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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Observations: In the wild, these animals live more than 20 years (http://www.pwrc.usgs.gov/neparc/). One animal in captivity lived for 18 years (http://www.pondturtle.com/).
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Trophic Strategy

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Common map turtles are omnivores (Kirkpatrick 1999). The feeding always takes place in the water. The adult females, due to their large heads and strong jaws eat larger prey than the males. The females consume snails, clams, and crayfish. The males eat aquatic insects, snails, and smaller crustaceans. Both are also known to eat dead fish and some plant material (Harding 1997).

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Donato, M. 2000. "Graptemys geographica" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Graptemys_geographica.html
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Morphology

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Length: females are 7 to 10.5 inches and males are 3.5 to 6.5 inches.

Common map turtles get their name from the markings on the carapace. The light markings resemble waterways on a map or chart (Conant and Collins 1998). The lines on the carapace are a shade of yellow or orange and are surrounded by dark borders. The rest of the carapace is olive or grayish brown. The markings on the older turtles may be barely visible because of darker pigment. The carapace is broad with moderately low keel. The hind of the carapace is slightly scalloped shaped due to the scutes (Harding 1997). The plastron of an adult map turtle tends to be plain yellowish color (Conant and Collins 1998). The head, neck and limbs are dark olive, brown or black with thin yellow, green or orangish stripes. There is also a oval spot located behind the eye of most specimens (Harding 1997). There is sexual dimorphism in size and shape. The females are much larger than the males. The males also have a more oval carapace with more distinct keel, narrower head, longer front claws, and a longer thicker tail. The males vent also opens beyond the edge of the carapace whereas the female's open up the carapace (Harding 1997). The young map turtles have a pronounced dorsal keel and patterns on the plastron consist of dark lines bordering the scutes (Conant and Collins 1998). A hatchling has rounded gray or grayish-brown carapace about 1 in long. The pattern is light circular markings. The stripes located on the head and limbs are just like the adults (Harding 1997).

Other Physical Features: ectothermic ; bilateral symmetry

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Donato, M. 2000. "Graptemys geographica" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Graptemys_geographica.html
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Life Expectancy

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Average lifespan
Status: captivity:
5.5 years.

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Donato, M. 2000. "Graptemys geographica" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Graptemys_geographica.html
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Habitat

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Common map turtles inhabit ponds, river-bottoms and lakes. The abundance of aquatic vegetation is preferred (Kirkpatrick 1999). They prefer large bodies of water and areas with fallen trees and other debris for basking (Conant and Collins 1998).

Aquatic Biomes: rivers and streams

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Donato, M. 2000. "Graptemys geographica" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Graptemys_geographica.html
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Distribution

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The Common map turtle inhabits an area from southern Quebec and northwestern Vermont where it lives in the St. Lawrence drainage. Its range extends west through the Great Lakes and into southern Wisconsin and eastern Minnesota, west of the Appalachians, south to Kansas, northeastern Oklahoma, Arkansas, Tennessee, Alabama and then northwestern Georgia. It also occurs in the Susquehanna River system located in Pennsylvania and Maryland and also in the Delaware River (HSUS 1999).

Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native )

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Benefits

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These turtles are sometimes, rarely, used as food. The pet trade hasn't taken an interest in the common map turtle, probably due to the difficulty of maintaining them in captivity. They also don't affect the fishing industry, other than getting caught on the hooks, since they do not eat any of the game fish (Harding 1997).

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Donato, M. 2000. "Graptemys geographica" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Graptemys_geographica.html
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Conservation Status

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Common map turtles are less tolerant to poor conditions than most other turtles (Kirkpatrick 1999). Humans are hurting the turtles by numerous methods. Pollution, waterfront development is destroying their breeding sites, and automobiles are also a killer of these turtles when they are migrating to the breeding sites (HSUS 1999). Fishing also has a negative affect on them, they get caught on the fishing hooks (Harding 1997). Populations have been reduced or eliminated in some areas, but they do still persist in suburban rivers and agricultural lands (Harding 1997).

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

State of Michigan List: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: no special status

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Donato, M. 2000. "Graptemys geographica" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Graptemys_geographica.html
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Reproduction

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Common map turtles breed in the spring and the fall. Most mating takes place in deep waters. The nesting period lasts from May to July. Unshaded sites with sandy soil is highly preferred (Harding 1997). The female usually chooses well-drained areas for depositing the eggs (Kirkpatrick 1999). The nest cavity is dug with the hind feet. The size of the clutch is between 6 to 20. The eggs are oval and have a flexible shell that is about 3.2 cm. After the eggs are laid the cavity is filled. They hatch between 50 to 70 days of incubation and most emerge in August or September. When a nest hatches late, the common map turtle has been known to overwinter in the nest (Harding 1997). The female usually lays two or multiple clutches in one breeding season. The sexes of the young are determined by the temperature. 25°C incubation will give majority of males whereas 30-35°C will yield more females (Kirkpatrick 1999).

Key Reproductive Features: gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate)

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female)
Sex: female:
5110 days.

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Donato, M. 2000. "Graptemys geographica" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Graptemys_geographica.html
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Landkarten-Höckerschildkröte ( German )

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Die Landkarten-Höckerschildkröte (Graptemys geographica) ist eine Höckerschildkrötenart aus der Familie der Neuwelt-Sumpfschildkröten. Ihr ist namensähnlich die Falsche Landkarten-Höckerschildkröte, von der in Mitteleuropa die beiden Unterarten Mississippi-Höckerschildkröte und Missouri-Höckerschildkröte häufig als Terrarientiere gehalten werden. Die Landkarten-Schildkröte kommt dagegen nicht in den Handel.

Erscheinungsbild

Die Landkarten-Höckerschildkröte hat ihren Namen von den Netzlinien, die sich auf dem Carapax befinden. Die hellen Linien erinnern an den Verlauf von Gewässern auf einer Landkarte. Die Linien sind gelb bis orange und weisen in der Regel dunkle Säume auf. Die Grundfärbung des Rückenpanzers ist ansonsten oliv bis graubraun. Bei älteren Individuen können diese feinen Linien vollkommen verschwunden sein. Die Carapaxlänge ausgewachsener Landkarten-Höckerschildkröten beträgt bis zu 24 Zentimeter.

Der Bauchpanzer ausgewachsener Landkarten-Höckerschildkröten ist normalerweise ein helles Gelb bis rahmweiß. Kopf, Nacken und Beine sind dunkel oliv, braun bis schwarz mit dünnen gelben, grünen und orangen Streifen. Es besteht ein Geschlechtsdimorphismus sowohl bei der Größe als auch in der Körperform. Weibchen sind normalerweise deutlich größer als die Männchen. Männchen haben außerdem einen deutlich ovaleren Panzer mit einem ausgeprägteren Kiel, einen schmälerem Kopf und längeren Krallen an den Vorderfüßen. Ihr Schwanz ist außerdem länger und dicker. Die Kloakenöffnung ist bei Männchen deutlich weiter vom Bauchpanzer entfernt als bei Weibchen.

