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Small Giant Clam

Tridacna maxima (Röding 1798)

Biology

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A sessile mollusc, the small giant clam attaches itself to rocks or dead coral and siphons water through its body, filtering it for phytoplankton, as well as extracting oxygen with its gills. However, it does not need to filter-feed as much as other clams since it obtains most of the nutrients it requires from tiny photosynthetic algae known as zooxanthellae (4). Beginning life as a tiny fertilised egg, the small giant clam hatches within 12 hours, becoming a free-swimming larva. This larva then develops into another, more developed, larva which is capable of filter-feeding. At the third larval stage, a foot develops, allowing the larva to alternately swim and rest on the substrate. After eight to ten days, the larva metamorphoses into a juvenile clam, at which point it can acquire zooxanthellae and function symbiotically (4). The juvenile matures into a male clam after two or three years, becoming a hermaphrodite when larger (at around 15 centimetres in length) (4) (5). Reproduction is stimulated by the lunar cycle, the time of day, and the presence of other eggs and sperm in the water. Hermaphroditic clams will release sperm first, followed by eggs (4).
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Conservation

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It has been shown that numbers in protected regions are considerably higher than numbers outside these areas. Research into clam farming, as well as into the ecology, growth rates and reproductive behaviour of the small giant clam is necessary to understand the conservation needs of this species. The Tongan Government gives a limit for the minimum size that can be harvested (2).
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Description

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At less than a third of the size of the true giant clam (Tridacna gigas), the small giant clam deserves its name. As an adult, it has a large shell that adheres to a rock by its byssus – a tuft of long, tough filaments that protrude from a hole next to the hinge of the shell. When open, the bright blue, green or brown mantle is exposed and obscures the edges of the shell with its prominent and distinctively furrowed edges. The small giant clam is a bivalve mollusc, referring to the two valves on the mantle. These siphon water through the body to extract oxygen from the water using the gills, and to feed on algae (4). The attractive colours of the small giant clam are the result of pigment cells, which have a crystalline structure inside. These are thought to protect the clam from the effects of intense sunlight, or bundle light to enhance photosynthesis, the energy-producing process carried out by the tiny algae living within (4) (5).
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Habitat

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Found living on the surface of reefs or sand, or partly embedded in coral (2), the small giant clam occupies well lit areas, due to its symbiotic relationship with photosynthetic algae, which require sunlight for energy production (4).
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Range

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The small giant clam has the widest range of all giant clam species. It is found in the oceans surrounding east Africa, India, China, Australia, Southeast Asia and the islands of the Pacific (1).
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Status

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The small giant clam is classified as Lower Risk / Conservation Dependent (LR/cd) on the IUCN Red List (1) and is listed on Appendix II of CITES (3).
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Threats

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The small giant clam is collected in small numbers for the shell trade, and it is also eaten (2). In Asia, the muscle of the small giant clam is considered a delicacy, and the Bedouins around the Red Sea also eat this marine invertebrate (5).
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Deskripsi ( Indonesian )

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Giant Clam termasuk kedalam moluska sesil , kerang raksasa ini menempel pada batu atau kerang mati dan siphons air melalui tubuhnya , dapat menyaring fitoplankton , serta mengekstraksi oksigen dengan insang nya . Namun , hal ini itu tidak memelukan untuk menyaring dan memberi makan seperti kerang yang lain ketika memperoleh sebagian besar nutrisi, hal ini membutuhkan ganggang kecil yang fotosintetik dikenal sebagai zooxanthellae. Awal hidupnya sebagai telur fertil, Giant Clam ini menetas dalam 12 jam , kemudian menjadi larva yang berenang bebas . Larva ini kemudian berkembang menjadi yang lain, dan lebih berkembang, hingga mampu menyaring dan meberi makan. Di bagian ketiga tahap larva , sebuah kaki mulai berkembang , sehingga memungkinkan larva untuk bergantian berenang dan beristirahat di substrat . Setelah delapan sampai sepuluh hari , larva bermetamorfosa menjadi anakan kerang, pada saat ini dapat memperoleh zooxanthellae dan fungsi secara simbiotik. Kerang remaja tersebut akan matang dan menjadi kerang jantan setelah dua atau tiga tahun , kemudian menjadi hermafrodit ketika dewasa ( panjang sekitar 15 cm). Reproduksi dirangsang oleh siklus bulan, waktu per hari, dan keberadaan telur dan sperma perairan. Kerang hermaprodit akan mengeluarkan sperma terlebih dahulu, kemudian diikuti oleh sel telur.
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Deskripsi ( Indonesian )

