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Biology

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Like many bulbuls, the Mauritius black bulbul mainly feeds on a diverse range of fruit, but will also take arboreal insects such as bush crickets, butterflies, caterpillars and stick-insects, and will sometimes take small vertebrates such as native geckos (Phelsuma sp.) (2) (3). The foraging habit of this species is strictly arboreal, with food items seldom collected from the ground (2). The Mauritius black bulbul is usually found in pairs or small groups of up to eight individuals (2) (3). Nesting has been observed between November and February, with breeding pairs defending a small territory, within which the female builds a coarse nest around two to nine metres off the ground in a low bush or tree. Usually around three eggs are laid, which are incubated for 15 to 16 days before hatching. The young are fed by both parent birds and may remain in the same territory for some time (2).
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Conservation

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Partial protection within the Black River National Park, and the exclusion and eradication of invasive plants and animals in Conservation Management Areas, has been crucial to the survival of the Mauritius black bulbul. The long-term aim for the conservation of this species is to continue the rehabilitation of native vegetation and to potentially translocate some Mauritius black bulbul populations to nearby islets free from predators (3).
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Description

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The Mauritius black bulbul is a rare passerine with a dull plumage comprising various shades of olive-green and grey (2). The head is mostly olive-grey, with dark, almost blackish, pointed crown feathers, and the upperparts are a dark greenish-olive (2) (3) (4). Underneath, the throat, breast and flanks are more of a greenish grey, while the belly has a tinge of yellow (2). The pinkish-yellow, or orange, of the bill and legs stands out conspicuously against the dull plumage. The sexes are similar in appearance, but the male is on average slightly larger. Several different nasal and wheezy calls are recognised, including a 'chuckle' used in various different contexts (2) (3) (4). In the past, the Mauritius black bulbul was considered conspecific with the Reunion bulbul (Hypsipetes borbonicus), but genetic studies have now shown them to be separate species (2) (3).
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Habitat

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Although the Mauritius black bulbul favours native evergreen broadleaved forest on steep slopes and in gullies, it also forages in forest margins, degraded forest and exotic plantations (3) (4).
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Range

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The Mauritius black bulbul is endemic to the Indian Ocean island of Mauritius, where it occurs at low densities over southern and central parts of the plateau (2) (5).
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Status

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Classified as Vulnerable (VU) on the IUCN Red List (1).
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Threats

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Since humans colonised Mauritius in the 17th century, the combination of hunting, introduction of alien plants and animals, deforestation, and farming has dramatically altered the island's biodiversity (6) (7). The spread of non-native plants that are poor in food has been particularly detrimental to the Mauritius black bulbul, which has maintained a steady but extremely small population of just 280 pairs for the last three to four decades (2) (3) (5). Additional threats to this species include predation by introduced rats and the crab-eating macaque (Macaca fascicularis), and competition with the introduced red-whiskered bulbul (Pycnonotus jocosus) and common mynah (Acridotheres tristis) (2) (3).
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Hypsipetes olivaceus ( Asturian )

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Map marker icon – Nicolas Mollet – Birds – Nature – white.png Les especies d'aves con nome común en llingua asturiana márquense como NOA. En casu contrariu, conséñase'l nome científicu o de la SEO.

'''Hypsipetes olivaceus[3] ye una especie d'ave paseriforme de la familia Pycnonotidae endémica de la islla Mauriciu.

Enantes incluyíase en H. borbonicus como la subespecie olivaceus.[4] Foi la especie tipu del xéneru obsoleto Ixocincla, qu'axuntaba a dellos bulbules d'apariencia similar de tola rexón del océanu Índicu.[5]

Puede algamar un tamañu d'hasta 24 cm. Carauterízase polos sos güeyos d'intensu color mariellu-marrón, pates rosadas, y un picu naranxa con tonos mariellu. El so plumaxe ye polo xeneral abuxáu y oldea col so pileu de color negru. El plumaxe de los mozos ye de color marrón maciu. El so picu ye coritu.[6]

Ecoloxía y estáu de caltenimientu

 src=
Páxaru posáu nun árbol.

