Biology
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The Hainan partridge forages for food amongst the leaf-litter of the forest floor, feeding on the seeds, insects and small snails it unearths (2) (4).
The breeding season lasts from February until May, when the species' distinctive courtship calls can be heard, and clutches of two to three eggs are normal (4).
Conservation
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This bird is nationally protected in China and hunting is therefore illegal (4). The ban on logging primary forest has also lessened, though not eradicated, the pressure on this bird's habitat (3) (4). Populations have been recorded in Fanjia, Bawangling, Bangxi, Jianfengling, Jianling, Wuzhishan, Liulianling, Shangxi, Baishuiling, Nanwan, Diaoluoshan Limushan and Nanweiling Nature Reserves (3). The South China Institute of Endangered Animals started a successful Hainan Partridge captive-breeding programme in 1991, but for any future conservation programmes to succeed, habitat protection must remain a priority (4) (5).
Description
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This typical, grey-brown partridge can be recognised by the boldly contrasting colour of its bright orange neck. This vivid colour separates the grey breast from the black head, which bears a distinctive and conspicuous white ear spot (2) (3). The female is similar to the male but paler below (2). Pairs give far-carrying territorial duets comprising of two-note (falling then rising) whistles, often repeated (3).
Habitat
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Mainly confined to primary, tropical evergreen forest between 600 and 1,600 metres above sea level, but also found in some evergreen forests that have been previously logged but are now well recovered (3).
Range
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Believed to be endemic to Hainan Island, off the south coast of China, although there is an unconfirmed report from southern Guangxi, China (2) (4).
Status
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Classified as Vulnerable (VU) on the IUCN Red List 2007 (1).
Threats
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The Hainan partridge is threatened by the rapid and extensive deforestation on the island in the past 50 years, severely reducing and fragmenting its range (3) (4). Forest clearance is mainly the result of excessive timber extraction, the replacement of forest by rubber plantations, shifting agriculture and the unrestricted cutting of wood for fuel and other uses (3). Although a logging ban has been enforced since 1994, helping to reduce the rate of forest loss on Hainan in recent years, illegal logging has been recorded. Illegal hunting for food also poses a threat to the Hainan partridge, even in protected areas (4). The island also has a rapidly growing human population in support of an expanding tourist industry, which may lead to additional future threats from development (5).
Hainan partridge
provided by wikipedia EN
The Hainan partridge (Arborophila ardens) is a species of bird in the family Phasianidae. It is endemic to Hainan Island, China. Its natural habitats are primary evergreen forests. It is threatened by habitat loss and has been assessed as a vulnerable species.
Taxonomy
This species was described by Styan in 1892.[3] It is monotypic.[4]
Description
The Hainan partridge is 26–28 cm (10–11 in) long. The male weighs about 300 g (11 oz), and the female weighs about 237 g (8.4 oz).[4] The head is blackish, and there is a white patch on the ear coverts[5] and a whitish supercilium. The crown and nape are dark brown, with black mottles. The upperparts are olive-brown and have black scales. The throat and neck-sides are blackish, and there is an orange collar around the lower neck. The underparts are grey, and the central belly is buffish. The wings are greyish-brown. The beak is black, the eyes are brown, and the legs are dull reddish. The female is smaller and less bright than the male.[4]
Distribution and habitat
The Hainan partridge is endemic to Hainan, although there are unsubstantiated reports from Guangxi. Its habitat is primary evergreen forests that are broadleaved or mixed coniferous-broadleaved, at elevations of 600–1,600 m (2,000–5,200 ft). It also occurs in forests that have recovered from logging.[1]
Behaviour
There is little information about this partridge's behaviour. It presumably behaves like other species in its genus. Single birds, pairs and coveys have been observed. It eats snails and seeds.[4] Its call is two notes repeated, including ju-gu ju-gu ju-gu.[5] Sometimes a second bird gives quick single notes.[4]
Status
The population has been estimated at 2600–3500 mature birds, but may be larger because new populations were discovered in 2002 to 2005. There was probably a rapid population decline because of habitat loss. New populations have been discovered since 2002 and more forest has been protected, so the decline may have slowed. The species is threatened by forest clearance for timber and agriculture, and illegal hunting. Climate change may also be a threat. Because of its small, declining population and small range, the IUCN has assessed it as a vulnerable species. In China, the Hainan partridge is a nationally protected species. Of the 660 km2 (250 sq mi) of suitable habitat, 410 km2 (160 sq mi) are in nature reserves such as Hainan Bawangling National Nature Reserve, Jianfengling, Wuzhishan, Diaoluoshan Limushan and Nanweiling.[1]
References
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^ a b c BirdLife International (2016). "Arborophila ardens". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22679063A92802107. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22679063A92802107.en. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
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^ Styan, W.F. (1892). "[untitled]". Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club. 1 (2): 6.
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^ Gill, F.; Donsker, D. (eds.). "Pheasants, partridges & francolins". IOC World Bird List Version 7.2. Retrieved 13 July 2017.
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^ a b c d e Madge, Steve; McGowan, Phil (2010). Pheasants, Partridges & Grouse: Including buttonquails, sandgrouse and allies. Bloomsbury. p. 259. ISBN 9781408135655.
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^ a b MacKinnon, John; Phillipps, Karen (2000). A Field Guide to the Birds of China. Oxford University Press. pp. 40–41. ISBN 9780198549406.
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Hainan partridge: Brief Summary
provided by wikipedia EN
The Hainan partridge (Arborophila ardens) is a species of bird in the family Phasianidae. It is endemic to Hainan Island, China. Its natural habitats are primary evergreen forests. It is threatened by habitat loss and has been assessed as a vulnerable species.
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