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Pada kurang dari sepertiga dari ukuran kerang raksasa, Giant Clam bisa dikatakan termasuk kerang raksasa. Sebagai kerang dewasa , kerang ini memiliki tempurung besar yang melekat pada sebuah batu saat bysus, seberkas filamen panjang dan tangguh yang menonjol dari lubang sebelah engsel pada tempurung . Ketika terbuka , warna biru terang , hijau atau coklat pada mantle akan mengenai dan mengaburkan diri pada tepi tempurung dengan tanah-tanah menonjol yang khas dan berkerut . Giant Clam adalah sebuah moluska bivalvia , yang memiliki dua katup di atas mantel . Siphon air yang melalui tubuh akan mengekstrak oksigen dari air menggunakan insang , dan untuk memberi makan pada ganggang . Warnanya yang menarik adalah hasil dari sel-sel pigmen yang , yang memiliki sebuah struktur kristal di dalam nya. Hal ini untuk melindungi kerang dari efek dari intensitas sinar matahari, atau peningkatan fotosintesis , proses menghasilkan energi ini kemudian dibawa keluar oleh ganggang kecil yang hidup.
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Distribusi ( Indonesian )

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Kerang raksasa kecil memiliki jangkauan terluas dari semua jenis kerang raksasa yang ada. Hal dapat ditemukan di Samudera sekitar Afrika Timur, India, Cina, Australia, Asia Tenggara, dan Kepulauan yang berada di daerah Pasifik
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Status ( Indonesian )

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Status Giant Clam di klasifikasikan sebagai biota yang rentan menurut IUCN, dan Appendix II menurut CITES.
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Status Konservasi ( Indonesian )

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Sudah menunjukkan angka yang tinggi pada kawasan habitatnya dibandingkan dengan di luar daerah habitatnya. Pada riset Giant Clam yang ada, serta dalam ekologi , tingkat pertumbuhan dan pola reproduksi pada Giant Clam diperlukan pemahaman lebih dalam perlindungan spesies ini .
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habitat ( Indonesian )

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Ditemukan hidup pada permukaan karang atau pasir , atau sebagian tertanam di karang, Giant Clam ini pun menempati daerah lit , karena melihat hubungan simbiosis dengan ganggang fotosintetik , yang memerlukan sinar matahari untuk produksi energi
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Maxima clam

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The maxima clam (Tridacna maxima), also known as the small giant clam, is a species of bivalve mollusc found throughout the Indo-Pacific region.[3]

They are much sought after in the aquarium trade, as their often striking coloration mimics that of the true giant clam; however, the maximas maintain a manageable size, with the shells of large specimens typically not exceeding 20 centimetres (7.9 in) in length.

Description

Bivalves have two valves on the mantle. These siphon water through the body to extract oxygen from the water using the gills and to feed on algae.[4] The maxima is less than one-third the size of the true giant clam (Tridacna gigas).

Shell

Adults develop a large shell that adheres to the substrate by its byssus, a tuft of long, tough filaments that protrude from a hole next to the hinge.

