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Hooded Sea Slug

Melibe leonina (Gould 1852)

Comprehensive Description

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As with other Dendronotacean nudibranchs, Melibe leonina has a dorsum with outgrowths in addition to rhinophores, and the clavus of the rhinophores is fully or partly retractile into its sheath. The anus is on the right side. Melibe leonina has 4-6 pairs of large, leaflike or paddlelike cerata in two rows down its dorsum and a large oral hood with two rows of filiform tentacles around its margin. The rhinophores on the oral hood are small and earlike, and have small sail-like extensions on their medial sides. Color a translucent gray, greenish-gray, or yellowish-gray, with opaque brown hepatic diverticula.
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Distribution

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Geographical Range: Kodiak Island, Alaska to Gulf of California, Mexico. Mostly offshore in kelp beds south of Puget Sound
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Habitat

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Depth Range: Low intertidal to 37 m
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Comprehensive Description

provided by Invertebrates of the Salish Sea
Biology/Natural History: This nudibranch is unusual in several ways. It lacks a radula, but its oral veil is expanded hugely into a hood which it extends ahead of itself and uses to trap small crustaceans and other prey. Its diet includes copepods, amphipods, and ostracods, as well as small post-larval mollusks. The animal stands attached to the substrate and expands the oral hood. It then sweeps the hood left and right or downward. When the ventral surface of the hood contacts a small animal the hood rapidly closes and the fringing tentacles overlap, holding the prey in. The whole animal is then forced into the nudibranch's mouth. Predators include the kelp crab Pugettia producta. Pycnopodia helianthoides is repelled from contact. The polychaete scaleworm Halosydna brevisetosa is sometimes a symbiont, feeding on fecal pellets. Some may have symbiotic algae. Branches of the gut extend out into the cerata. The name is due to the large hood which may look like a lion's mane. This species hunts mainly attached, but is a good swimmer. When swimming it is usually upside-down, and thrashes or undulates back and forth. It is often seen swimming near the water's surface in the summer, or after fall and winter storms disturb the eelgrass. Eggs are laid in long, wide yellow or cream-colored ribbons in the summer, which are attached to kelp and eelgrass. The ribbons form tight coils or wavy folds. Eggs can be found in the Washington area at any season. They appear to live about one year, reciprocally fertilize one another, lay their eggs and die. This species has been used for neurological research. According to Baltzley et al.,, many gastropods, including this species, have a special network of pedal ganglia in their foot which assists in crawling. The two main neurons involved produce pedal peptides which elicit an increase in the rate of beating of cilia on the foot, resulting in crawling.
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Habitat

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Eelgrass beds, kelp beds, harbors
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Look Alikes

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How to Distinguish from Similar Species: This is the only local Dendronotacean with a huge oral hood
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Melibe leonina

provided by wikipedia EN

Melibe leonina, commonly referred to as the hooded nudibranch, lion nudibranch, or lion's mane nudibranch, is a species of predatory nudibranch in the family Tethydidae.

Description

Melibe leonina from Santa Cruz, California.

The body of M. leonina is translucent and is usually colorless to pale yellow or green.[1][2] The average body dimensions are 102mm long and 25mm wide.[2] It has a large expandable oral hood, fringed with two rows of cirri.[2][3] The oral hood is typically over 51mm wide.[2] This species of Melibe lacks jaws or a radula.[1]

There are a single pair of rhinophores on the hood that contain four to six lamellae.[1] Two rows containing three to six pairs of flat, paddle-shaped cerata run along the body.[1] The cerata range in size, with the front most cerata being the largest.[1] Cerata are capable of autotomy.[4] There are unique granule filled cells at the base of the cerata that are found no where else in the animal that seem to be involved in breaking down connective tissue, as well as two special muscular sphincters. It is thought that after the connective tissue is broken down, these sphincters contract to cut the cerata and then close the wound.[5] The anus and nephroproct are positioned before the second ceras.[1] All other members of the genus Melibe contain chitinous plates in the stomach, however, they are absent in M. leonina.[1]

Distribution

This species occurs in the eastern Pacific Ocean from Alaska to Baja California.[1][2][3] M. leonina is the only member of the genus Melibe found on the Pacific coast of North America.[3]

Ecology

Habitat

Melibe leonina in kelp forest

Melibe leonina are common on seagrass and blades of Macrocystis kelp within their range,[3] from the lower intertidal to approximately 37m.[6]

