Alcyoniidae Lamouroux 1812

Figure 1.Sinularia australiensis sp. n., A holotype NTM C14519 B paratype NTM C14492 C paratype NTM C14520 D paratype NTM C14521. Scale at A also applies to B, scale at C also to D.

Figure 2.Sclerites of Sphaerasclera flammicerebra comb. n. MNHN-IK-2012-12004. A–C Surface layer of polyparium A Small radiates (0.05 mm scale bar) B Larger radiates and two small spheroids C Large tuberculate spheroids D–F Interior of polyparium D Small radiates (0.05 mm scale bar) E Larger radiate and three small spheroids F Large tuberculate spheroids.

Figure 3.Fixed specimens of Aldersladum jengi gen. n. and sp. n.; a holotypeZMTAU Co 33607 b paratype ZMTAU Co 31687 c paratype ZMTAU Co 31688. Scale = 10 mm.

Figure 2.Sinularia australiensis sp. n., holotype NTM C14519. A point clubs B collaret spindles C leptoclados-type clubs of surface layer of lobule D wart clubs of surface layer of lobule E spindles of surface layer of lobule. Scale of 0.10 mm at E only applies to E.

Figure 3.Sclerites of Sphaerasclera flammicerebra comb. n. ZMUC-ANT-000256. Sclerites of polyparium. A. Small radiates (left of 0.05 mm scale bar) B Larger radiates C Large tuberculate spheroids of colony surface and interior.

Figure 4.Aldersladum jengi gen. n. and sp. n., holotype ZMTAU Co 33607; figure-eight sclerites of the polyps and the lobules. Scale = 0.010 mm.

Figure 3.Sinularia australiensis sp. n., holotype NTM C14519. Sclerites of the surface layer of the base of the colony A leptoclados-type clubs B wart clubs C–D spindles. Scale of 0.10 mm at D only applies to D.

Figure 1.Maximum likelihood tree of Octocorallia based on combined, partitioned analysis of mtMutS, COI and 28S rDNA sequences. Taxa belonging to family Alcyoniidae are shown in blue; new combinations proposed herein are shown in red. Solid circles at nodes indicate strong support from both maximum likelihood (bootstrap values >70%) and Bayesian inference (posterior probability > 0.95); open circles indicate moderate support (bootstrap values >50%, Bayesian pp > 0.95). Strongly supported clades that include no alcyoniid taxa have been collapsed to triangles to facilitate readability. HA: Holaxonia–Alcyoniina clade; CP: Calcaxonia–Pennatulacea clade. Hexacorallian taxa used as outgroups are not shown. For a list of all reference taxa and sequences included in the analysis see Appendix.

Figure 5.Aldersladum jengi gen. n. and sp. n., holotype ZMTAU Co 33607; rods with median constriction from colony base. Scale = 0.010 mm.

Figure 4.Sinularia australiensis sp. n., holotype NTM C14519. sclerites of the interior A spindles from the lobules B tuberculation of one of the lobule spindles C spindles from the base D tuberculation of one of the base spindles. Scale of 1 mm at C also applies to A.

Figure 6.Underwater photographs of a Aldersladum sodwanum comb. n.* b holotype of Aldersladum jengi gen. n. and sp. n. ZMTAU Co 33607. *Courtesy of M.H. Schleyer.

Figure 5.Sinularia eilatensis sp. n., colonies. A ZMTAU Co 35260, holotype B ZMTAU Co 35261, paratype C ZMTAU Co 35305, paratype D ZMTAU Co 35303 E ZMTAU Co 35304 F Sinularia verseveldti, ZMTAU Co 35309.

Figure 6.Sinularia eilatensis sp. n., holotype ZMTAU Co 35260. A point clubs B collaret spindles C tentacle rods D leptoclados-type clubs of surface layer of lobule E wart clubs of surface layer of lobule F spindles of surface layer of lobule. Scale of 0.10 mm at F only applies to F.

Figure 7.Sinularia eilatensis sp. n., holotype ZMTAU Co 35260. Sclerites of the surface layer of the base of the colony. A leptoclados-type clubs B wart clubs C spindles.

Figure 8.Sinularia eilatensis sp. n., holotype ZMTAU Co 35260. Sclerites of the interior A spindles from the lobules B tuberculation of one of the lobule spindles C–D spindles from the base E tuberculation of one of the base spindles. Scale at D only applies to D.

Figure 9.Sinularia eilatensis sp. n., ZMTAU Co 35304. A point clubs B collaret spindles C leptoclados-type clubs of surface layer of lobule D wart clubs of surface layer of lobule E spindles of surface layer of lobule F interior spindles of lobule G tuberculation of one of the lobule spindles. Scale of 0.10 mm at E only applies to E, 1 mm scale at F only to F.

Figure 10.Sinularia leptoclados colonies. A ZMB 304 holotype B ZMTAU Co 34093 C ZMTAU Co 34094 D ZMTAU Co 34095 E ZMTAU Co 35308 F Sinularia maxima, ZRC1999.1066. Scale of 2 cm only applies to A and F.

Figure 11.Sinularia leptoclados holotype ZMB 304. A point clubs B leptoclados-type clubs of surface layer of lobule C wart clubs of surface layer of lobule D spindles of surface layer of lobule.

Figure 12.Sinularia leptoclados holotype ZMB 304. A spindles of the surface layer of lobule B–D sclerites of the interior B spindles from the lobules C tuberculation of one of the lobule spindles D spindles from the base E tuberculation of two of the base spindles. Scale of 0.10 mm at A only applies to A.

Figure 13.Sinularia leptoclados holotype ZMB 304. Sclerites of the surface layer of the base of the colony. A leptoclados-type clubs B wart clubs C–D spindles. Scale of 0.10 mm at C only applies to C.

Figure 14.Sinularia leptoclados colonies. A ZMTAU Co 25763 B ZMTAU Co 25940.

Figure 5.Alcyonium sp. indet. A Underwater photograph of orange and pale orange colonies, November 10, 2009, at Plumper Rock, Plumper Group of islands, Weynton Passage, British Columbia, Canada, GPS coordinates 50 35.495N × 126 47.998W., 20 m depth. Photo by Neil McDaniel B Wet-preserved white specimen (CAS 179450) C Wet-preserved red specimen (CAS 173217); scale bars for B and C =10 mm.

Figure 6.Alcyonium sp. indet. (CAS 029138). A Polyp sclerites B Coenenchymal sclerites of the polypary C Coenenchymal sclerites of the stalk. Scale bar = 0.10 mm.