Mantle

When open, the bright blue, green or brown mantle is exposed and obscures the edges of the shell which have prominent, distinctive furrows. The attractive colours of the small giant clam are the result of crystalline pigment cells. These are thought to protect the clam from the effects of intense sunlight, or bundle light to enhance the algae's photosynthesis.[4] Maxima produce the color white in their mantle by clustering red, blue and green cells, while individual T. derasa cells are themselves multi-colored.[5]

Distribution and habitat

The small giant clam has the widest range of all giant clam species. It is found in the oceans surrounding east Africa, India, China, Australia, Southeast Asia, the Red Sea and the islands of the Pacific.[1][6]

Found living on the surface of reefs or sand, or partly embedded in coral,[7] the small giant clam occupies well-lit areas, due to its symbiotic relationship with photosynthetic algae, which require sunlight for energy production.[4]

Biology

A sessile mollusc, the small giant clam attaches itself to rocks or dead coral and siphons water through its body, filtering it for phytoplankton, as well as extracting oxygen with its gills. However, it does not need to filter-feed as much as other clams since it obtains most of the nutrients it requires from tiny photosynthetic algae known as zooxanthellae.[4]

Beginning life as a tiny fertilised egg, the small giant clam hatches within 12 hours, becoming a free-swimming larva. This larva then develops into another, more developed, larva which is capable of filter-feeding. At the third larval stage, a foot develops, allowing the larva to alternately swim and rest on the substrate. After eight to ten days, the larva metamorphoses into a juvenile clam, at which point it can acquire zooxanthellae and function symbiotically.[4] The juvenile matures into a male clam after two or three years, becoming a hermaphrodite when larger (at around 15 centimetres in length). Reproduction is stimulated by the lunar cycle, the time of day, and the presence of other eggs and sperm in the water. Hermaphroditic clams release their sperm first followed later by their eggs, thereby avoiding self-fertilisation.[4]

Conservation

The species is protected under Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) meaning international import/export of all parts and derivatives requires CITES permits to be granted.[2]

Gallery

References

  • Bianconi, J.J. (1869). Specimina zoologica Mosambicana. Fasciculus XVII. Memorie della Accademia delle Scienze dell'Istituto di Bologna, sér. 2. 199-222; Pls. I-IV.
  • Hedley, C. (1921). A revision of the Australian Tridacna. Records of the Australian Museum. 13 (4): 163-172, pls 27-34.
  • Morton, B. & Morton, J. (1983). The sea shore ecology of Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. 350 pp.
  • Liu, J.Y. [Ruiyu] (ed.). (2008). Checklist of marine biota of China seas. China Science Press. 1267 pp

This article incorporates text from the ARKive fact-file "Maxima clam" under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License and the GFDL.

  1. ^ a b Wells, S. (1996). "Tridacna maxima". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T22138A9362499. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T22138A9362499.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  3. ^ MolluscaBase eds. (2022). MolluscaBase. Tridacna maxima (Röding, 1798). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: https://marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=207675 on 2022-10-13
  4. ^ a b c d e f Ellis, S. (1998) Spawning and early larval rearing of giant clams (Bivalvia: Tridacnidae). Center for Tropical and Subtropical Aquaculture, 130: 1–55.
  5. ^ "Giant clams could inspire better color displays and solar cells". www.gizmag.com. January 20, 2016. Retrieved 2016-01-23.
  6. ^ Huelsken, T., Keyse, J., Liggins, L., Penny, S., Treml, E.A., Riginos, C. (2013) A Novel Widespread Cryptic Species and Phylogeographic Patterns within Several Giant Clam Species (Cardiidae: Tridacna) from the Indo-Pacific Ocean. PLoS ONE, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080858.
  7. ^ Wells, S.M., Pyle, R.M. and Collins, N.M. (1983) The IUCN Invertebrate Red Data Book. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.

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Maxima clam: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN

The maxima clam (Tridacna maxima), also known as the small giant clam, is a species of bivalve mollusc found throughout the Indo-Pacific region.

They are much sought after in the aquarium trade, as their often striking coloration mimics that of the true giant clam; however, the maximas maintain a manageable size, with the shells of large specimens typically not exceeding 20 centimetres (7.9 in) in length.

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Tridacna maxima ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Tridacna maxima es una especie de molusco bivalvo de la familia Cardiidae.

Pertenece a las denominadas comúnmente almejas gigantes, siendo la especie del género más común y más ampliamente distribuida.

