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Diagnostic Description

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Etheostoma lemniscatum is distinguished from all members of the complex by more posterior positioned anal fin (B6–B8, =332 vs. 317 or less); pectoral fin of nuptial males with dark, distal band confined to rays of the dorsal half or less of fin (vs. across all rays or all but 1–4 ventral rays); and nuptial males with dark and distinctly defined black bands on the distal margin of the caudal, anal, and second dorsal fins(bands more diffuse in other species). Etheostoma lemniscatum is further distinguished from all members of the complex except E. marmorpinnum by higher modal (44 vs. 43 or less) number of lateral scale rows; and intermediate number of pored lateral line scales (26 or 28 vs. 22 in E. percnurum, and 34 in E. sitikuense). From E. marmorpinnum and E. percnurum by intermediate percentage of the first dorsal base area covered by scales (60% vs. 100% in E. marmorpinnum and 20% in E. percnurum); and an intermediate number of scales around caudal peduncle (24 vs. 25 and 23, respectively). From E. marmorpinnum and E. sitikuense by widerdistal band on anal fin (50% of fin height vs. 29–39%) and second dorsal fin (25% of fin height vs. 14–16%); and lack of marbling or tessellations in the medial portion of the second dorsal fin of nuptial males. From E.marmorpinnum by lower percentage of belly covered by scales (10% vs. 60–80%); and wider, distal caudal–fin band (18% of fin length vs. 12–15%). From E. percnurum by lower number of caudal-fin rays (16 vs. 18); presence of strong tessellations on medial portion of caudal fin of nuptial males (vs. no tessellations); andnarrower distal band on the pectoral fin (range = 14–18% vs. 27–32%). Means of other measurements were also informative for distinguishing E. lemniscatum from members of the complex (Ref. 79849).
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Tuxedo darter

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The tuxedo darter (Etheostoma lemniscatum) is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish, a darter from the subfamily Etheostomatinae, part of the family Percidae, which also contains the perches, ruffes and pikeperches. It is endemic to the Southeast United States in the Cumberland River system.

Classification

Etheostoma lemniscatum was described only in 2008. It was originally considered a duskytail darter (E. percnurum), but E. percnurum was determined a species complex in 2008 by R.E. Blanton and R.E. Jenkins.[2]

Appearance and anatomy

It is visually distinguished from other species of the E. percnurum complex by a more posterior anal fin.[3]

Geographic distribution

Originally, the tuxedo darter (then E. percnurum) was reported only in one location of the Big South Fork of the Cumberland River, which flows from north-central Tennessee to McCreary County, Kentucky.[4] Prior to 1995, the mouth of Station Camp Creek in Scott County, Tennessee contained the only known tuxedo darter population. However, in 2000 D.J. Eisenhour and B.M. Burr discovered six additional sites spanning nineteen kilometers from Station Camp Creek (the original site) to Bear Creek in McCreary County, Kentucky. They estimated the population at 300 to 600 individuals. There are two more sites upstream that have been discovered but data has yet to be published. The Cumberland River is the primary drainage of the Cumberland Plateau, which sits between the Highland Rim and the southern Appalachian Mountains. The plateau contains well-drained soil that is acidic and infertile. The river has eroded through a sandstone crust to its limestone base. The area has a history of industrial and agricultural practices, such as coal mining, that have reduced habitat for all wildlife. However, the region is now protected by the Big South Fork National River and Recreation Area.[2][5]

Ecology and life history

The tuxedo darter is a benthic species with cryptic coloration.[6] Tuxedo darters live only one to two years and do not venture far from where they were born.[6] The E. percnurum species complex is unique within its subgenus (Catonotus) because its species prefer larger streams and moderately large rivers. The tuxedo darter is an insectivore that feeds on microcrustaceans and chironomid larvae. It may also feed on heptageniid nymphs on the underside of rocks. They become sexually mature when they are greater than one year old and at least 39 millimeters (1.5 in) long.[2] Research on the citico darter (Etheostoma sitikuense), another member of the duskytail complex, has shown that it can produce five to seven clutches per year with clutch sizes recorded up to 101 eggs. The citico darter spawns at water temperatures between 17 and 24 °C (63 and 75 °F).[6] The tuxedo darter is known to spawn underneath slabrocks or boulders. The tuxedo darter prefers river sections that are 23.3 to 61.3 meters (76 to 201 ft) wide and 39.2 to 89.2 centimeters (15.4 to 35.1 in) deep. Common substrates for the species are slabrock, cobble, and boulders where they build nests up to 50 meters (160 ft) upstream[2] which contain the eggs of one or more females but are guarded by a single male.[6] The tuxedo darter clusters its eggs.

Conservation

Etheostoma percnurum was first recorded in the Cumberland River in 1976. The four separate populations, now four different species, were listed as federally endangered in April 1993. As described above, the Big South Fork region has a history of threatening agricultural, industrial, and environmental practices. Logging and coal mining dominated the region in the early 1900s. However, the BSFNRRA was created in 1974 by the National Park Service and became the first form of protection for the then unknown tuxedo darter.[2] Conservation Fisheries Inc. (CFI) reports that there is no captive propagation program for the tuxedo darter, or are there any plans to create one.[7] As in many aquatic species of the Southeast United States, the tuxedo darter is highly susceptible to sediment changes due to agricultural practices.[8]

References

  1. ^ NatureServe (2013). "Etheostoma lemniscatum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T202499A2745345. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T202499A2745345.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d e Davis, Johnathan G., "Development of Long-Term Monitoring Protocols for two Rare Fishes, the Tuxedo Darter and the Spotfin Chub, in Tennessee." Ph.D. Dissertation, Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville, Tennessee. (2010)
  3. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2019). "Etheostoma lemniscatum" in FishBase. December 2019 version.
  4. ^ Encyclopedia of Life. 2012. Website. http://eol.org/pages/4577940/overview
  5. ^ National Park Service. 2012. Website. http://www.nps.gov/biso/parkmgmt/index.htm
  6. ^ a b c d Shute, J. R., Rakes, P. L., and Shute, P. W., "Reintroduction of Four Imperiled Fishes in Abrams Creek, Tennessee." Southeastern Naturalist 4(1)(2005): 93-110
  7. ^ Conservation Fisheries Incorporated. 2012. Website. http://conservationfisheries.org/index.php/species/all-species/etheostoma-lemniscatum-tuxedo-darter/
  8. ^ Richter, Brian D., Braun, David P., Mendelson, Michael A., and Master, Lawrence L., "Threats to Imperiled Freshwater Fauna." Conservation Biology 11 (1997): 1081-1093.
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Tuxedo darter: Brief Summary

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The tuxedo darter (Etheostoma lemniscatum) is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish, a darter from the subfamily Etheostomatinae, part of the family Percidae, which also contains the perches, ruffes and pikeperches. It is endemic to the Southeast United States in the Cumberland River system.

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