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Taxonomic History

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Formica sanguinea Latreille, 1798 PDF: 37 (w.) FRANCE. Palearctic. AntCat AntWiki HOL

Taxonomic history

Jurine, 1807 PDF: 272 (q.m.); Wheeler & Wheeler, 1953c PDF: 169 (l.); Imai, 1966b PDF: 119 (k.).Combination in Formica (Formica): Wheeler, 1913i PDF: 401.Combination in Formica (Raptiformica): Forel, 1913j PDF: 361.Status as species: Latreille, 1802a PDF: 150; Jurine, 1807 PDF: 272; Latreille, 1817a: 98; Lamarck, 1817 PDF: 96; Stephens, 1829b: 357; Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, 1835 PDF: 203; Foerster, 1850a: 20; Smith, 1851 PDF: 2; Schenck, 1852 PDF: 36; Mayr, 1855 PDF: 336 (redescription); Smith, 1855a PDF: 101; Nylander, 1856b PDF: 62; Gredler, 1858 PDF: 8; Smith, 1858a PDF: 4, 52; Mayr, 1861 PDF: 46 (in key); Meinert, 1861: 313; Mayr, 1863a PDF: 420; Roger, 1863b PDF: 13; Smith, 1871c: 1; Dours, 1873 PDF: 165; Forel, 1874 PDF: 52 (in key); André, 1874b: 183 (in key); Emery, 1878: 48; Emery & Forel, 1879 PDF: 451; Saunders, 1880 PDF: 205; André, 1882c PDF: 180 (in key); White, 1884 PDF: 251; Provancher, 1887: 232 (in key); Cresson, 1887 PDF: 257; Nasonov, 1889: 16; Lameere, 1892: 62; Forel, 1892j PDF: 307; Dalla Torre, 1893 PDF: 211; Forel, 1894c PDF: 403; Wasmann, 1894: 163; Ruzsky, 1896 PDF: 69; Saunders, 1896 PDF: 21; Wheeler, 1901c PDF: 523; Wheeler, 1901e PDF: 702; Ruzsky, 1902d PDF: 11; Ruzsky, 1902e PDF: 16; Ruzsky, 1903c PDF: 206; Bingham, 1903 PDF: 366; Ruzsky, 1905b: 411; Wheeler, 1906g PDF: 15; Wheeler, 1906h PDF: 322; Wasmann, 1906 PDF: 111 (in key); Forel, 1906b PDF: 85; Emery, 1909b PDF: 182; Bondroit, 1910 PDF: 483; Wheeler, 1913i PDF: 401 (redescription); Stitz, 1914 PDF: 90; Ruzsky, 1915a PDF: 428; Ruzsky, 1915b: 14; Forel, 1915d: 61 (in key); Donisthorpe, 1915f: 280; Emery, 1916a PDF: 257; Ruzsky, 1916: 5; Wheeler, 1917a PDF: 533; Escherich, 1917: 334 (in key); Bondroit, 1918 PDF: 55; Menozzi, 1918 PDF: 88; Nadig, 1918 PDF: 341; Santschi, 1919e PDF: 247; Kulmatycki, 1922 PDF: 83; Soudek, 1922b PDF: 78; Kuznetsov-Ugamsky, 1923b PDF: 246; Müller, 1923b PDF: 145; Vashkevich, 1924b PDF: 148; Emery, 1925d PDF: 259; Lomnicki, 1925a PDF: 13 (in key); Ruzsky, 1925a PDF: 287; Santschi, 1925g PDF: 351; Schkaff, 1925b PDF: 276; Kuznetsov-Ugamsky, 1926c PDF: 95; Karavaiev, 1926e PDF: 195; Stärcke, 1926a PDF: 146 (in key); Donisthorpe, 1927a PDF: 8; Donisthorpe, 1927c: 323; Karavaiev, 1927d: 284 (in key); Karavaiev, 1927e PDF: 344; Lomnicki, 1928 PDF: 9; Karavaiev, 1930b PDF: 148; Karavaiev, 1931c PDF: 116; Karavaiev, 1931e PDF: 216; Soudek, 1931 PDF: 15; Gösswald, 1932 PDF: 38; Arnol'di, 1933a: 603 (in key); Grandi, 1935 PDF: 104; Karavaiev, 1935b PDF: 110; Karavaiev, 1936: 258 (redescription); Ruzsky, 1936 PDF: 93; Stitz, 1939: 316; Menozzi, 1939a PDF: 321; Holgersen, 1940 PDF: 186; Novák & Sadil, 1941 PDF: 104 (in key); Röszler, 1942a PDF: 61; Holgersen, 1943c PDF: 175 (in key); Holgersen, 