Jungtiere haben einen ausgeprägten Kiel auf dem Rückenpanzer. Ihr Panzer hat noch nicht die charakteristische Färbung der ausgewachsenen Tiere. Die Streifung an Kopf und Extremitäten gleicht dagegen den der adulten Tiere.

Verbreitungsgebiet und Lebensraum

Die Landkarten-Höckerschildkröte kommt in einem Gebiet vor, dass sich vom Süden Quebecs bis in den Norden des US-Bundesstaates Vermont erstreckt. Sie lebt in ihrem südlichen Verbreitungsgebiet im Einzug des Sankt-Lorenz-Stroms. Nach Westen erstreckt sich ihr Verbreitungsgebiet bis zu den großen Seen und in den Süden von Wisconsin und den Osten von Minnesota. Sie kommt auch im Einzugsgebiet des Susquehanna Rivers in Pennsylvania und Maryland sowie am Delaware vor.

Die Landkarten-Höckerschildkröte bewohnt Teiche, Flüsse und Seen. Sie präferiert solche Gewässer, die einen dichten Pflanzenbewuchs aufweisen und ihr durch im Wasser liegende Bäume ausreichend Möglichkeiten zum Sonnenbaden bieten.

Verhalten und Ernährung

Die Landkarten-Höckerschildkröte hält vom November bis April Winterschlaf. Die meiste Zeit verbringt sie dann im Wasser, wo sie unter Bäumen im Bodenschlamm ruht. Während des Sommerhalbjahres verbringen sie sehr viel Zeit damit, in der Sonne zu dösen. Gewöhnlich sind dabei Gruppen dieser Höckerschildkrötenart zu beobachten.

Landkarten-Höckerschildkröten sind sowohl tages- als auch nachtaktiv. Sie sind grundsätzlich sehr scheu und tauchen beim geringsten Anzeichen einer Gefahr ins Wasser ein. Während der Paarungszeit wirbt das Männchen um das Weibchen, indem es mit seinen langen Krallen an die Vorderkörper der Weibchen klopft. Weitere Details des Balzverhaltens sind bislang noch nicht untersucht.

Landkarten-Höckerschildkröten sind Allesfresser. Sie nehmen ihre Nahrung ausschließlich im Wasser zu sich. Dabei fressen Weibchen wegen ihres größeren Körpers, Kopfes und stärkerer Kiefern größere Beutetiere als die Männchen. Die Nahrung der Weibchen weist entsprechend einen größeren Anteil an Schnecken, Muscheln und Krustentieren auf. Die Männchen fressen überwiegend Wasserinsekten, Schnecken und kleinere Krustentiere. Beide Geschlechter verzehren auch Aas und nehmen pflanzliche Nahrung zu sich. Insbesondere ältere Tiere decken bis zu fünfzig Prozent ihres Nahrungsbedarfs mit Pflanzen ab.

Fortpflanzung

Die Paarungszeit der Landkarten-Höckerschildkröten fällt in die Zeit von Frühjahr und Herbst. Die Paarung findet normalerweise im Wasser statt. Die Weibchen legen ihre Eier in der Zeit von Mai bis Juli. Sie präferieren dabei nicht beschattete, sandige Stellen und graben die Nistgrube mit den Hinterfüßen aus. Die Weibchen legen häufig zwei Gelege an.

Das Gelege umfasst zwischen 6 und 20 Eier, die eine ovale Form und eine elastische Haut haben. Die Zeit bis zum Schlupf der Jungtiere ist abhängig von der Temperatur. Normalerweise schlüpfen die Jungtiere fünfzig bis siebzig Tage nach der Eiablage. Bei spät gelegten Gelegen überwintern die Jungtiere entweder in den Eier oder geschlüpft in der Nistgrube. Die Umgebungstemperatur des Geleges bestimmt das Geschlecht der schlüpfenden Schildkröten. Bei einer Umgebungstemperatur von 25 Grad sind die meisten der geschlüpften Tiere Männchen. Betrug die Umgebungstemperatur dagegen 30 bis 35 Grad sind es überwiegend Weibchen, die aus den Eiern schlüpfen.

Literatur

  • R. Conant, J. Collins: Reptiles and Amphibians in the Eastern/Central North America. Houghton Mifflin, New York 1998, ISBN 0-395-90452-8.
  • J. Harding: Amphibians and Reptiles of the Great Lakes Region. The University of Michigan Press, Michigan 1997, ISBN 0-472-09628-1.

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Landkarten-Höckerschildkröte: Brief Summary ( German )

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Die Landkarten-Höckerschildkröte (Graptemys geographica) ist eine Höckerschildkrötenart aus der Familie der Neuwelt-Sumpfschildkröten. Ihr ist namensähnlich die Falsche Landkarten-Höckerschildkröte, von der in Mitteleuropa die beiden Unterarten Mississippi-Höckerschildkröte und Missouri-Höckerschildkröte häufig als Terrarientiere gehalten werden. Die Landkarten-Schildkröte kommt dagegen nicht in den Handel.

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Northern map turtle

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The northern map turtle (Graptemys geographica), also known as the common map turtle,[4] is an aquatic turtle in the family Emydidae. It is endemic to North America.

Description

Five sunning with a midland painted turtle, Ottawa, Ontario

The northern map turtle gets both its common and scientific names from the markings on its carapace, which resemble contour lines on a map or chart.[5] These lines are usually shades of yellow, tan, or orange, and are surrounded by dark borders, with the rest of the carapace being olive or greyish brown. However, the carapace markings tend to fade as the animal matures, and in older individuals are usually only visible when the shell is wet. The carapace has a hydrodynamic appearance and is broad with a moderately low keel. The rear of the carapace is flared and the rear marginals form serrations. The plastron is yellowish and is marked by a central dark blotch (plastral figure) that follows the sutures of the plastral scutes and fades with age so that many adults lack a pattern all together (i.e., the plastron is immaculate). The head, neck, limbs and tail are dark green with thin yellow stripes, and an oval or triangular spot is located behind each eye. Like other map turtles, this species exhibits extreme sexual size dimorphism;[6] males are 10–16 cm (3.9–6.3 in) in carapace length and weigh between 150–400 g (5.3–14.1 oz), while females are 18–27 cm (7.1–10.6 in) in carapace length and weigh around 0.67–2.5 kg (1.5–5.5 lb). Females have a much wider head than males and this is associated with differences in feeding.[6] Males have a narrower carapace with more distinct keel, narrower head, and a longer, thicker tail. Unlike females, the opening of the cloaca is beyond the rear edge of the carapace. Young map turtles have a pronounced dorsal keel. Hatchlings have a round greyish-brown carapace that is about 2.5 cm (0.98 in) long.