Reproduction

Melibe leonina is a simultaneous hermaphrodite, with its female and male reproductive organs located on the right side of the body.[3] Fertilization occurs internally, and individuals can lay up to 30,000 eggs at a time.[7] Both females and males lay eggs in protective ribbons that are secreted from the mucus gland. Ribbons contain egg capsules with 15 - 25 eggs. The eggs will turn into larva after about 10 days and then hatch and become veligers. They are born with shells initially but lose them after they hatch.[8] Mating has only been observed during the day.[3]

Feeding habits

Melibe leonina in aquaria

While most nudibranchs are predators of sessile benthic organisms, M. leonina feeds on planktonic invertebrates.[3] M. leonina is carnivorous and has been observed eating several types of planktonic crustaceans, including amphipods, copepods, ostracods, and various types of larvae.[1][3][9] M. leonina lack any features associated with chewing, so prey are swallowed whole.[9] M. leonina have been observed displaying feeding behavior even in the complete absence of food.[3]

Adults and juveniles display different feeding behaviors, however, they both feed by first attaching their foot firmly to its substratum. Adults feed by pulling back their oral hood until it is almost perpendicular to the body, and then thrust it forward until contact is made with a prey organism. Once prey has been contacted, the hood closes and the rows of cirri interlock to prevent escape.[3] The hood is compressed further, pushing excess water out and forcing the prey towards the mouth.[3] Closing the oral hood takes approximately 4 seconds.[9] In aquarium settings, M. leonina have been observed exhibiting different feeding strategies, including surface floating and bottom grazing.[9]

Juveniles start with their hood nearly parallel to their substratum. As they move their body forward, they bring their hood down until it makes contact with the substratum. Water is pushed from the hood once contact has been made with the substratum, and prey is forced towards the mouth.[3] Researchers believe that the differences in feeding behaviors indicate that adults feed from the water and juveniles feed directly from the substratum.[3] Juveniles feed during the day or night, while adults feed exclusively at night.[3]

Predators

There have been very few observations of predation on M. leonina; the few known observations of predation have mostly involved the crab Pugettia producta [3] and the main defense against predation is thought to be its ability to produce an odorous secretion called a terpenoid that is repellent to other organisms.[3] The gland that produces these secretions are known as repugnatorial glands.[10] Some sources have described the secretion as a watermelon-like smell.[7] Because M.leonina prey are not known to produce secondary metabolites it is thought that they biosynthesis their own terpenoids.[11]

Locomotion

Melibe leonina are capable swimmers, however, they have rarely been observed leaving their substratum.[3] M. leonina swim through a behavior known as lateral bending.[10] Individuals swim by first closing their oral hood and releasing themselves from their substrate.[10] Next, they curl their foot and extend their cerrata.[10] They then flatten their body laterally, to create more surface area.[10] To propel themselves forward they bend their body from side to side, forming a "C" shape.[10][12] M. leonina are capable of trapping air in their hood for buoyancy.[12]

Studies have shown that M. leonina individuals regularly move to other kelp blades, but have rarely been observed swimming during the day in nature.[3][10] This has led researchers to speculate that M. leonina swim mostly at night.[3] Experiments in a laboratory setting have supported this theory; showing that on average M. leonina swim 20 times more often at night.[10]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Gosliner, Terrence (1987). "Review of the Nudibranch Genus Melibe (Opisthobranchia: Dendronotacea) with Descriptions of Two New Species". The Veliger. 29 (4): 400–414.
  2. ^ a b c d e Meinkoth, Norman (1981). The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Seashore Creatures. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. pp. 531–532.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Ajeska, Richard; Nybakken, James (1976). "Contributions to the Biology of Melibe leonina". The Veliger. 19: 19–26.
  4. ^ Bickell-Page, L. R (1989). "Autotomy of Cerata by the Nudibranch Melibe leonina (Mollusca): Ultrastructure of the Autotomy Plane and Neural Correlate of the Behaviour". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 324 (1222): 149–172. Bibcode:1989RSPTB.324..149B. doi:10.1098/rstb.1989.0042.
  5. ^ Bickell-Page, Louise (1989). "Autotomy of Cerata by the Nudibranch Melibe Leonina (Mollusca): Ultrastructure of the Autotomy Plane and Neural Correlate of the Behaviour". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 324 (1222): 149–172. Bibcode:1989RSPTB.324..149B. doi:10.1098/rstb.1989.0042. JSTOR 2990175 – via Astor.
  6. ^ Cowles, Dave. "Melibe leonina". inverts.wallawalla.edu. Retrieved 2018-01-15.
  7. ^ a b "Melibe, Kelp Forest, Invertebrates, Melibe leonina at the Monterey Bay Aquarium". www.montereybayaquarium.org. Retrieved 2018-01-15.
  8. ^ H. P. Von W. Kjerschow-Agersborg (May–June 1921). "Contribution to the Knowledge of the Nudibranchiate Mollusk, Melibe Leonina". The American Naturalist. 55: 222–253. doi:10.1086/279809. JSTOR 2456514. S2CID 84256920 – via Astor.
  9. ^ a b c d Watson, Winsor H; Trimarchi, James (1992). "A quantitative description of Melibe feeding behavior and its modification by prey density". Marine Behaviour and Physiology. 19 (3): 183–194. doi:10.1080/10236249209378807.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h Watson, Winsor H; Lawrence, Kaddee A; Newcomb, James M (2001). "Neuroethology of Melibe leonina Swimming Behavior". American Zoologist. 41 (4): 1026–1035. doi:10.1093/icb/41.4.1026.
  11. ^ Barbsy (2019). "De Novo terpenoid biosynthesis by the dendronotid nudibranch Melibe leonina ". Chemoecology. 12 (4): 199–202. doi:10.1007/PL00012669. S2CID 35384332.
  12. ^ a b Kozloff, Eugene N (1983). Seashore life of the northern Pacific coast : an illustrated guide to northern California, Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0295960302. OCLC 9196536.