La so dieta consiste d'inseutos, granes y frutos, especialmente les bagues madures del parrotal denomináu bandera española Lantana camara (especie non nativa)). Mientres el branu austral la fema pon dos güevos arrosaos nun nial que consiste en paya y raigaños. La incubación dura ente 14 y 16 díes.[6]

En dómines anteriores, yera frecuentemente consumíu como platillo típicu en díes festivos. Darréu, les sos principales amenaces pasaron a ser la sustitución del so hábitat forestal por plantaciones de (Camellia sinensis) y maleces invasores (ente elles L. camara, que los mesmos páxaros ayuden a espublizar) y la depredación pol macacu cangrejero introducíu (Macaca fascicularis) . A mediaos de la década de 1970, la población envalórase en 200 pareyes, pero depués detúvose'l descensu. Anguaño ye raru pero tien una población bastante estable; 280 pareyes foron cuntaes en 1993.[7]

Referencies

  1. BirdLife International. «Hypsipetes olivaceus» (inglés). Llista Roxa d'especies amenazaes de la UICN 2014.3.
  2. (1835) Illustrations of Ornithology Non.3.
  3. De Juana, E; Del Hoyo, J; Fernández-Cruz, M; Ferrer, X; Sáez-Royuela, R; Sargatal, J (2005). «Nomes en castellanu de les aves del mundu recomendaos pola Sociedá Española d'Ornitoloxía (Décima parte: Orden Passeriformes, Familias Campephagidae a Turdidae)». Ardeola. Handbook of the Birds of the World (Madrid: SEO/BirdLife) 52 (2): pp. 389-398. ISSN 0570-7358. http://www.seo.org/wp-content/uploads/tmp/docs/vol_52_2_decimo.pdf. Consultáu 'l 23 de xineru de 2015.
  4. Staub, 1976; Gregory, 2000; BLI, 2008.
  5. Gregory, 2000.
  6. 6,0 6,1 Staub, 1976.
  7. Staub, 1976; BLI, 2008.

Bibliografía

Enllaces esternos


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Hypsipetes olivaceus: Brief Summary ( Asturian )

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Map marker icon – Nicolas Mollet – Birds – Nature – white.png Les especies d'aves con nome común en llingua asturiana márquense como NOA. En casu contrariu, conséñase'l nome científicu o de la SEO.

'''Hypsipetes olivaceus ye una especie d'ave paseriforme de la familia Pycnonotidae endémica de la islla Mauriciu.

Enantes incluyíase en H. borbonicus como la subespecie olivaceus. Foi la especie tipu del xéneru obsoleto Ixocincla, qu'axuntaba a dellos bulbules d'apariencia similar de tola rexón del océanu Índicu.

Puede algamar un tamañu d'hasta 24 cm. Carauterízase polos sos güeyos d'intensu color mariellu-marrón, pates rosadas, y un picu naranxa con tonos mariellu. El so plumaxe ye polo xeneral abuxáu y oldea col so pileu de color negru. El plumaxe de los mozos ye de color marrón maciu. El so picu ye coritu.

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Mauritius bulbul

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The Mauritius bulbul (Hypsipetes olivaceus), is a songbird belonging to the bulbul family, Pycnonotidae. It is endemic to Mauritius.

Taxonomy and systematics

The Mauritius bulbul was the type species of the obsolete genus Ixocincla, which united various more or less closely related bulbuls from the entire Indian Ocean region.[3] Formerly, some authorities considered the Mauritius bulbul to belong to the genus Turdus. It has also been classified as a subspecies of the Réunion bulbul.[4] Alternative names include the Mauritius black bulbul and the Mauritius merle.

Description

The Mauritius bulbul can reach a size up to 24 cm (9.4 in). It is characterized by bright yellow-brown eyes, pink legs, and an orange to yellow-hued bill. Its plumage is generally greyish contrasted with a black crest. The plumage of the juveniles is pale brown. Their bill is blackish.[5]

Behaviour and ecology

Perched in a tree

Breeding

During the southern summer, the female lays two pinkish coloured eggs in a nest made from straw and roots. The incubation lasts between 14 and 16 days.[5]

Food and feeding

The diet of the Mauritius bulbul consists of insects, seeds, and fruits. The ripe berries of the non-native Spanish Flag are especially favoured.