1944a PDF: 182; Ruzsky, 1946 PDF: 69; Van Boven, 1947b PDF: 187 (in key); Forsslund, 1947 PDF: 73; Creighton, 1950a PDF: 469; Consani & Zangheri, 1952 PDF: 45; Wellenius, 1955 PDF: 16; Wilson & Brown, 1955 PDF: 116; Ceballos, 1956: 320; Collingwood, 1961a PDF: 68; Baroni Urbani, 1964b PDF: 63; Baroni Urbani, 1964c PDF: 169; Dlussky, 1965a PDF: 16; Dlussky, 1967a PDF: 97; Bernard, 1967a PDF: 326 (redescription); Kutter, 1968b: 61; Kutter, 1968c: 206; Collingwood & Yarrow, 1969 PDF: 90; Pisarski, 1969a PDF: 234; Pisarski, 1969b: 313; Dlussky & Pisarski, 1970 PDF: 89; Baroni Urbani, 1971c PDF: 228; Collingwood, 1971 PDF: 167; Dlussky & Pisarski, 1971 PDF: 189 (redescription); Banert & Pisarski, 1972 PDF: 356; Bolton & Collingwood, 1975: 6 (in key); Pisarski, 1975: 50; Tarbinsky, 1976 PDF: 186 (redescription); Collingwood, 1976a PDF: 305; Aktaç, 1977 PDF: 127; Van Boven, 1977 PDF: 158; Kutter, 1977c: 289; Arnol'di & Dlussky, 1978: 553 (in key); Báez & Ortega, 1978: 189; Collingwood, 1978 PDF: 93 (in key); Collingwood, 1979 PDF: 137; Kupyanskaya, 1980 PDF: 99; Onoyama, 1980a PDF: 200; Collingwood, 1981 PDF: 27; Barquín, 1981: 478; Pisarski & Krzysztofiak, 1981 PDF: 164; Kupyanskaya, 1986b PDF: 98; Agosti & Collingwood, 1987b PDF: 285 (in key); Nilsson & Douwes, 1987: 74; Wu, 1990 PDF: 4 (in key); Kupyanskaya, 1990a: 191; Morisita et al., 1991: 34; Atanassov & Dlussky, 1992: 280; Arakelian, 1994 PDF: 100; Radchenko, 1994b: 113 (in key); Douwes, 1995: 96; Bolton, 1995b: 203; Poldi et al., 1995: 8; Wu & Wang, 1995a: 140; Tang et al., 1995: 107; Espadaler, 1997g PDF: 28; Collingwood & Prince, 1998: 25 (in key); Gallé et al., 1998: 217; Tinaut & Martínez-Ibañez, 1998d PDF: 36 (in key); Collingwood & Heatwole, 2002 PDF: 14; Chang & He, 2002a PDF: 51 (in key); Czechowski et al., 2002 PDF: 88; Imai et al., 2003 PDF: 59; Karaman & Karaman, 2003 PDF: 51; Radchenko, 2005b PDF: 163; Csosz & Markó, 2005 PDF: 231; Karaman & Karaman, 2005 PDF: 61; Bračko, 2006 PDF: 148; Markó et al., 2006 PDF: 68; Petrov, 2006 PDF: 111 (in key); Schultz et al., 2006 PDF: 205; Bračko, 2007 PDF: 20; Seifert, 2007: 320; Radchenko, 2007 PDF: 37; Werner & Wiezik, 2007 PDF: 144; Zryanin & Zryanina, 2007 PDF: 233; Gratiashvili & Barjadze, 2008 PDF: 134; Paknia et al., 2008 PDF: 154; Casevitz-Weulersse & Galkowski, 2009 PDF: 483; Lapeva-Gjonova et al., 2010 PDF: 55; Boer, 2010: 28; Csosz et al., 2011 PDF: 59; Karaman, 2011a PDF: 84; Legakis, 2011 PDF: 36; Borowiec & Salata, 2012 PDF: 496; Czechowski et al., 2012: 225; Guénard & Dunn, 2012 PDF: 32; Kiran & Karaman, 2012 PDF: 11; Borowiec & Salata, 2013 PDF: 353; Borowiec, 2014 PDF: 79; Bračko et al., 2014 PDF: 19; Bharti et al., 2016 PDF: 27; Lebas et al., 2016: 180; Radchenko, 2016: 292; Salata & Borowiec, 2018c 10.5281/zenodo.2199191 PDF: 45; Seifert, 2018: 332.Senior synonym of Formica sanguinea arenicola Kuznetsov-Ugamsky, 1928: Dlussky, 1965a PDF: 16; Dlussky, 1967a PDF: 97; Tarbinsky, 1976 PDF: 186; Bolton, 1995b: 203; Imai et al., 2003 