Adult plastron

Distribution

Northern map turtles inhabit an area from south Quebec and Ontario to northern Vermont where it lives in the St. Lawrence River drainage basin. Its range extends west through the Great Lakes and into southern Wisconsin and eastern Minnesota, west of the Appalachians, south to Kansas and northwestern Georgia. A population has been found in Northeastern Mississippi.[7] It also occurs in the Susquehanna River system in Pennsylvania and Maryland and the Delaware River. Also, a small European population occurs in the Czech Republic, which was formed from escaped or released turtles and their descendants. In the Czech Republic, this turtle is considered an alien species, but is threatened together with Czech native turtles, other reptiles and amphibians by a large population of another invasive turtle, Trachemys scripta elegans.

Habitat

The northern map turtle inhabits ponds, rivers, and lakes. They prefer large bodies of water and areas with fallen trees and other debris for basking. These turtles are more often found in rivers than in lakes or ponds. They are found in larger rivers and lakes in the northern portion of their range[8] but are more likely to live in smaller rocky rivers and streams in the south and west. Since they are turtles, naturally they need the sun to survive.[6]

Basking on a sunny day

Ecology and behaviour

This turtle is dormant November through April, depending on local climatic factors. Northern map turtles spend the winter under water and do not surface to breathe, especially when ice cover makes this impossible. Adults rest on the bottom or wedged underneath rocks or logs and often hibernate communally with other northern map turtles where they may remain somewhat active.[5] Hibernacula must be well oxygenated because, unlike some other turtle species such as painted turtles, map turtles need to absorb oxygen from the water to survive the winter.[6] They typically bask in groups and are diurnal, meaning they are active exclusively in daylight hours. Northern map turtles are also quite shy and difficult to approach; they usually slip into the water and hide at the first hint of danger.

Reproduction

Northern map turtles breed in the spring and fall. Most mating takes place in deep waters. The nesting period lasts from May to July. Unshaded sites with sandy soil are highly preferred. The female usually chooses well-drained areas for depositing the eggs. The nest cavity is dug with the hind feet. The size of the clutch is between six and 20. The eggs are oval, about 3.2 cm (1.3 in) long, and have a flexible shell. After the eggs are laid, the cavity is filled. They hatch after 50 to 70 days of incubation, and most hatchlings emerge in August to September. When a nest hatches late, the northern map turtle hatchlings have been known to overwinter in the nest. The female usually lays two or more clutches in one breeding season. The sexes of the young are determined by the temperature. At 25 °C (77 °F), incubation produces a majority of males, whereas 30 to 35 °C (86 to 95 °F) yields more females.

Diet

Map turtles are more carnivorous than most other members of the family Emydidae, and this includes the northern map turtle. Adult females have wide heads, strong jaws and broad alveolar crushing surfaces in their mouths which they use to feed on molluscs, their primary prey, as well as insects and crayfish.[6] Adult males are much smaller and have narrower heads and feed on smaller molluscs and insects.[6] Like most other aquatic turtles, feeding always takes place in the water. In places where invasive molluscs such as zebra mussels and Asian clams (Corbicula fluminea) are abundant, they may become the most important food of female northern map turtles.[9]

Existing protection and conservation status

Map turtles are considered habitat specialists and may be replaced by a more tolerant species when their habitat is altered.[10] Unfortunately the effects of human interference by way boating and recreation on shorelines are likely impeding the map turtle from re-establishing itself in natural areas.[11] Thus, populations of Northern map turtles have probably declined across their entire natural range but they remain widespread and may be abundant in some locations.[6] The species is classified as least concern by the IUCN.

United States

Collecting, keeping, and selling of northern map turtles is prohibited by Animals in Captivity regulations in nine states. It is considered endangered in Kansas, Kentucky, and Maryland.[12]

Canada

Like most jurisdictions of the United States, Canada lists northern map turtles as a species of special concern. This means that they are being threatened by something but are not yet endangered. They are being watched carefully.[13]

References

  1. ^ ITIS (Integrated Taxonomic Information System). www.itis.gov.
  2. ^ Fritz, Uwe; Havaš, Peter (2007). "Checklist of Chelonians of the World" (PDF). Vertebrate Zoology. 57 (2): 149–368. doi:10.3897/vz.57.e30895. S2CID 87809001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 29 May 2012.
  3. ^ Stejneger, L., and T. Barbour (1917). A Check List of North American Amphibians and Reptiles. Harvard University Press. Cambridge, Massachusetts. 125 pp. (Graptemys geographica, p. 117.)
  4. ^ Scientific and Standard English Names of Amphibians and Reptiles of North America, North of Mexico ..., SSARHERPS.org
  5. ^ a b : Status Report of the Northern Map Turtle Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Ernst, C.H., and J.E. Lovich. (2009). Turtles of the United States and Canada. 2nd Edition. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press. (Graptemys geographica, pp. 293–302.)
  7. ^ Brown, Grover J (31 December 2020). "Discovery of the Northern Map Turtle (Graptemys geographica LeSueur 1817) in Far Northeastern Mississippi". Chelonian Conservation and Biology. 19 (2). doi:10.2744/CCB-1416.1. S2CID 230507114.
  8. ^ Gordon, D.M. and R.D. MacCulloch (1980). "An investigation of the ecology of the map turtle, Graptemys geographica (Le Sueur) in the northern part of its range". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 58 (12): 2210–2219. doi:10.1139/z80-303.
  9. ^ Lindeman, P.V. (2006). Zebra and quagga mussels (Dreissena spp.) and other prey of a Lake Erie population of common map turtles (Emydidae: Graptemys geographica). Copeia 2006(2):268-273.
  10. ^ Pritchard, P.C.H. 1997. "Conservation strategies - an overview: Implications for management". pp. 467–471 In: Proceedings: Conservation, Restoration, and Management of Tortoises and Turtles - An International Conference. New York Turtle and Tortoise Society.
  11. ^ St. Lawrence Centre (1996). State of the Environment Report on the St. Lawrence River. Volume 1: The St. Lawrence Ecosystem. Environment Canada - Quebec Region, Environmental Conservation, and Editions MultiMondes, Montreal. "St. Lawrence UPDATE" series.
  12. ^ Natureserve (1998). Natural Heritage Central Databases. (Data on North American Animals, developed in collaboration with the Association for Biodiversity Information, U.S. and Canadian Natural Heritage Programs and Conservation Data Centres). www.natureserve.org.
  13. ^ Northern map turtle, Species at Risk Public Registry
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Northern map turtle: Brief Summary

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The northern map turtle (Graptemys geographica), also known as the common map turtle, is an aquatic turtle in the family Emydidae. It is endemic to North America.