Threats

In earlier times, it was often served as a dish on festive days. Later, its main threats shifted to the replacement of their forest habitat by tea plantations and invasive weeds (including L. camara, which the birds themselves help to spread) and predation by the introduced crab-eating macaque. In the mid-1970s, only 200 pairs remained, but then the decline was stopped. Today it is rare but has a quite stable population; 280 pairs were counted in 1993.[6]

References

  1. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Hypsipetes olivaceus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22713239A94366667. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22713239A94366667.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. ^ Jardine, Bart, Sir William; Selby, P.J. (1837). Illustrations of Ornithology. Vol. No.2 Addenda. D 2, pl 2.
  3. ^ Gregory (2000)
  4. ^ Staub (1976), Gregory (2000), BLI (2008)
  5. ^ a b Staub (1976)
  6. ^ Staub (1976), BLI (2008)

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Mauritius bulbul: Brief Summary

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The Mauritius bulbul (Hypsipetes olivaceus), is a songbird belonging to the bulbul family, Pycnonotidae. It is endemic to Mauritius.

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Hypsipetes olivaceus ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El bulbul de Mauricio (Hypsipetes olivaceus)[3]​ es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Pycnonotidae endémica de la isla de Mauricio.

Anteriormente se incluía en H. borbonicus como la subespecie olivaceus.[4]​ Fue la especie tipo del género obsoleto Ixocincla, que reunía a varios bulbules de apariencia similar de toda la región del océano Índico.[5]

Puede alcanzar un tamaño de hasta 24 cm. Se caracteriza por sus ojos de intenso color amarillo-marrón, patas rosadas, y un pico naranja con tonos amarillo. Su plumaje es en general grisáceo y contrasta con su píleo de color negro. El plumaje de los jóvenes es de color marrón pálido. Su pico es negruzco.[6]

Ecología y estado de conservación

 src=
Pájaro posado en un árbol.

Su dieta consiste de insectos, semillas y frutos, especialmente las bayas maduras del arbusto denominado bandera española Lantana camara (especie no nativa)). Durante el verano austral la hembra pone dos huevos rosáceos en un nido que consiste en paja y raíces. La incubación dura entre 14 y 16 días.[6]

En épocas anteriores, era frecuentemente consumido como platillo típico en días festivos. Posteriormente, sus principales amenazas pasaron a ser la sustitución de su hábitat forestal por plantaciones de (Camellia sinensis) y malezas invasoras (entre ellas L. camara, que los propios pájaros ayudan a difundir) y la depredación por el macaco cangrejero introducido (Macaca fascicularis) . A mediados de la década de 1970, la población se estimaba en 200 parejas, pero luego se detuvo el descenso. Hoy en día es raro pero tiene una población bastante estable; 280 parejas fueron contadas en 1993.[7]

Referencias

  1. BirdLife International (2012). «Hypsipetes olivaceus». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2014.3 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 23 de enero de 2015.
  2. Jardine, Bart., Sir William; Selby, P.J. (1835). Illustrations of Ornithology. No.3. pt. 10, pl 148.
  3. De Juana, E; Del Hoyo, J; Fernández-Cruz, M; Ferrer, X; Sáez-Royuela, R; Sargatal, J (2005). «Nombres en castellano de las aves del mundo recomendados por la Sociedad Española de Ornitología (Décima parte: Orden Passeriformes, Familias Campephagidae a Turdidae)». Ardeola. Handbook of the Birds of the World (Madrid: SEO/BirdLife) 52 (2): 389-398. ISSN 0570-7358. Consultado el 23 de enero de 2015.
  4. Staub, 1976; Gregory, 2000; BLI, 2008.
  5. Gregory, 2000.
  6. a b Staub, 1976.
  7. Staub, 1976; BLI, 2008.

Bibliografía

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Hypsipetes olivaceus: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El bulbul de Mauricio (Hypsipetes olivaceus)​ es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Pycnonotidae endémica de la isla de Mauricio.