PDF: 59; Radchenko, 2016: 292.Senior synonym of Formica sanguinea borea: Dlussky, 1965a PDF: 16; Dlussky, 1967a PDF: 97; Bolton, 1995b: 203; Imai et al., 2003 PDF: 59; Radchenko, 2016: 292.Senior synonym of Formica sanguinea clarior: Dlussky, 1965a PDF: 16; Dlussky, 1967a PDF: 97; Dlussky & Pisarski, 1971 PDF: 189; Tarbinsky, 1976 PDF: 186; Arakelian, 1994 PDF: 100; Bolton, 1995b: 203; Imai et al., 2003 PDF: 59; Gratiashvili & Barjadze, 2008 PDF: 134; Radchenko, 2016: 292.Senior synonym of Formica dominula: Smith, 1851 PDF: 115; Schenck, 1852 PDF: 36; Smith, 1855a PDF: 102; Mayr, 1855 PDF: 337; Nylander, 1856b PDF: 62; Smith, 1858a PDF: 4; Mayr, 1863a PDF: 420; Roger, 1863b PDF: 13; Smith, 1871c: 1; Dours, 1873 PDF: 165; André, 1874c: 202 (in list); Forel, 1874 PDF: 98 (in list); Emery & Forel, 1879 PDF: 451; Dalla Torre, 1893 PDF: 211; Forel, 1894c PDF: 403; Ruzsky, 1905b: 411; Wheeler, 1913i PDF: 401; Donisthorpe, 1915f: 280; Emery, 1925d PDF: 259; Donisthorpe, 1927c: 323; Karavaiev, 1936: 258; Bolton, 1995b: 203; Imai et al., 2003 PDF: 59; Radchenko, 2007 PDF: 37; Radchenko, 2016: 292.Senior synonym of Formica sanguinea flavorubra: Dlussky, 1967a PDF: 97; Collingwood, 1978 PDF: 74; Bolton, 1995b: 203; Imai et al., 2003 PDF: 59; Radchenko, 2016: 292.Senior synonym of Formica sanguinea fusciceps: Dlussky, 1965a PDF: 16; Dlussky, 1967a PDF: 97; Onoyama, 1980a PDF: 200; Bolton, 1995b: 203; Imai et al., 2003 PDF: 59; Radchenko, 2016: 292.Senior synonym of Formica sanguinea griseopubescens: Dlussky, 1965a PDF: 16; Dlussky, 1967a PDF: 97; Tarbinsky, 1976 PDF: 186; Bolton, 1995b: 203.Senior synonym of Formica leninei: Dlussky, 1965a PDF: 16; Dlussky, 1967a PDF: 97; Dlussky & Pisarski, 1971 PDF: 189; Bolton, 1995b: 203; Radchenko, 2016: 292.Senior synonym of Formica sanguinea mollesonae: Dlussky, 1965a PDF: 16; Dlussky, 1967a PDF: 97; Tarbinsky, 1976 PDF: 186; Bolton, 1995b: 203; Radchenko, 2016: 292.Senior synonym of Formica sanguinea monticola: Dlussky, 1965a PDF: 16; Dlussky, 1967a PDF: 97; Tarbinsky, 1976 PDF: 186; Bolton, 1995b: 203; Radchenko, 2016: 292.Senior synonym of Formica rotundata: Dlussky, 1965a PDF: 16; Dlussky, 1967a PDF: 97; Tarbinsky, 1976 PDF: 186; Bolton, 1995b: 203; Radchenko, 2016: 292.Senior synonym of Formica sanguinea strennua: Dlussky, 1965a PDF: 16; Dlussky, 1967a PDF: 97; Collingwood, 1979 PDF: 74; Bolton, 1995b: 203; Radchenko, 2016: 292.Senior synonym of Formica sanguinea tristis Karavaiev, 1929: Dlussky, 1965a PDF: 16; Dlussky, 1967a PDF: 97; Dlussky & Pisarski, 1971 PDF: 189; Bolton, 1995b: 203; Radchenko, 2016: 292.Material of the unavailable name Formica sanguinea monticola minuta referred here by Dlussky, 1965a PDF: 16; Dlussky, 1967a PDF: 97; Tarbinsky, 1976 PDF: 186; Bolton, 1995b: 203.
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AntWeb. Version 8.45.1. California Academy of Science, online at https://www.antweb.org. Accessed 15 December 2022.
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Associations