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Graptemys geographica ( Spanish; Castilian )

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La tortuga mapa del norte (Graptemys geographica), o la anteriormente llamada tortuga mapa común, es una tortuga de la familia Emydidae de Estados Unidos y Canadá.

Descripción

 src=
Tortugas mapa del norte en Ottawa, Ontario.

La tortuga mapa del norte recibe sus dos nombres comunes y científicos de la marca en la piel y en el caparazón. Las marcas de luz se asemejan a las curvas de nivel en un mapa o gráfico. Las líneas del caparazón son de color amarillo, marrón o naranja y están rodeados por bordes oscuros. El resto del caparazón es de color oliva o marrón grisáceo. Las marcas del caparazón de las tortugas mayores tienden a desaparecer, pero siguen siendo evidentes. El caparazón tiene un aspecto hidrodinámico y es amplio con una quilla moderadamente baja. La parte trasera del caparazón se desgasta y las marginales traseras forman estrías. El plastrón es de color amarillento y se caracteriza por una mancha oscura central (figura plastral) que sigue las suturas de los escudos plastrales y se desvanece con la edad, por lo que muchos adultos carecen de un patrón en conjunto (es decir, el plastrón es impecable). La cabeza, el cuello y las extremidades son de color oliva oscuro, marrón o negro con finas rayas amarillas o verdes. Hay una mancha ovalada o triangular situada detrás del ojo.

Al igual que las otras tortugas mapa, esta especie presenta un marcado dimorfismo sexual. Los machos miden 10-16 cm de longitud del caparazón y pesan entre 150-400 g, mientras que las hembras miden 18-27 cm de longitud del caparazón y pesan alrededor de 0,5-2,5 kg. Las hembras tienen una cabeza mucho más amplia que los machos y esto se asocia con diferencias en la alimentación. Los machos tienen un caparazón más estrecho con la quilla más clara, la cabeza más estrecha, y una larga y gruesa cola. A diferencia de las hembras, la abertura de la cloaca está más allá del borde posterior del caparazón. Las tortugas jóvenes tienen una quilla dorsal pronunciada. Las crías tienen un caparazón redondo de color café grisáceo que mide 2,5 cm de largo. Su color es café oscuro para camuflarse en los pantanos de manglares

Distribución

Las tortugas mapa del norte habitan en una zona del sur de Quebec y Ontario, norte de Vermont, donde vive en la cuenca del río San Lorenzo. Su área de distribución se extiende al oeste a través de los Grandes Lagos al sur de Wisconsin y al este de Minnesota, al oeste de los Apalaches, al sur de Kansas y al noroeste de Georgia. También se encuentra en el río Susquehanna, sistema que se encuentra en Pensilvania y Maryland, y también en el río Delaware.

Hábitat

La tortuga mapa del norte habita en estanques, ríos y lagos. Prefieren grandes cuerpos de agua y zonas con árboles caídos para tomar el sol. Estas tortugas son más frecuentes en los ríos que en los lagos o estanques. Se encuentran en grandes ríos y lagos en la parte norte de su distribución, pero son más propensos a vivir en pequeños ríos y en arroyos rocosos en el sur y en el oeste.

Ecología y comportamiento

 src=
Plastrón de la tortuga mapa del norte.

Esta tortuga está inactiva desde aproximadamente noviembre hasta principios de abril dependiendo de factores climáticos locales. Las tortugas mapa del norte pasan el invierno bajo el agua y no salen a la superficie para respirar, especialmente cuando la capa de hielo hace que esto sea imposible, debajo de las piedras o troncos y a menudo hibernan en comunidad con otras tortugas mapa del norte, donde se puedan quedar algo activas. Debe estar bien oxigenada porque, a diferencia de algunas otras especies de tortugas como la tortuga pintada, las tortugas mapa necesitan absorber el oxígeno del agua para sobrevivir en el invierno. Son diurnas y toman el sol en grupos. También es un animal muy cauteloso, ante el menor indicio de peligro se lanzan al agua y se esconden.

Reproducción

Las tortugas mapa del norte se aparean en la primavera y el otoño. La mayoría de apareamientos tiene lugar en aguas profundas. El período de anidación se extiende de mayo a julio, en lugares no sombreados con suelo arenoso. La hembra suele elegir lugares bien drenados para depositar los huevos. La cavidad del nido es excavado con las patas traseras, su tamaño es de 6 a 20 cm. Los huevos son ovalados y tienen una cubierta flexible que es alrededor de 3,2 cm. Después de que los huevos son depositados en la cavidad se llena. Nacen después de entre 50 y 70 días de incubación y la mayoría surgen en agosto y septiembre. Cuando un nido es hecho tarde, las crías pasan el invierno en el nido. La hembra pone generalmente dos o más nidadas en una temporada de reproducción. El sexo de las tortugas se determina por la temperatura. A los 25°C de incubación produce mayoría de machos, mientras que a los 30°C produce más hembras.

Alimentación

 src=
Tortuga mapa del norte disfrutando de un día soleado.

Las tortugas mapa son más carnívoras que la mayoría de los otros miembros de la familia Emydidae, y la tortuga mapa del norte no es una excepción. Las hembras adultas tienen cabezas anchas y amplias superficies alveolares de trituración en la boca que usan para alimentarse de moluscos, su principal presa, así como insectos y cangrejos de río. Los machos adultos son mucho más pequeños y tienen estrechas cabezas y se alimentan de pequeños moluscos e insectos. Como en la mayoría de las tortugas acuáticas la alimentación se realiza siempre en el agua. En los lugares donde las especies invasoras de moluscos tales como mejillones cebra y almejas asiáticas (Corbicula fluminea) son abundantes pueden llegar a ser la comida más importante de las hembras.

Referencias

  1. van Dijk, P. P. (2013). «Graptemys geographica». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2015.2 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 26 de agosto de 2015.
Fuentes
  • Conant, R.,J. Collins. 1998 Reptiles and Amphibians in the Eastern/Central North America. New York: Houghton Mifflin.
  • Harding, J. 1997. Amphibians and Reptiles of the Great Lakes Region. Michigan: The University of Michigan Press.
  • Map Turtle, Natural Resources Canada
  • Northern Map Turtle, Adopt-a-Pond

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Graptemys geographica: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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La tortuga mapa del norte (Graptemys geographica), o la anteriormente llamada tortuga mapa común, es una tortuga de la familia Emydidae de Estados Unidos y Canadá.

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Graptemys geographica ( Basque )

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Graptemys geographica: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Graptemys geographica Graptemys generoko animalia da. Narrastien barruko Emydidae familian sailkatuta dago.

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Tortue géographique ( French )

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Graptemys geographica

Graptemys geographica, la Tortue géographique, est une espèce de tortue de la famille des Emydidae[1].