Morfología

Puede llegar a tener una longitud de 40 cm.[3]​ Se caracterizan, como todas las especies de su género, por presentar entre 4 a 5 ondulaciones, o proyecciones de forma triangular, en su concha; y, en su caso, por disponer de un sifón inhalante con tentáculo; el manto puede ser de color marrón, azul, púrpura o verde, con muchos puntos iridiscentes de color azul, púrpura o verde, especialmente hacia los extremos del manto.[cita requerida]

Alimentación

Esta almeja convive en simbiosis con algas unicelulares llamadas zooxantelas; las algas realizan la fotosíntesis produciendo oxígeno y azúcares que son aprovechados por la almeja y se alimentan de los catabolitos de la misma, especialmente carbono; esto les proporciona entre el 75 y el 90% de sus necesidades alimenticias; el resto lo obtienen atrapando plancton microscópico y materia orgánica disuelta en el agua, mediante sus branquias, o ctenidia, por este motivo necesitan imperiosamente la luz.[cita requerida]

Reproducción

La especie alcanza la madurez sexual entre los 2 o tres años.[4]​ Son animales protándricos,[5]​ que nacen todos machos, pero después del año se convierten en hermafroditas simultáneos. La fertilización es externa, expulsan primero el esperma y después los huevos, para evitar la autofertilización. Los huevos fertilizados entran rápidamente en un estado larvario nadador, y se denominan trocóforas. Posteriormente evolucionan a un estado planctónico en el que las larvas, conocidas como velígeras, habitan el océano abierto durante una semana, antes de fijarse en el sustrato. Al siguiente día del asentamiento, se completa la metamorfosis a su forma definitiva; y a los veinte días, las Tridacnas juveniles comienzan a adquirir zooxantelas en los tejidos de su manto, lo que incrementa notablemente su desarrollo y crecimiento.

Hábitat y distribución

Ampliamente distribuida en el océano Indo-Pacífico, desde la costa este africana, incluido Madagascar y el mar Rojo, hasta la Polinesia, y desde Japón, al norte, hasta Nueva Gales del Sur.[6]​ Es especie nativa de Australia, Arabia Saudí, Birmania, China; Islas Cook, Egipto, Filipinas, Fiyi, Guam, India (Andaman Is., Laccadive Is.), Indonesia, Japón, Kenia, Kiribati, Madagascar, Malasia, Maldivas, Islas Marshall, Mauricio, Micronesia, Mozambique, Nueva Caledonia, Islas Marianas del Norte, Palaos, Papúa Nueva Guinea, Pitcairn, Polinesia, Samoa, Seychelles, Singapur, Islas Salomón, Sudáfrica, Sri Lanka, Taiwán, Tailandia, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu y Vietnam. Extinta en Hong Kong.[7]

Suelen habitar en aguas soleadas, embebidas en fondos arenosos o masas coralinas de arrecifes. Su rango de profundidad es de 0 a 28 m, y el rango de temperatura entre 24.61 y 28.89ºC.[8]

Galería

Véase también

Referencias

  1. Wells, S. (1996). «Tridacna maxima». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2013.1 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el el 25 de julio de 2013..
  2. ter Poorten, J.; Bouchet, P.; Rosenberg, G. (2013). Tridacna maxima (Röding, 1798). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=207675. Consultado el 25-07-2013
  3. Wells, S.M., Pyle, R.M. and Collins, N.M. (1983) The IUCN Invertebrate Red Data Book. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland
  4. Ellis, S. (1998) Spawning and early larval rearing of giant clams (Bivalvia: Tridacnidae). Center for Tropical and Subtropical Aquaculture, 130: 1 - 55.
  5. Jameson, Stephen C. (1976) Early life story of giant clams Tridacna crocea, Tridacna maxima and Hippopus hippopus. Pacific Science, vol. 30, nº 3, p. 219-233.
  6. http://iobis.org/mapper/?taxon=Tridacna maxima
  7. Wells, S. 1996. Tridacna maxima. In: IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. . Consultada el 23 de enero de 2014.
  8. http://eol.org/pages/4771446/details

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Tridacna maxima: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Tridacna maxima es una especie de molusco bivalvo de la familia Cardiidae.

Pertenece a las denominadas comúnmente almejas gigantes, siendo la especie del género más común y más ampliamente distribuida.