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Animal / guest
nymph of Alydus calcaratus is a guest in nest of Formica sanguinea

In Great Britain and/or Ireland:
Animal / guest
larva of Clytra laeviuscula is a guest in nest of Formica sanguinea
Remarks: Other: uncertain

Animal / guest
larva of Clytra quadripunctata is a guest in nest of Formica sanguinea
Other: minor host/prey

Animal / predator
adult of Formica sanguinea is predator of brood of Formica fusca

Animal / sequestrates
queen of Formica sanguinea takes over nest of Formica lemani

Plant / resting place / within
nest of Formica sanguinea may be found in stump of Trees

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Brief Summary

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Formica sanguinea
non-scientific synonyms:
English: slavemaker ant
Swedish: blodröd rövarmyra
Deutsch: blutrote raubameise

Is distinct from other Formica species with the workers rounded cleptum (the plate of exoskeleton above the mandibles).
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Diagnostic Description

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Records

(Map 70): Bulgaria ( Agosti and Collingwood 1987a ); Danubian Plain [ Wesselinoff 1973 (as Raptiformica sanguinea ), Vatov and Bobev 1976 ]; Western Danubian Plain: Vidin ( Gateva 1975 ); Predbalkan ( Wesselinoff 1973 ); Central Predbalkan: Lukovit, Dermantsi vill. ( Atanassov 1934 ); Stara Planina Mts [ Wesselinoff 1973 (as Raptiformica sanguinea )]; Western Stara Planina Mts ( Vatov and Bobev 1976 ): Gerana mine (Vratsa) ( Atanassov 1934 ); Eastern Stara Planina Mts ( Vatov and Bobev 1976 ): Sliven ( Forel 1892 ); Verila Mt. [ Wesselinoff 1967 and 1973 (as Raptiformica sanguinea )]; Viskyar Mt., Lyulin Mt. [ Wesselinoff 1973 (as Raptiformica sanguinea )]; Sofia Basin: Sofia and surroundings of Sofia, near Vladaya village ( Antonova and Penev 2006 , 2008 ); Vitosha Mt. [ Atanassov 1936 , 1952 , Wesselinoff 1973 (as Raptiformica sanguinea ), Gateva 1975 ]: Knyazhevo ( Forel 1892 ), Zlatnite mostove loc. ( Atanassov 1934 ); Plana Mt. [ Wesselinoff 1973 (as Raptiformica sanguinea )]: Plana vill., Bukov dol loc. (Pasarel vill.), Tsiganka peak (Pasarel vill.), Astronomical observatory (between Plana vill. and Dolni Okol vill.), Pasarel vill. ( Vagalinski and Lapeva-Gjonova in press ); Strandzha Mt. ( Vatov and Bobev 1976 ); Osogovska Planina Mt.: Hisarlaka (Kyustendil) ( Atanassov 1936 ); Rila-Pirin group ( Vatov and Bobev 1976 ); Rila Mt. [ Wesselinoff 1973 (as Raptiformica sanguinea )]: Elenin peak ( Forel 1892 , Atanassov and Dlusskij 1992 ), Rila monastery ( Forel 1892 , Gateva 1975 ), Parangalitsa reserve ( Wesselinoff 1968 ); Rhodopi Mts [ Wesselinoff 1973 (as Raptiformica sanguinea )]; Western Rhodopi Mts: Buynovo vill. ( Hlaváč et al. 2007 ), Smolyan ( Gateva 1975 , Lapeva-Gjonova in press (a) ), Dospat, Rakitovo ( Lapeva-Gjonova in press (a) ); Eastern Rhodopi Mts: Malki Voden vill. (Madzharovo) ( Lapeva-Gjonova 2004a ).

