter. De broze stekels bevinden zich in groepjes op het kalkskelet en zijn dun en hol. Ze kunnen 25 centimeter lang worden. De stekels hebben meestal een zwarte kleur, maar kunnen ook grijs, donkerbruin of paars zijn. Bij jonge zee-egels kunnen de stekels gestreept zijn met donkere en lichtere tinten. Ook geheel witte zee-egels van deze soort komen soms voor.[1]

De soort lijkt veel op de nauw verwante diadeemzee-egel (Diadema setosum) en is met deze soort sympathrisch. Beide soorten leven naast elkaar in hetzelfde gebied en komen veel met elkaar in aanraking.[2] In tegenstelling tot de diadeemzee-egel heeft de Diadema savignyi iriserende groene of blauwe lijnen in de interambulacraalvelden en rond de periproct, het kegelvormige gedeelte rond de anus. Sommige individuen hebben aan de aborale zijde bleke vlekken op de bovenste uiteinden van de interambulacraalvelden. De soort heeft geen oranje ring rond de periproct, zoals de diadeemzee-egel wel heeft.

Verspreiding en leefgebied

De soort wordt aangetroffen in de Indische Oceaan en de Grote Oceaan. Het leefgebied strekt zich uit langs de gehele Oost-Afrikaanse kust en de Rode Zee tot in Japan, Frans-Polynesië, Hawaï en naar het zuiden tot bij Nieuw-Caledonië en het noorden van Australië. De soort wordt aangetroffen op gemengde bodems van zand, rots of koraal, vooral in gebieden die zijn verstoord door stormen of andere natuurlijke oorzaken. De soort kan leven tot ongeveer 70 meter diepte.

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. (fr) Diadema savignyi (Audouin, 1829) DORIS, Données d'Observations pour la Reconnaissance et l'Identification de la faune et de la flore Subaquatiques
  2. (en) N.A. Muthiga (2003). Coexistence and reproductive isolation of the sympatric echinoids Diadema savignyi Michelin and Diadema setosum (Leske) on Kenyan coral reefs. Marine Biology 143(4): 669–677
Geplaatst op:
15-12-2011
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Diadema savignyi: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

provided by wikipedia NL

Diadema savignyi is een zee-egel uit de familie Diadematidae.

De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd in 1829 gepubliceerd door Audouin.

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Description

provided by World Register of Marine Species
Also distributed in SE Arabia, Maldive area, Ceylon, East Indies, north Australia, Philippine, China, south Japan and South Pacific Is. (Clark & Rowe, 1971); Lakshadweep (India) in Sastry (1991); Australia (Rowe & Gates, 1995). General distribution: tropical, Indo-Pacific Ocean., depth range 0-70 m. (Rowe & Gates, 1995); East coast of Africa to South Pacific Islands in Sastry (1991). Ecology: benthic, inshore, continental shelf (Rowe & Gates, 1995).

Reference

Rowe, F. W. E.; Gates, J. (1995). Echinodermata. In ‘Zoological Catalogue of Australia'. 33 (Ed A. Wells.) pp xiii + 510 (CSIRO Australia, Melbourne).

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