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Melibe leonina: Brief Summary

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Melibe leonina, commonly referred to as the hooded nudibranch, lion nudibranch, or lion's mane nudibranch, is a species of predatory nudibranch in the family Tethydidae.

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Melibe leonina ( French )

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Melibe leonina est une espèce de nudibranche de la famille des tethydidés.

Description

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Melibe leonina: Brief Summary ( French )

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Melibe leonina est une espèce de nudibranche de la famille des tethydidés.

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Melibe leonina ( Galician )

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Melibe leonina, é unha especie de depredador nudibranquio da familia Tethydidae.

Descrición

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Melibe leonina en Santa Cruz, California.

O corpo de M. leonina é translúcido e adoita ser incoloro ou de amarelo a verde pálido.[1][2] As dimensións do corpo roldan os 102mm de longo e os 25mm de ancho.[2] Ten unha gran cavidade bocal ampliable, con dúas filas de cirros.[2][3] A cavidade bocal ten uns 51mm de ancho.[2] Esta especie de Melibe carece de mandíbulas ou rádula.[1]

Ten un só par de rinoforos na cavidade que conteñen de catro a seis láminas.[1] Dúas fileiras que conteñen de tres a seis pares de planos, e unha cerata en forma de paleta percorren o longo do corpo.[1] A cerata varía de tamaño, sendo meirande a cerata da fronte.[1] A cerata son quen de autotomía.[4] O ano e o nefroprocto están situados antes do segundo ceras.[1] Tódolos outros membros do xénero Melibe teñen placas chitinosas no estómago, porén, están ausentes en M. leonina.[1]

Distribución

A especie habita no leste do océano Pacífico dende Alasca até Baixa California.[1][2][3] M. leonina é o único membro do xénero Melibe que se atopa na costa pacífica de América do Norte.[3]

Notas

  1. 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6 1,7 Gosliner, Terrence (1987). "Review of the Nudibranch Genus Melibe (Opisthobranchia: Dendronotacea) with Descriptions of Two New Species". The Veliger 29 (4): 400–414.
  2. 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4 Meinkoth, Norman (1981). The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Seashore Creatures. Nova York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. pp. 531–532.
  3. 3,0 3,1 3,2 Ajeska, Richard; Nybakken, James (1976). "Contributions to the Biology of Melibe leonina". The Veliger 19: 19–26.
  4. Bickell-Page, L. R (1989). "Autotomy of Cerata by the Nudibranch Melibe leonina (Mollusca): Ultrastructure of the Autotomy Plane and Neural Correlate of the Behaviour". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 324 (1222): 149–172. doi:10.1098/rstb.1989.0042.
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Melibe leonina: Brief Summary ( Galician )

provided by wikipedia gl Galician

Melibe leonina, é unha especie de depredador nudibranquio da familia Tethydidae.