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Lapeva-Gjonova, Albena, 2010, Catalogue of the ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) of Bulgaria, ZooKeys, pp. 1-124, vol. 62
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Lapeva-Gjonova, Albena
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Diagnostic Description

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Formica sanguinea, Latr. Hist. Nat. Fourm. 150.

Hab. Europe and North America.

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Smith, F., Catalogue of the hymenopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part VI. Formicidae., pp. -
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Smith, F.
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Diagnostic Description

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Formica sanguinea, Latr. Hist. Nat. Fourm. 150. pl. 5. f. 29 [[worker]].

Jurine, Hym. 272.

St. Farg. Hym. i. 203. 4 [[male]] [[queen]] [[worker]].

Foerst. Hym. Stud. Form. 20. 6.

Schenck, Beschr. Nass. Ameis. 36.

Smith, Brit. Form. 101. 2,

Mayr. Form. Austr. 64. 12; Ungar. Ameis. 10. 12.

Nyl. Form. Fr. et d'Alger. 62. 16.

Formica dominula , Nyl. Adno. Mon. Form. Bor. 905. 6.

Hab. Britain; France; Germany; Austria; Hungary; Italy; Finland; Arctic America.

This is the only species of the genus Formica which plunders the nests of other species of their young brood in the pupa state, which they bring up as slaves to their own community. The species is not uncommon in Hampshire, where it attacks the nests of F. fusca and F. cunicularia ; in its nests have also been observed numerous individuals of the yellow ant, F. flava ; it does not raise nests similar to the wood-ant, but belongs to the division of mining ants.

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Smith, F., Catalogue of the hymenopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part VI. Formicidae., pp. -
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Smith, F.
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Diagnostic Description

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Lahoul, frontiere du Thibet (Major Sage). Identique aux individus europeens. Ravit les nymphes de la Formica fusca pour en faire des esclaves.

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Forel, A., 1894, Les formicides de l'Empire des Indes et de Ceylan. Part IV. Adjonction aux genres Camponotus, Mayr., et Polyrhachis, Shuck., Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, pp. 396-420, vol. 8
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Diagnostic Description

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Latr. Fourm. p. 150. [[ worker ]] pl. V, flg. 29.

Operaria: Rufo-sangulnea, levissime cinereo-micans, abdomine castaneo-atro, pilis erectis flavidis consperso; fronte, palpis, antennarum flagello, tibiis tarsiuque aut omniuno rufis, aut subfuscis: occipite latieri concaviusculo; mandibulis longitudiaaliter rugosis, fortiter punctatis clypeo toto ruguloso, margine infero distinete leviter emarginato; area frontali subtilissime rugulosa, opaca; segmento primo abdominis squama subtriangulariter rotundata, margine supero plus minus emarginato. Lg. 3 lin.