Répartition

 src=
Distribution

Cette espèce se rencontre[1] :

Étymologie

Son nom est dû au motif de sa carapace, qui rappelle les courbes de niveau d'une carte topographique[2].

Publication originale

  • Lesueur, 1817 : An account of an American species of Tortoise, not noticed in the systems. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. 1, no 1, p. 86-88 (texte intégral).

Notes et références

  1. a et b TFTSG, consulté lors d'une mise à jour du lien externe
  2. Gouvernement du Québec, « Tortue géographique », sur Ministère des Ressources naturelles et de la Faune (consulté le 27 octobre 2009)
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Tortue géographique: Brief Summary ( French )

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Graptemys geographica

Graptemys geographica, la Tortue géographique, est une espèce de tortue de la famille des Emydidae.

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Graptemys geographica ( Italian )

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La tartaruga geografica settentrionale o tartaruga geografica comune (Graptemys geographica(Lesueur, 1817)) è una testuggine della famiglia degli emididi.[2]

 src=
Giovane esemplare di Graptemys geographica.

Note

  1. ^ (EN) van Dijk, Peter Paul, 2011, Graptemys geographica, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.
  2. ^ Graptemys geographica, su The Reptile Database. URL consultato il 3 agosto 2018.

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Graptemys geographica: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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La tartaruga geografica settentrionale o tartaruga geografica comune (Graptemys geographica(Lesueur, 1817)) è una testuggine della famiglia degli emididi.

 src= Giovane esemplare di Graptemys geographica.
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Graptemys geographica ( Malay )

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Graptemys geographica juga dikenali sebagai Kura-kura Peta Utara[4] ialah kura-kura dari keluarga Emydidae. Ia berasal dari Amerika Utara.

Ciri-ciri

 src=
Lima ekor kura-kura sedang berjemur, Ottawa, Ontario

Kura-kura Peta Utara mendapat namanya berdasarkan corak pada kulit dan karapas (cangkerang) yang bercorak seakan-akan garisan kontur pada peta.[5] Garisan pada karapasya mempunyai warna kuning, tan, atau jingga dengan dikelilingi garisan gelap. Keseluruhan karapas berwarna zaitun atau kelabu-coklat. Corak pada kura-kura dewasa biasanya pudar namun akan jelas kelihatan apabila basah. Bentuk kawapasnya adalah hidrodinamik, lebar dan sedikit rendah. Dihujungnya pula bergerigi. Plastron (cangkerang dada) berwarna kuning dengan tanda gelap pada bahagian tengahnya yang mengikut sutur pada skut plastral dan beransur-ansur hilang apabila dewasa. Kepala, leher dan kakinya berwarna zaitun-gelap, coklat, atau hitam dengan garisan kuning atau hijau. Terdapat titik bujur atau segitiga di belakang mata. Sama seperti Kura-kura Peta lain, spesies ini mempunyai ciri-ciri Dimorfisme seksual yang ketara[6], di mana kura-kura jantan lebih kecil berbanding betina, iaitu 10–16 cm (3.9–6.3 in) panjang dengan berat antara 150–400 g (5.3–14.1 oz). Manakala betina pula, 18–27 cm (7.1–10.6 in) panjang dengan berat sekitar 0.67–2.5 kg (1.5–5.5 lb). Kura-kura betina mempunyai kepala lebih besar berbanding jantan serta cara pemakanan yang berbeza.[6] Karapas kura-kura jantan lebih sempit. Kepalanya juga lebih kecil dan memiliki ekor lebih tebal dan panjang. Kloakanya berada di hujung ekor. Kura-kura muda mempunyai lunas lebih tinggi. Anak kura-kura yang baru menetas mempunyai karapas yang lebih bulat, bersaiz sekitar 2.5 cm (0.98 in) panjang.

 src=
Plastron Kura-kura dewasa

Habitat

Haiwan ini mendiami kawasan tasik, sungai dan kolam. Mereka memilih kawasan berair yang dipenuhi timbunan batang pokok dan dedaunan untuk berjemur. Mereka juga mudah dijumpai di kawasan sungai berbanding tasik atau kolam, terutamanya di wilayah utara[7] serta kawasan selatan dan barat taburan habitatnya.[6]

 src=
Berjemur

Ekologi dan kelakuan

Kura-kura ini menjadi dorman bermula bulan November sehingga April bergantung kepada cuaca tempatan. Mereka menghabiskan masa di dalam air apabila tiba musim sejuk tanpa naik ke permukaan untuk bernafas, terutamanya apabila permukaan air dilitupi ais. Kura-kura dewasa akan berhibernasi di celah-celah batu dan kayu di dasar sungai.[5] Haiwan ini mencipta ruang hibernasi dipenuhi oleh oksigen untuk kekal hidup sepanjang musim sejuk di dalam air.[6] Haiwan ini juga kerap berjemur secara berkumpulan. Mereka bersifat diurnal dan sering berjaga-jaga terhadap sebarang ancaman pemangsa; mereka terus menyusup ke dalam air untuk bersembunyi apabila merasakan wujud bahaya.

Pembiakan

Kura-kura ini mula mengawan apabila tiba musim bunga dan luruh. Proses mengawan berlaku di dalam air. Manakala musim bertelur bermula dari bulan Mei ke Julai. Biasanya kawasan terik dan berpasir dipilih untuk dijadikan sarang telur. Kura-kura betina akan memilih tempat-tempat yang berdekatan air untuk bertelur. Sarang digali meggunakan kaki belakang. Sebanyak 6 hingga 20 biji telur dihasilkan. Telurnya bujur, kira-kira 3.2 cm (1.3 in) panjang, dan mempunyai cangkerang yang fleksibel. Lubang dikambus semula selepas bertelur. Tempoh penetasan bermula selepas 50 ke 70 hari ia dihasilkan, dan kebanyakan anak kura-kura menetas sekitar bulan Ogos hingga September. Jika tempoh penetasan lewat, anak kura-kura akan bersedia untuk menghadapi musim sejuk. Kura-kura betina biasanya boleh menghasilkan dua sangkak penetasan dalam satu musim. Jantina kura-kura yang menetas ditentukan oleh suhu persekitaran. Pada suhu 25 °C, kebanyakan telur menghasilkan kura-kura jantan, manakala kura-kura betina biasanya lahir ketika suhu sekitar 30-35 °C.