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Tridacna maxima ( French )

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Tridacna maxima est une espèce de bénitiers géants de la famille des Tridacnidae. Appréciée des aquariophiles, on la rencontre souvent en aquarium marin. En Polynésie française, cette espèce est nommée « Pahua » et entre dans la cuisine locale.

Description

C'est un bivalve sessile qui peut atteindre des dimensions impressionnantes (jusqu'à 40[4] ou 60 cm[5]). Durant la journée, il laisse dépasser son épais manteau souvent très coloré (bleu, vert, violet...) pour assurer la photosynthèse de ses algues symbiotiques, qui contribuent à le nourrir ; il est cependant capable de le rétracter très rapidement et de se refermer d'un coup, brisant net tout objet qui pourrait se trouver entre ses deux solides valves réunies par un muscle extrêmement puissant. Le manteau présente généralement de grosses papilles arrondies dans l'intérieur des lobes du manteau, et toujours une rangée de petites papilles marginales[5].

On distingue cette espèce des autres bénitiers sur la base de plusieurs caractéristiques : la coquille blanche est très asymétrique (allongée d'un côté en vue latérale), pourvue de cinq côtes prononcées (parfois 6 ou 7[5]), découpées en écailles courtes mais nombreuses et serrées (souvent érodées sur la moitié inférieure), l'ouverture byssale est importante, la fermeture des deux valves est bien étanche, le manteau large, et le siphon inhalant entouré de tentacules courts et simples[4]. Le manteau est souvent bleu, mais extrêmement variable, et avec une grande gamme de motifs possibles[6].

Cette espèce est capable de s'hybrider avec Tridacna squamosa, donnant lieu à des morphologies intermédiaires[5].

Répartition

Cette espèce vit naturellement dans le bassin Indo-Pacifique et est également élevée semi-artisanalement à des fins commerciales dans les atolls de Tatakoto, Fangatau, Tubuai et Reao en Polynésie française[7]. C'est un hôte classique des récifs coralliens, mais sa récolte à des fins gastronomiques ou décoratives a fait chuter sa population dans de nombreux endroits du monde ; sa croissance extrêmement lente et sa faible fertilité ne l'aident pas à contrer cette tendance.

Aquariophilie

 src=
En aquarium.

Cette espèce est appréciée en aquariophilie récifale, quoique difficile d'entretien[6].

L'espèce étant protégée (Liste rouge de l'UICN et CITES), la commercialisation de spécimens prélevés dans la nature est interdite, et seuls des juvéniles issus de reproduction en aquarium sont tolérés à la vente[6].

Notes et références

  1. Bánki, O., Roskov, Y., Vandepitte, L., DeWalt, R. E., Remsen, D., Schalk, P., Orrell, T., Keping, M., Miller, J., Aalbu, R., Adlard, R., Adriaenssens, E., Aedo, C., Aescht, E., Akkari, N., Alonso-Zarazaga, M. A., Alvarez, B., Alvarez, F., Anderson, G., et al. (2021). Catalogue of Life Checklist (Version 2021-10-18). Catalogue of Life. https://doi.org/10.48580/d4t2, consulté le 25 février 2014
  2. BioLib, consulté le 10 décembre 2018
  3. a b c d e f g h i j k l m et n World Register of Marine Species, consulté le 10 décembre 2018
  4. a et b (en) James W. Fatherree, « Identifying the tridacnid clams ».
  5. a b c et d Deuss M., Richard G. et Verneau N., Mollusques de Mayotte, Mamoudzou (Mayotte), Naturalistes de Mayotte, 2013, 380 p..
  6. a b et c « Tridacna maxima », sur aquaportail.com.
  7. L’aquaculture du bénitier « Copie archivée » (version du 15 mars 2016 sur l'Internet Archive) sur le site du Service de la pêche de la Polynésie française.

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Tridacna maxima: Brief Summary ( French )

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Tridacna maxima est une espèce de bénitiers géants de la famille des Tridacnidae. Appréciée des aquariophiles, on la rencontre souvent en aquarium marin. En Polynésie française, cette espèce est nommée « Pahua » et entre dans la cuisine locale.

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