Ich würde diese Art unbedenklich fürForm. dominula Nyl. halten, wenn ich nicht darin ganz bestimmt die F. sanguinea Latr. zu erkennen glaubte. Der Einwurf, daß die allerdings auffallende Ausrandung des Clypeus von Latreille nicht berührt wird, kann diese Ansicht nicht entkräften , da dieser Schriftsteller bei keiner Art des Clypeus überhaupterwähnt . Auch die schwache Ausrandung des Hinterhaupts konnte leicht übersehen werden. Dagegen läßt die etwas hellere und von F. rufa etwas abweichende, rothe Farbe wohl mit Sicherheit die F. sanguinea Latr. erkennen, wenn nicht überdies noch in allen andern Punkten sich eine Uebereinstimmung mit seiner Beschreibung nachweisen ließe . Was endlich die Lebensweise anbetrifft, so stimmt diese ganz mit Latreille´s Angabe, *) wonach sie unter Steinen lebt, aber keine Nester anlegt. Auch in hiesiger Gegend kommt sie nur unter Steinen vor, wo unser scharßichtiger und unermüdlicher Freund Reinemann sie zuerst in der Gegend von Stolberg und später bei Aachen aufgefunden hat. Nylander scheint.seiner F. dominula , eine etwas abweichende Lebensweise **) anzuweisen. Immerhin aber bleibt die Möglichkeit , daßForm. dominula Nyl. und Form. sanguinea Latr. zwei verschiedene Arten bilden, während unsre Art wohl sicher einer von beiden zugezählt werden muß .

Der Arbeiter hat entweder einen ganz rothen Kopf oder derselbe ist auf der Stirne, nicht aber am Hinterhaupt, schwach bräunlich , die Taster und die Geißel der Fühler heller oder dunkler roth, oder auch bräunlich . Die Mandibeln der Länge nach runzlig, zwischen den Runzeln stark punktirt; der Clypeus runzlig, wach die Seitengruben, der untere oder Mundrand desselben in der Mitte weit aber nicht tief ausgerandet, seitwärts ist derselbe noch einmal leicht gebuchtet. Die Area frontalis scharf abgegrenzt, sehr fein runzlig, mit sehr wenigen zerstreuten Pünktchen . Die Stirnlamellen mit ziemlich scharfem Rande, die Stirnlinie nicht ganz das mittlere Nebenauge erreichend. Die Netzaugen unbehaart, die Nebenauges klein. Das Hinterhaupt breit aber seicht ausgerandet. Der ganze Kopf fein aber dicht runzlig, mit sehr kurzen, angedrückten , Aber zerstreuten Härchen bekleidet, die aus feinen, ebenfalls zerstreuten, nicht besonders deutlichen Pünktchen entspringen. Der Mittelleib ganz roth, der abschüssige Theil des Hinterrückens so lang wie der Basaltheil. Die Beine entweder ganz hell roth oder die Tibien und Tarsen dunkelroth bis bräunlich , niemals aber habe ich, wie Nyl. beider F. dominula , die Beine ganz bräunlich gesehen. Am Hinterleib ist das erste Segment ganz roth, die übrigen dunkelbraun, die Schuppe fast dreiseitig, der obere Rand in der Mitte leicht eingedrückt oder bei den kleineren Individuen auch wohl deutlich, obgleich nicht tief ausgerandet. Die übrigen Segmente fein runzlig, durch eine dicht anliegende, gedrängte Behaarung grau, oder schwach seidenartig schimmernd, die äußerst feine Punktirung nur schwer zu erkennen, auf dem Rücken mit zerstreuten, fast goldgelb schimmernden, aufrechten Borstenhaaren, die hier kurz, auf der Bauchseite aber und an der Spitze des Hinterleibs länger sind und aus etwas gröberen und leichter bemerkbaren Punkten entspringen.

Diese Art findet sich bei Stolberg und Aachen, aus der Rheingegend erhielt sie schon Latreille, was noch insbesondere zu der Annahme berechtigt, daß wir hier die ächte Latreille'iche Art vor uns haben.