Diet

Kura-kura ini lebih cenderung bersifat maging. Kura-kura betina dewasa mempunyai kepala dan alveolar yang lebar bagi memudahkan ia memecahkan makanan yang masuk ke dalam mulutnya seperti moluska, serangga dan udang kecil.[6] Kura-kura jantan mempunyai saiz badan dan kepala yang lebih kecil, mengonsumsi mangsa yang lebih kecil[6] Proses makan pula dilakukan dalam air. Antara makanan yang menjadi sumber utama kura-kura betina ialah tempat yang dipenuhi oleh spesies moluska seperti kupang zebra dan kima asia, (Corbicula fluminea).[8]

Status pemuliharaan dan perlindungan

Kura-kura Peta ialah spesies yang sangat bertahan.[9] Malangnya, aktiviti manusia seperti membangunkan kawasan rekreasi sedikit sebanyak menggugat kelangsungan hidup haiwan ini.[10] Walaupun populasinya semakin merosot di kebanyakan kawasan yang dibangunkan, namun mereka masih lagi kekal dan banyak ditemui di sesetengah kawasan semulajadi yang lain.[6] Malah, spesies ini juga disenaraikan sebagai "kurang membimbangkan" oleh IUCN.

Rujukan

  1. ^ ITIS (Integrated Taxonomic Information System). www.itis.gov.
  2. ^ Fritz, Uwe; Havaš, Peter (2007). "Checklist of Chelonians of the World" (PDF). Vertebrate Zoology. 57 (2). Diarkibkan daripada asal (PDF) pada 17 December 2010. Dicapai 29 May 2012.
  3. ^ Stejneger, L., and T. Barbour (1917). A Check List of North American Amphibians and Reptiles. Harvard University Press. Cambridge, Massachusetts. 125 pp. (Graptemys geographica, p. 117.)
  4. ^ Scientific and Standard English Names of Amphibians and Reptiles of North America, North of Mexico ..., SSARHERPS.org
  5. ^ a b : Status Report of the Northern Map Turtle Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Ernst, C.H., and J.E. Lovich. (2009). Turtles of the United States and Canada. 2nd Edition. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press. (Graptemys geographica, pp. 293-302.)
  7. ^ Gordon, D.M. and R.D. MacCulloch (1980). "An investigation of the ecology of the map turtle, Graptemys geographica (Le Sueur) in the northern part of its range". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 58: 2210–2219. doi:10.1139/z80-303.
  8. ^ Lindeman, P.V. (2006). Zebra and quagga mussels (Dreissena spp.) and other prey of a Lake Erie population of common map turtles (Emydidae: Graptemys geographica). Copeia 2006(2):268-273.
  9. ^ Pritchard, P.C.H. 1997. "Conservation strategies - an overview: Implications for management". pp. 467-471 In: Proceedings: Conservation, Restoration, and Management of Tortoises and Turtles - An International Conference. New York Turtle and Tortoise Society.
  10. ^ St. Lawrence Centre (1996). State of the Environment Report on the St. Lawrence River. Volume 1: The St. Lawrence Ecosystem. Environment Canada - Quebec Region, Environmental Conservation, and Editions MultiMondes, Montreal. "St. Lawrence UPDATE" series.

Bacaan lanjut

  • Conant, R., and J.T. Collins. (1998). Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America. Third Edition. Expanded. New York: Houghton Mifflin. 640 pp. ISBN 0-395-90452-8 (paperback). (Graptemys geographica, pp. 167–168 + Plates 3, 6.)
  • Harding, J. (1997). Amphibians and Reptiles of the Great Lakes Region. Michigan: The University of Michigan Press. 400 pp. ISBN 0-472-06628-5.
  • MacCulloch, R.D. (2002). The ROM Field Guide to Amphibians and Reptiles of Ontario. ROM/McClelland & Stewart. 168 pp. A ROM Science Publication.
  • Le Sueur, C.A. (1817). An Account of an American species of Tortoise, not noticed in the systems. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1(1):86-88 + Plate V. (Testudo geographica)
  • Smith, H.M., and E.D. Brodie, Jr. (1982). Reptiles of North America: A Guide to Field Identification. Golden Press. New York. 240 pp. ISBN 0-307-13666-3 (paperback). (Graptemys geographica, pp. 50–51.)

Pautan luar

Wikispesies mempunyai maklumat berkaitan dengan Graptemys geographica


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Graptemys geographica: Brief Summary ( Malay )

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Graptemys geographica juga dikenali sebagai Kura-kura Peta Utara ialah kura-kura dari keluarga Emydidae. Ia berasal dari Amerika Utara.

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Landkaartschildpad ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Herpetologie

De landkaartschildpad[1] (Graptemys geographica) is een schildpad uit de familie moerasschildpadden (Emydidae).[2] De soort werd voor het eerst wetenschappelijk beschreven door Charles Alexandre Lesueur in 1817. Oorspronkelijk werd de wetenschappelijke naam Testudo geographica gebruikt.

Uiterlijke kenmerken

De naam is te danken aan de complexe net-achtige tekening op de rug van jonge en net volwassen exemplaren, die echter vervaagt naarmate de dieren ouder worden. Ook heeft de schildpad gele strepenpatronen op de huid van de nek, poten en flanken. De schildplaten hebben met name bij de jonge dieren op het midden van de rug een donker uitsteekseltje zodat de middellijn een beetje op een kam lijkt, maar deze is zeer onopvallend. De maximale carapaxlengte is ongeveer 30 centimeter maar de mannetjes blijven onder de 20 cm, een ander verschil zijn de gele 'vrouwenlippen'; de mannetjes hebben zwarte randen van de bek.

Levenswijze

Het is een typische moerasbewoner die meestal op een tak of op het land zont maar altijd in de directe nabijheid van water om er snel in te kunnen vluchten bij gevaar; deze soort heeft ook grote achterpoten met stevige zwemvliezen. Eten doet de landkaartschildpad maar een korte periode van de dag om zo snel mogelijk weer op te warmen in de zon. Het voedsel bestaat uit zowel waterplanten en landsoorten maar ook vissen, weekdieren als slakken en kreeftachtigen worden gegeten.[3]

Verspreiding en habitat

De soort komt voor in een groot deel van het noorden van de Verenigde Staten tot in de staat Georgia en zuidelijk Canada. De habitat bestaat uit poelen, vennen en grote vijvers leven maar ook in stromende rivieren en diepe meren. De landkaartschildpad leeft vaak in groepjes rond omgevallen bomen in het water en het dier is erg schuw; als een enkele schildpad zich verstoord voelt en onderduikt, volgt de rest. Het is een van de weinige soorten die landschapsverandering van de mens plaatselijk kan waarderen; de stuwdammen in de Mississippi zijn een ideaal milieu voor deze schildpad. Over het geheel genomen gaat deze soort echter langzaam in aantal achteruit.