Anteriormente se incluía en H. borbonicus como la subespecie olivaceus.​ Fue la especie tipo del género obsoleto Ixocincla, que reunía a varios bulbules de apariencia similar de toda la región del océano Índico.​

Puede alcanzar un tamaño de hasta 24 cm. Se caracteriza por sus ojos de intenso color amarillo-marrón, patas rosadas, y un pico naranja con tonos amarillo. Su plumaje es en general grisáceo y contrasta con su píleo de color negro. El plumaje de los jóvenes es de color marrón pálido. Su pico es negruzco.​

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Hypsipetes olivaceus ( Basque )

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Hypsipetes olivaceus Hypsipetes generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Pycnonotidae familian sailkatua dago.

Erreferentziak

  1. (Ingelesez)BirdLife International (2012) Species factsheet. www.birdlife.org webgunetitik jaitsia 2012/05/07an
  2. (Ingelesez) IOC Master List

Kanpo estekak

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Hypsipetes olivaceus: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Hypsipetes olivaceus Hypsipetes generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Pycnonotidae familian sailkatua dago.

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Bulbul de Maurice ( French )

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Hypsipetes olivaceus

Le Bulbul de Maurice (Hypsipetes olivaceus) est une espèce de passereaux de la famille des Pycnonotidae, endémique de l'île Maurice.

Voir aussi

Références taxinomiques

Notes et références

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Bulbul de Maurice: Brief Summary ( French )

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Hypsipetes olivaceus

Le Bulbul de Maurice (Hypsipetes olivaceus) est une espèce de passereaux de la famille des Pycnonotidae, endémique de l'île Maurice.

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Hypsipetes olivaceus ( Italian )

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Il bulbul di Mauritius (Hypsipetes olivaceus Jardine & Selby, 1837) è un uccello della famiglia Pycnonotidae, endemico di Mauritius.[2]

Conservazione

La IUCN Red List classifica Hypsipetes olivaceus come specie vulnerabile.[1]

Note

  1. ^ a b (EN) BirdLife International 2012, Hypsipetes olivaceus, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020. URL consultato il 30 settembre 2016.
  2. ^ (EN) Gill F. and Donsker D. (eds), Family Pycnonotidae, in IOC World Bird Names (ver 9.2), International Ornithologists’ Union, 2019. URL consultato il 30 settembre 2016.

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Hypsipetes olivaceus: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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Il bulbul di Mauritius (Hypsipetes olivaceus Jardine & Selby, 1837) è un uccello della famiglia Pycnonotidae, endemico di Mauritius.

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Maurīcijas bulbuls ( Latvian )

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Maurīcijas bulbuls (Hypsipetes olivaceus) ir zvirbuļveidīgo kārtas bulbulu dzimtas putns, kas endēms Maurīcijai.

Sākotnēji bija sistematizēta kā Reinjonas bulbula (Hypsipetes borbonicus) pasuga H. borbonicus olivaceus. Kā atsevišķu sugu izdalīja 1993. gadā.[1][2]

Izskats

 src=
Maurīcijas bulbuls; 1876—1878. gada zīmējums

Ķermeņa garums ap 24 cm. Tēviņi un mātītes ārēji līdzīgi, bet tēviņi ir nedaudz lielāki.

Apspalvojums variē dažādās olīvzaļās un pelēkās nokrāsās, vēderam tonis dzeltenīgs. Galva olīvi pelēcīga; to rotā neliels, gandrīz pilnīgi melns cekuls. Knābis oranžs vai dzeltens, kājas iesārtas. Jaunuļu apspalvojums gaiši brūns, knābis — melngans.[1][2]

Dzīvesveids

Sastopams gandrīz visa veida mežos, kaut arī dod priekšroku mūžzaļiem platlapju mežiem. Meklē barību arī gar meža nomalēm, krūmainās vietās un plantācijās.[3] Dzīvo pāros vai nelielos bariņos.

Ligzdošanas laikā pāris aizstāv savu nelielo teritoriju. Mātīte veido paviršu ligzdu kokā vai nelielā krūmā divu līdz deviņu metru augstumam. Perējumā parasti trīs olas, inkubācijas periods 15—16 dienas. Putnēnus baro abi vecāki.