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Förster, A., Hymenopterologische Studien. 1. Formicariae., pp. -
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Förster, A.
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Diagnostic Description

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Formica sanguinea . Latr. Hist. Nat. Fourm. 150. Foerster, Hym.

Stud. Form. 20, 6. Formica dominula, Nyland . Adno. Mon. Form. Boreal. Europ.

905,6.

Female (length 41 / 4 - 41 / 2 lines). Head, thorax, legs and scale of the abdomen bright fulvous red; the head above the antennas, of a reddish brown; the wings smoky at their base, extending to the stigma: abdomen ashy-black; superior margin of the scale entire.

Worker (length 3 - 4 lines). Bright ferruginous, the head has the vertex, but rarely, slightly stained of a darker colour: abdomen of an ashy-black, tinged with ferruginous at the base; the scale slightly notched above.

Male (length 33 / 4 - 4 lines). Black; the legs, tip ofthe abdomen, mouth (not the mandibles) and antennae;, pale red; the latter darkest towards their base; head and thorax of about equal width; abdomen one-third wider than the thorax; the scale not notched above; the wings smoky as in the female. (All the sexes from the same nest).

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Smith, F., List of the specimens of British animals in the collection of the British Museum. Part VI. - Hymenoptera Aculeata., pp. -
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Smith, F.
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Diagnostic Description

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The Warrior Ant B. M.

Hist. Nat. Fourm. 150, t. 5, f. 29. Jurine, Hym. 272. Huber, Fourm. 326, t. 2, f. 5,6,7. St. Farg. Hist. Nat. Ins. i. 203,4.

Formica cephalotes Europea, Christ. Hym. 511, t 60, f. 9.

Hab. - Hants, Shirley, Surrey, in Banks.

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Smith, F., List of the specimens of British animals in the collection of the British Museum. Part VI. - Hymenoptera Aculeata., pp. -
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Formica sanguinea

provided by wikipedia EN

Formica sanguinea, or blood-red ant, is a species of facultative slave-maker ant in the genus Formica characterized by the ability to secrete formic acid. It ranges from Central and Northern Europe through Russia to Japan, China, the Korean Peninsula, Africa and also the United States.[1] This species is coloured red and black with workers up to 7 mm long.[2]

A colony of F. sanguinea can live either as a free colony or as a social parasite of Formica species, most commonly Formica fusca, Formica japonica, Formica hayashi and Formica rufibarbis.[3]

Raiding

With captured F. fusca

Blood-red ants, F. sanguinea, are facultative slave-makers, meaning colonies can live either alone or be parasitic. This allows them to be a good model organism to study the origins of brood stealing.[3] A fertilized F. sanguinea queen will enter the nest of the host ant species and kill their queen. She then takes advantage of the workers who tend to her and her brood. F. sanguinea workers will also raid nearby nests, stealing larvae and pupae to become future workers for F. sanguinea. The raids are also not exclusively for acquiring new workers but are sometimes predation events.[4]

Formica sanguinea has not been observed to have division of labor in which certain individuals raid or forage.[5] However, some individuals possess more Dufour's gland compounds than others, so presumably would be more successful in during raiding.[3]

Formica sanguinea uses scouting individuals to locate the nest that will be parasitized. Once a nest has been scouted, the raid will happen. The activities that go on during a raid are composed of digging and fighting at the target nest. Both captive workers and blood-red ant raiders are observed to be carrying the brood back to the Formica sanguinea nest. If a member of the colony is killed in the raid, individuals will take that carcass back to the nest to be eaten later. Raids were also never observed on rainy or overcast days. This is thought to be because of the detriment rain might have on terrestrial conditions and the effectiveness of alarm pheromones.[3]