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Melibe leonina ( Italian )

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Melibe leonina (Gould, 1852) è un mollusco nudibranco appartenente alla famiglia Tethydidae.[1]

Note

  1. ^ (EN) MolluscaBase eds. 2020, Melibe leonina, in WoRMS (World Register of Marine Species). URL consultato il 27/7/2020.

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Melibe leonina: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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Melibe leonina (Gould, 1852) è un mollusco nudibranco appartenente alla famiglia Tethydidae.

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Melibe leonina ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Melibe leonina is een slakkensoort uit de familie van de Tethydidae.[1] De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1852 door Gould.

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. Rosenberg, G. (2012). Melibe leonina (Gould, 1852). Geraadpleegd via: World Register of Marine Species op http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=575441
Geplaatst op:
09-03-2013
Dit artikel is een beginnetje over biologie. U wordt uitgenodigd om op bewerken te klikken om uw kennis aan dit artikel toe te voegen. Beginnetje
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Melibe leonina ( Vietnamese )

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Sên biển mũ chụp (Danh pháp khoa học: Melibe leonina) là một loài sên biển trong họ Tethydidae, chúng là loài vật tự đoạn chi để trốn thoát thú săn mồi.

Phân bố

Loài này xuất hiện ở bờ biển phía tây Bắc Mỹ, từ Alaska tới Baja California.

Đặc điểm

 src=
Melibe leonina from Santa Cruz, California.

Loài sên biển này có thể dài tới 102 mm, rộng 25 mm, và 51 mm dọc theo khoang miệng được mở rộng.

Sên biển mũ chụp melibe leonine không có lớp vỏ bảo vệ. Loài động vật thân mềm này sống trên những cây rong biển và sử dụng chiếc miệng hình mũ chụp có nhiều xúc tu để bắt loài tôm phù du nhỏ. Ở phía sau cơ thể chúng mọc ra những chiếc vây cerata có khả năng tách rời. Để thoát khỏi sự tấn công của những con cua, loài sên biển này sẵn sàng cắt rời phần vây giống mái chèo ở phía sau để bơi đi. quá trình tự đoạn chi của loài sên biển mũ chụp Melibe leonine là một cách ngăn thú săn mồi tấn công những bộ phận cơ thể dễ tổn thương.

Khi bị cua biển tấn công dùng càng kẹp chặt lấy những chiếc vây này, sên biển Melibe leonine sử dụng chiến thuật thoát thân. Trong tình huống nguy hiểm, mô ở gốc của cerata tan rã khiến chiếc vây này rụng ra. Hành vi tự đoạn chi này tương tự như cách thằn lằn ngắt đuôi khi bị thú săn mồi bắt. Sên biển có thể mọc lại phần vây bị đứt sau đó. Khi cơ chế này diễn ra, những cơ dọc co rút mạnh, gây áp lực lên gốc phần vây, giải phóng vật chất dạng hạt từ tế bào và phá vỡ các mô liên kết. Hai hai cơ vòng dọc gốc phần vây co rút để tách rời cerata và làm liền vết thương, giúp sên biển khỏi chết.

Sinh thái học

Môi trường sống

 src=
Một số Melibe leonina trong rừng tảo bẹ.

Được tìm thấy trên cỏ Zostera và các loại tảo biển khác gần khu vực thủy triều thấp và bên dưới, và trong các khu rừng tảo bẹ ở vùng nước sâu hơn.

Tập tính ăn

 src=
Melibe leonina ăn bằng cách mở khoang miệng để bẫy mồi. Cabrillo Marine Aquarium, San Pedro, California.

Melibe leonina là một loài ăn thịt và nó săn con mồi, đồng thời bám chặt vào cỏ, bằng cách mở rộng khoang miệng của nó ra và xuống dưới như một cái lưới. Khi bề mặt ở bụng của khoang miệng chạm vào một con vật nhỏ, cái khoang nhanh chóng đóng lại và các xúc tu có viền trùng đè lên nhau, giữa chặt con mồi rồi ấn toàn bộ con vật vào trong miệng. Con mồi của nó bao gồm Amphipoda, bộ chân kiếm, Mysidae,

các loài giáp xác nhỏ khác, động vật thân mềm nhỏ, sứa nhỏ và sứa lược, ấu trùng của các loài không xương sống khác và trong một vài trường hợp cả cá nhỏ.

Vòng đời

Giống như hầu hết các loài sên biển khác, Melibe leonina là một sinh vật lưỡng tính. Chúng có vẻ sống được khoảng một năm, thụ tinh qua lại lẫn nhau, đẻ trứng rồi chết. Trứng của chúng dính vào tảo bẹ và cỏ lươn trong một rải màu kem hoặc vàng rộng, dài, thứ tạo thành những cuộn chặt hoặc những gói hình sóng.