Externe link

Bronvermelding

Referenties
  1. Bernhard Grzimek, Het Leven Der Dieren Deel VI: Reptielen, Kindler Verlag AG, 1971, Pagina 105. ISBN 90 274 8626 3.
  2. Peter Uetz & Jakob Hallermann, The Reptile Database – Graptemys geographica.
  3. C.H. Ernst, R.G.M. Altenburg & R.W. Barbour, Turtles of the World.
Bronnen
  • (en) Peter Uetz & Jakob Hallermann – The Reptile Database – Graptemys geographicaWebsite Geconsulteerd 20 mei 2015
  • (en) Peter Paul van Dijk, John B. Iverson, Anders G. J. Rhodin, H. Bradley Shaffer & Roger Bour – Turtles of the World, 7th Edition: Annotated Checklist of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution with Maps, and Conservation Status – ISSN 10887105 (2014) – Website
  • (en) C.H. Ernst, R.G.M. Altenburg & R.W. Barbour – Turtles of the WorldWebsite
  • (en) Turtles of the World, Linnaeus NG
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Landkaartschildpad: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De landkaartschildpad (Graptemys geographica) is een schildpad uit de familie moerasschildpadden (Emydidae). De soort werd voor het eerst wetenschappelijk beschreven door Charles Alexandre Lesueur in 1817. Oorspronkelijk werd de wetenschappelijke naam Testudo geographica gebruikt.

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Graptemys geographica ( Swedish )

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Graptemys geographica[3] är en sköldpaddsart som beskrevs av Charles Alexandre Lesueur 1817. Graptemys geographica ingår i släktet Graptemys och familjen kärrsköldpaddor.[4][5] IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som livskraftig.[1] Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.[4]

Honor är större än hannar med en sköld som kan vara 27 cm lång. Hannarnas sköld blir maximal 16 cm lång.[1]

Denna sköldpadda förekommer i stora delar av östra USA och i angränsande områden av Kanada från östra Kansas till New Jersey och söderut till Louisiana och Alabama. Den hittas i norra delen av utbredningsområdet främst i insjöar och längre söderut även i floder som ofta har några djupare ställen. Graptemys geographica äter främst musslor som kompletteras med några andra blötdjur.[1]

Honor har vanligen två kullar med 9 till 17 ägg per år som göms i en hålighet. Nyckläckta ungar är vanligen 25 till 33 mm långa. De stannar allmänt i boet fram till nästa vår. Vissa ungar som föds under tidigare sommaren kan leva 11 månader i boet innan de kommer ut. Honor blir könsmogna efter minst 12 år när skölden är cirka 19 cm lång. När hannar blir könsmogna är okänt. Antagligen kan enskilda exemplar leva 20 år.[1]

Källor

  1. ^ [a b c d e] 2011 Graptemys geographica Från: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2 <www.iucnredlist.org>. Läst 2012-10-24.
  2. ^ Duméril, A.M.C., and G. Bibron. (1835) Erpétologie Générale ou Histoire Naturelle Complète des Reptiles, Vol. 2., Librairie Encyclopédique de Roret, Paris, 680 p.
  3. ^ [a b] Le Sueur (1817) , Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1, Pt. 1: 86, pl. 5
  4. ^ [a b] Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (red.) (27 april 2011). ”Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.”. Species 2000: Reading, UK. http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/graptemys+geographica/match/1. Läst 24 september 2012.
  5. ^ TIGR Reptile Database . Uetz P. , 2016 Graptemys geographica

Externa länkar

Turtle.svg Denna artikel om sköldpaddor saknar väsentlig information. Du kan hjälpa till genom att tillföra sådan.
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Graptemys geographica: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

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Graptemys geographica är en sköldpaddsart som beskrevs av Charles Alexandre Lesueur 1817. Graptemys geographica ingår i släktet Graptemys och familjen kärrsköldpaddor. IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som livskraftig. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Honor är större än hannar med en sköld som kan vara 27 cm lång. Hannarnas sköld blir maximal 16 cm lång.

Denna sköldpadda förekommer i stora delar av östra USA och i angränsande områden av Kanada från östra Kansas till New Jersey och söderut till Louisiana och Alabama. Den hittas i norra delen av utbredningsområdet främst i insjöar och längre söderut även i floder som ofta har några djupare ställen. Graptemys geographica äter främst musslor som kompletteras med några andra blötdjur.

Honor har vanligen två kullar med 9 till 17 ägg per år som göms i en hålighet. Nyckläckta ungar är vanligen 25 till 33 mm långa. De stannar allmänt i boet fram till nästa vår. Vissa ungar som föds under tidigare sommaren kan leva 11 månader i boet innan de kommer ut. Honor blir könsmogna efter minst 12 år när skölden är cirka 19 cm lång. När hannar blir könsmogna är okänt. Antagligen kan enskilda exemplar leva 20 år.

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Черепаха географічна ( Ukrainian )

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Опис

Загальна довжина досягає 27 см. Спостерігається статевий диморфізм: самиці удвічі більші за самців. Голова широка, щелепи сплощені. Жувальні м'язи цієї черепахи дуже потужні. Має дахоподібний карапакс. Кіль із гребенем помірного розміру. На задні лапах у перетинки.

Забарвлення складається із сітчастого світлого малюнка на темно—оливковому тлі спини. Малюнок цей має деяку схожість з географічною мапою, за що черепаха і отримала свою назву.

Спосіб життя

Полюбляє глибокі озера і річкові затоки. Активна вдень. Харчується різними дрібними тваринами, рибою, молюсками.

Самиця відкладає від 6 до 20 яєць. Інкубаційний період триває від 50 до 70 діб.

Розповсюдження

Мешкає у Канаді: Квебек, Онтаріо, штатах США: Луїзіана, Міссісіпі, Нью-Джерсі, Північна Кароліна, Вермонт, Нью-Йорк, Пенсильванія, Огайо, Західна Вірджинія, Вірджинія, Теннессі, Джорджія, Алабама, Кентуккі, Індіана, Іллінойс, Мічиган, Міннесота, Айова, Міссурі, Канзас, Оклахома, Арканзас, Вісконсин, Меріленд, Делавер.

Джерела

  • Casper, Gary S. 1997. Geographic Distribution. Graptemys geographica Herpetological Review 28 (1): 49
  • Stephens, P.R. & Wiens, J.J. 2003. Ecological diversification and phylogeny of emydid turtles. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 79: 577–610
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Graptemys geographica ( Vietnamese )

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Graptemys geographica là một loài rùa trong họ Emydidae. Loài này được Le Sueur mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1817.[1]

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ Graptemys geographica”. Truy cập ngày 1 tháng 6 năm 2013.

Tham khảo

Liên kết ngoài

 src= Phương tiện liên quan tới Graptemys geographica tại Wikimedia Commons


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết liên quan đến rùa này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Graptemys geographica: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

provided by wikipedia VI

Graptemys geographica là một loài rùa trong họ Emydidae. Loài này được Le Sueur mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1817.