Chemical defenses

F. sanguinea uses formic acid as well as substances in the Dufour's gland as chemical defence.[6] The substances in the Dufour's gland contain hydrocarbons such as hendecane, as well as acetates, decylacetate, and dodecylacetate.[6] Formica sanguinea uses the formic acid and Dufour's gland substances in conjunction with each other. The hydrocarbons in Dufour’s substance serve as a wetting before the formic acid is released. Without these wetting agents, formic acid is relatively harmless to other ants. These substances dissolve the fat compounds of the epicuticle as well as enter the tracheal system to kill the opponent.[6]

Interactions between Formica sanguinea and Lomechusoides strumosus

Reproduction

Most colonies are monogynous, meaning they have only one queen. F. sanguinea are commonly polyandrous, meaning the singular queen mates with more than one male. In studies observing this, 70% of queens mated with multiple males.[7] F. sanguinea is observed to have higher levels of polyandry than any other Formica species. However, when colonies engage in polygyny, having more than one queen, the rates of polyandry drop. It is assumed that colonies utilize either polyandry or polygyny, to increase the genetic diversity of the colony. Therefore, two different strategies can be employed.[7] One strategy is that a female mates with many males and then disperses to start a new colony. The second strategy is for a female to mate with a fewer number of males, and stay close to the natal colony with other females who have mated with a fewer number of males. In the case of polygyny, it has been observed that there is one dominating queen who is more sexual reproductive than the others.[7] Formica also is observed to have a paternity skew, meaning that the mated males offspring are not represented equally in the population. Whether this is because of internal selection or sperm competition is unclear.[7]

Recognition of individuals

F. sanguinea analyzes hydrocarbons on the cuticle of another individual to determine if it is an intruder. Low intraspecific competition and aggressiveness is observed in this species. When members of the same species of a mixed colony were met with individuals from a pure F. sanguinea colony, they were met with aggressiveness. This is most likely because the identifying hydrocarbons change when individuals are in a mixed colony.[8]

References

  1. ^ Topoff, H.; Zimmerli, E. (1991). "Formica wheeleri: Darwin's Predatory Slave-Making Ant?". Psyche: A Journal of Entomology. 98 (4): 309. doi:10.1155/1991/34829.
  2. ^ Sonobe, Rikio; Onoyama, Keiichi. "Formica sanguinea". Archived from the original on 2003-06-10. Retrieved 2007-12-18.
  3. ^ a b c d Mori, A.; Grasso, D. A.; Le Moli, F. (2000). "Raiding and Foraging Behavior of the Blood-Red Ant, Formica sanguinea Latr. (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)". Journal of Insect Behavior. 13 (3): 421. doi:10.1023/A:1007766303588.
  4. ^ "Wood Ants". 1999. Archived from the original on 2012-07-06. Retrieved 2007-12-18.
  5. ^ Kharkiv, V.A. (1995) "Effectiveness of activity and division of labor between slaves and slavemakers in colonies of Formica sanguinea (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)". Institute of Animal Systematics and Ecology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
  6. ^ a b c Lofqvist, J. (1977). "Toxic properties of the chemical defence systems in the competitive ants Formica rufa and F. sanguinea". Oikos. 28: 137–15. doi:10.2307/3543333. JSTOR 3543333.
  7. ^ a b c d Haapaniemi, K; Pamilo, P (2012). "Reproductive conflicts in polyandrous and polygynous ant Formica sanguinea". Molecular Ecology. 21 (2): 421–30. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2011.05386.x. PMID 22133095.
  8. ^ Włodarczyk, T. (2011). "Recognition of Individuals from Mixed Colony by Formica sanguinea and Formica polyctena Ants". Journal of Insect Behavior. 25 (2): 105. doi:10.1007/s10905-011-9280-x.

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Formica sanguinea: Brief Summary

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Formica sanguinea, or blood-red ant, is a species of facultative slave-maker ant in the genus Formica characterized by the ability to secrete formic acid. It ranges from Central and Northern Europe through Russia to Japan, China, the Korean Peninsula, Africa and also the United States. This species is coloured red and black with workers up to 7 mm long.

A colony of F. sanguinea can live either as a free colony or as a social parasite of Formica species, most commonly Formica fusca, Formica japonica, Formica hayashi and Formica rufibarbis.

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