Kẻ săn mồi

Những sinh vật săn loài này có thể bao gồm cá, cua sống ở tảo bẹ và sao biển, nhưng khi bị làm phiền Melibe leonina có khả năng tự cắt đứt cerata của nó. Điều này có thể làm sao lãng kẻ tân công trong khi phần phụ bỏ đi trôi đi, giúp cho con sên biển trốn thoát.

Khi bị quấy rầy hoặc bị đánh bật ra khỏi vị trí, Melibe leonina có khả năng bơi. Nó sử dụng các chuyển động uốn thân bên nhịp nhàng, và đôi khi có thể bơi một quãng xa trong vùng nước. Chuyển động từ trên xuống dưới, sang ngang bao gồm nhiều cử động phức tạp thứ đã đang được nghiên cứu hết sức kỹ lưỡng.

Tham khảo

Đọc thêm

  • Gosliner T.M. (1987) Review of the nudibranch genus Melibe (Opisthobranchia: Dendronotacea) with descriptions of two new species. The Veliger 29(4): 400-414.
  • Behrens, Dave. "Melibe leonina" The Slug Site. Sept. 1999. 15 May 2008 <http://slugsite.us/bow/nudwk188.htm>.
  • Meinkoth, Norman A. National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Seashore Creatures. New York: Alfred a Knopf, Inc., 1981. 531-532.
  • Various. "The Sea Slug Forum - Melibe Leonina", The Sea Slug Forum. 15 May 2008 <http://www.seaslugforum.net/showall.cfm?base=melileon>.
  • W.H. Watson III, K.D. Lawrence and J.M. Newcomb. 2001. Neuroethology of Melibe leonina swimming behavior. American Zoologist 41(4): 1026-1035. <http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/41/4/1026>.
  • Watson, W.H. and J. Trimarchi. 1992. A quantitative description of Melibe feeding behavior and its modification by prey density. Marine Behaviour and Physiology 19: 183-194.
  • Trimarchi, J. and W.H. Watson. 1992. The role of the Melibe buccal ganglia in feeding behavior. Marine Behaviour and Physiology 19: 195-209.
  • Watson, W.H. III. and C.M. Chester. 1993. The influence of olfactory and tactile stimuli on the feeding behavior of Melibe leonina (Gould, 1852) (Opisthobranchia: Dendronotacea). The Veliger 36(4): 311-316.
  • Newcomb, J.M. and W.H. Watson III. 2001. Identifiable nitrergic neurons in the central nervous system of the nudibranch Melibe leonina, localized with NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry and nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity. J. Comp. Neurol. 437: 70-78.
  • Newcomb, J.M. and W.H. Watson III. 2001. Modification of swimming in the gastropod Melibe leonine by nitric oxide. J. exp. Biol. 205: 397-403.
  • K.A. Lawrence and W.H. Watson III. 2002. Swimming behavior of the nudibranch Melibe leonine. Biol. Bull. 203: 144-151.
  • Watson, W.H. III, J.A. Newcomb and S. Thompson. 2002. Neural correlates of swimming behavior in Melibe leonina. Biol. Bull. 203: 152-160.
  • Newcomb, J.M., K.D. Lawrence and W.H. Watson III. 2005. The influence of light on locomotion in the gastropod Melibe leonina. Marine and Freshwater Behav. & Physiol. 37: 253-269.
  • Thompson, S. and W. H. Watson III. 2005. Central pattern generator for swimming in Melibe J. Exp. Biol. 208:1347-1361.
  • Agersborg H. P. K. (1923). "The Morphology of the Nudibranchiate Mollusc Melibe (syn. Chioraera) leonina (Gould)". Quarterly journal of microscopical science 67: 507-592.
  • Agersborg H. P. K. (1923). "A CRITIQUE ON PROFESSOR HAROLD HEATH'S CHIORAERA DALLI, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE USE OF THE FOOT IN THE NUDIBRANCHIATE M0LLUSK, MELIBE LEONINA GOULD". The Nautilus 36(3): 86-96.
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Melibe leonina: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Sên biển mũ chụp (Danh pháp khoa học: Melibe leonina) là một loài sên biển trong họ Tethydidae, chúng là loài vật tự đoạn chi để trốn thoát thú săn mồi.

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Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
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