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ヒラチズガメ ( Japanese )

provided by wikipedia 日本語
ヒラチズガメ ヒラチズガメ
ヒラチズガメ Graptemys geographica
保全状況評価[a 1] ワシントン条約附属書III
アメリカ合衆国分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata : 爬虫綱 Reptilia : カメ目 Testudines 亜目 : 潜頸亜目 Cryptodira 上科 : リクガメ上科 Testudinoidea : ヌマガメ科 Emydidae 亜科 : アミメガメ亜科 Deirochlyinae : チズガメ属 Graptemys : ヒラチズガメ G. geographica 学名 Graptemys geographica
(Le Sueur, 1817) シノニム

Testudo geographica
Le Sueur, 1817

和名 ヒラチズガメ 英名 Common map turtle

Northern Map Turtle range map.jpg

ヒラチズガメ学名Graptemys geographica)は、ヌマガメ科チズガメ属に分類されるカメ。チズガメ属の模式種

分布[編集]

アメリカ合衆国(アイオワ州アーカンソー州アラバマ州北部、インディアナ州ケンタッキー州ジョージア州北部、テネシー州ニューヨーク州バーモント州ペンシルベニア州ミズーリ州)、カナダケベック州南部)[1][2]

チズガメ属内では本種のみアメリカ合衆国以外にも自然分布する[2]

形態[編集]

最大甲長27センチメートル[1][2]。オスよりもメスの方が大型になり、オスは甲長10-16センチメートル[2]。背甲は扁平[1][2]椎甲板にはあまり発達しない筋状の盛り上がり(キール)がある[2]。背甲の色彩は暗黄色や褐色[2]。椎甲板や肋甲板には黄色い網目状の斑紋が入り、縁甲板には同心円状や渦巻き状の斑紋が入る。種小名geographicaは「地図」の意で、背甲の斑紋が地図の等高線のように見えることに由来する[2]腹甲の色彩は黄色や淡黄色一色[2]

頭部は中型かやや大型[2]。頭部や四肢の色彩は濃暗黄色や褐色[2]。眼後部には三角形の黄色い斑紋があり、頭部には不規則に筋模様が入りそのうち数本は眼に達する[1][2]。眼を横切る様に暗色の帯模様が入る[1][2]

また腹甲の甲板の継ぎ目(シーム)に沿って暗色斑が入る[2]。成長に伴い背甲の斑紋は不明瞭になり、腹甲の暗色斑は消失する[2]

オスの背甲が細長く中央より後方で最も幅が広い卵形で、メスの背甲が中央よりもやや後方で最も幅広い楕円形[2]。またオスは頭部が小型な傾向がある[2]

分類[編集]

以前はチズガメ属内でも頭部が大型化する種に近縁で原始的な特徴を残した種と考えられていたが、近年は属内で最も初期に分岐した種で本種のみで独立したグループを形成すると考えられている[2]ミトコンドリアDNA塩基配列分子系統学的解析では約8,000,000-6,000,000万年前に分岐したと推定されている[3]

生態[編集]

流れの緩やかな河川に生息し、その周辺にある河跡湖ため池湾処にも生息する[2]。基底が岩や礫で、流れが緩やかで水深の深い日光浴場所や水中での隠れ家となる倒木が多い環境を好む[2]。成体は水深の深い場所に、小型個体は河川周辺の止水域や水生植物が繁茂した岸辺に生息する[2]。北部個体群は、10-翌4月に水中に溜まった落ち葉や水底の岩や倒木の隙間などで冬眠する[2]

食性は動物食傾向の強い雑食で、主に貝類を食べるが、昆虫甲殻類魚類、動物の死骸、植物質なども食べる[2]

繁殖形態は卵生。5-7月(主に6月)に1回に9-17個の卵を年に2回に分けて産む[2]。卵は75日で孵化する[2]。孵化した幼体は8-9月に地表に現れるが、地中で越冬し翌年の春季に地表に現れる個体もいる[2]。メスは生後12-14年で性成熟するとされる[2]

人間との関係[編集]

ペットとして飼育されることもあり、日本にも輸入されている。

関連項目[編集]

 src= ウィキスピーシーズにヒラチズガメに関する情報があります。

参考文献[編集]

[ヘルプ]
  1. ^ a b c d e 海老沼剛 『爬虫・両生類ビジュアルガイド 水棲ガメ1 アメリカ大陸のミズガメ』、誠文堂新光社2005年、20頁。
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa 安川雄一郎 「チズガメ属の分類と生活史(前編)」『クリーパー』第16号、クリーパー社、2003年、9-16、42頁。
  3. ^ 安川雄一郎 「チズガメ属の分類と生活史(後編)」『クリーパー』第17号、クリーパー社、2003年、4頁。

外部リンク[編集]

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wikipedia 日本語

ヒラチズガメ: Brief Summary ( Japanese )

provided by wikipedia 日本語

ヒラチズガメ(学名:Graptemys geographica)は、ヌマガメ科チズガメ属に分類されるカメ。チズガメ属の模式種

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지도거북 ( Korean )

provided by wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

지도거북거북목 늪거북과의 파충류이다.

특징

Northern Map Turtles.jpg

등딱지의 선은 노란색, 황갈색, 또는 주황색의 그늘지고 어두운 테두리에 둘러싸여 있다. 등딱지의 나머지 부분은 올리브색 또는 회갈색이다. 지도거북의 등딱지 무늬가 퇴색하는 경향이 있지만, 등딱지가 젖은 경우 아직 남아있는 것이 보통이다. 가슴 장식은 노란색이고 가운데에 어두운 얼룩 무늬가 있다. 머리, 목, 사지는 올리브색, 갈색, 연한 노란색 또는 녹색 줄무늬가 있는 검은색이다. 눈 뒤에 타원형 또는 삼각형 반점이 있다. 수컷의 등딱지 길이는 10-16cm이고 몸무게는 150-400g이다. 암컷의 등딱지 길이는 18-27cm이고 몸무게는 약 0.67-2.5kg이다. 암컷의 머리는 수컷보다 훨씬 크고, 이것은 먹이의 차이와 관계가 있다. 수컷의 등갑은 작다. 용골은 날카롭고, 머리는 작다. 꼬리는 길고 두껍다. 새끼 지도거북은 등쪽에 뚜렷한 용골이 있다. 새끼의 등딱지는 둥글고 회갈색이다. 새끼의 등딱지 길이는 약 2.5cm이다.

분포

 src=
등껍질 속으로 들어간 지도거북

지도거북은 세인트로렌스 강 유역에 있는 퀘벡과 온타리오에서 버몬트에 이르기까지 서식한다.

서식지

지도거북은 연못, , 호수에 서식한다.

생태와 습성

Northern Map Turtle, sunning.jpg

이 거북은 지역 기후 요인에 따라 11월부터 4월초까지 휴면한다. 지도거북은 물 아래에서 겨울을 보낸다. 지도거북은 주행성동물이다.

외부 링크

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