Funiculina quadrangularis, commonly known as tall sea pen, is an uncommon cold water coral within the Family Funiculinidae.[1] It is named tall sea pen because it looks like a quill sticking in the bottom of the sea. It forms habitat for several key crustacean species.[2]
F. quadrangularis’s appearance is often described as feather-like. More specifically, they look like a quill sticking in the seabed. They are anchored by a peduncle as its base and they have a calcareous axial rod growing upward with polyps arising from it. Each polyps has eight tentacles.[3] They can grow up to 2 meters with up to a quarter of the axis embedded in the sediment.[1]
The tall sea pen can be found globally. They are most commonly found in sea lochs and open waters of the northwest coast of Scotland, mainly found with a depth below 20m to 2000m.[1] They have a patchy distribution around the UK, on the northwest coast of Scotland and Ireland.[2] They are also distributed in coastal waters of the North Atlantic and Mediterranean, New Zealand, Japan and the Gulf of Mexico. However, the abundance of this specie is low due to the high trawling intensity.
The tall sea pan is dioecious, which means that they have the male and females reproductive organs in separate individuals. The females will develop one oocyte each time throughout the year. With a sex ratio of 1:1 of males to females in a population, spawning occurs in the midwinter. They have a large pool of offspring with a survival rate of about 10%. It is still unclear why they have this distinct patter of oogenesis and winter spawning. Some are guessing that it is due to the influence of environmental cues and this tall sea pen’s deep-sea habitat.[4] Since the distribution and sensitivity to bottom fishing activities is very limited, tall sea pen reduce in population number which may lead to genetic isolation and reduced diversity.[2]
Sea pens are home to many secondary polyps that are either specialized in either feeding or water intake.[5] They are associated with the brittle star Asteronyx lovenii, and their colonis have been observed as a nurseries for fish larve.[6][7]
The greatest threat to the survival of F. quadrangularis colonies is demersal fishing activities. This species has very limited distribution that it is restricted to the deep basins, sensitivity to bottom fishing activities, and low resilience to physical disturbance which make them vulnerable to fishing activities. Trawling often happens at places where Norway lobsters and shrimps are present; F. quadrangularis is a typical species of essential habitat for these species. Since F. quadrangularis has a rigid axial rod that is unable to withdraw into the sediment unlike other UK sea pen species, bottom trawling would cause F. quadrangularis significant physical disturbance. As a result, F. quadrangularis is decreasing in population numbers which may lead them to genetic isolation and reduced diversity. However, F. quadrangularis can have resilience to human impacts if distant populations have a high connectivity since they could have a higher genetic diversity and a higher geneflow.[2][4]
F. quadrangularis is considered to be nationally rare and are a high conservation significance specie.
The tall sea pen is a Species of Principal Importance under the Natural Environment and Rural Communities Act, 2006, UK. It is also on the Biodiversity Action Plan list of Priority Species.[2][8]
The tall sea pen is a sensitive and essential fish habitat since it forms habitat for several commercially important crustaceans.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Funiculina quadrangularis, commonly known as tall sea pen, is an uncommon cold water coral within the Family Funiculinidae. It is named tall sea pen because it looks like a quill sticking in the bottom of the sea. It forms habitat for several key crustacean species.
Funiculina quadrangularis est une espèce de cnidaires, une pennatule de la famille des Funiculinidae.
Cette espèce vit le long de la côte ouest de la Grande-Bretagne et des îles avoisinantes, dans le golfe de Gascogne[1] et en Méditerranée[2],[3].
Cette espèce est vulnérable en Méditerranée[4].
Les fonds de vase molle à Funiculina quadrangularis sont des milieux riches pour les ressources halieutiques (merlus, grondins, langoustes...).Le chalutage de fond est la première menace qui pèse sur cet habitat.[2]
Les fonds à pennatules sont identifiés dans le cadre de plusieurs démarches internationales :
Funiculina quadrangularis est une espèce de cnidaires, une pennatule de la famille des Funiculinidae.
Funiculina quadrangularis (Pallas, 1766) è un ottocorallo pennatulaceo della famiglia Funiculinidae.[2][3]
È un ottocorallo coloniale le cui colonie, a forma di frusta, possono raggiungere i 2 m di altezza. I polipi, di colore dal bianco al rosa, sono irregolarmente disposti lungo il rachide centrale, che ha una caratteristica sezione quadrangolare.[4]
Le "praterie" di Funiculina forniscono habitat e protezione a diverse specie di crostacei, tra cui Parapenaeus longirostris e Nephrops norvegicus, e cefalopodi, tra cui Eledone cirrhosa, Illex illecebrosus e Todaropsis eblanae.[1]
Questa specie è ampiamente distribuita nel mar Mediterraneo e nell'Atlantico nord-orientale; segnalazioni della sua presenza in Madagascar, Giappone e Nuova Zelanda, fanno supporre una distribuzione cosmopolita.[1]
Predilige fondali sabbiosi o detritici, da 20 a oltre 2.000 m di profondità.[1]
La Lista rossa IUCN classifica Funiculina quadrangularis come specie vulnerabile.[1]
Funiculina quadrangularis (Pallas, 1766) è un ottocorallo pennatulaceo della famiglia Funiculinidae.
Funiculina quadrangularis is een Pennatulaceasoort uit de familie van de Funiculinidae.[1] De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1766 door Pallas.
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