Barība

Kā citi dzimtas pārstāvji, pārtiek galvenokārt no dažādiem augiem. Ēdienkarti papildina kokos dzīvojoši circeņi, tauriņi, kāpuri, zarkukaiņi, kā arī gekoni.[1]

Apdraudējums

Galveno apdraudējumu rada mežu izciršana, lai ierīkotu tējas plantācijas, kā arī savulaik salā introducētie krabjēdājmakaki (Macaca fascicularis), kas izposta ligzdas.

1970. gados bija atlikuši 200 Maurīcijas bulbulu pāru. 1993. gadā populāciju veidoja ap 280 pāru.[3] Mūsdienās suga joprojām ir reta, tomēr populācija - stabila.

Atsauces

  1. 1,0 1,1 1,2 «Wildscreen Arkive». Arhivēts no oriģināla, laiks: 2015. gada 23. janvārī. Skatīts: 2015. gada 27. martā.
  2. 2,0 2,1 BirdLife International
  3. 3,0 3,1 Hypsipetes olivaceus Archived 2014. gada 12. martā, Wayback Machine vietnē., Sarkanā grāmata
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Maurīcijas bulbuls: Brief Summary ( Latvian )

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Maurīcijas bulbuls (Hypsipetes olivaceus) ir zvirbuļveidīgo kārtas bulbulu dzimtas putns, kas endēms Maurīcijai.

Sākotnēji bija sistematizēta kā Reinjonas bulbula (Hypsipetes borbonicus) pasuga H. borbonicus olivaceus. Kā atsevišķu sugu izdalīja 1993. gadā.

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Mauritiusbuulbuul ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Vogels

De mauritiusbuulbuul (Hypsipetes olivaceus) is een zangvogel uit de familie Pycnonotidae (buulbuuls).

Verspreiding en leefgebied

Deze soort is endemisch in Mauritius, een eiland in de Indische Oceaan ten oosten van Madagaskar.

Externe link

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
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Mauritiusbuulbuul: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De mauritiusbuulbuul (Hypsipetes olivaceus) is een zangvogel uit de familie Pycnonotidae (buulbuuls).

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Hypsipetes olivaceus ( Portuguese )

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Hypsipetes olivaceus é uma espécie de pássaro endêmico da ilha Maurício. Antigamente, era incluído no H. borbonicus como a subespécie olivaceus.[2]

Esta espécie de ave cantora pertence à família Pycnonotidae. É a espécie tipo do gênero obsoleto Ixocincla, que uniu várias aves do tipo mais ou menos estreitamente relacionadas de toda a região do Oceano Índico.

Referências

  1. BirdLife International. «'Hypsipetes olivaceus'». Lista Vermelha da IUCN de espécies ameaçadas da UICN 2013.2 (em inglês). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado em 26 November 2013 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
  2. Gregory, Steven M. (2000). "Nomenclature of the Hypsipetes Bulbuls (Pycnonotidae)" (PDF). Forktail 16: 164–166.
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Hypsipetes olivaceus: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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Hypsipetes olivaceus é uma espécie de pássaro endêmico da ilha Maurício. Antigamente, era incluído no H. borbonicus como a subespécie olivaceus.

Esta espécie de ave cantora pertence à família Pycnonotidae. É a espécie tipo do gênero obsoleto Ixocincla, que uniu várias aves do tipo mais ou menos estreitamente relacionadas de toda a região do Oceano Índico.

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Mauritiusbulbyl ( Swedish )

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Mauritiusbulbyl[2] (Hypsipetes olivaceus) är en fågel i familjen bulbyler inom ordningen tättingar.[3] Den förekommer enbart i Maccabe-skogen på sydvästra Mauritius (västra Maskarenerna).[3] IUCN kategoriserar arten som sårbar.[1]

Noter

  1. ^ [a b] Birdlife International 2012 Hypsipetes olivaceus Från: IUCN 2015. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015.4 www.iucnredlist.org. Läst 2016-02-01.
  2. ^ Sveriges ornitologiska förening (2016) Officiella listan över svenska namn på världens fågelarter Arkiverad 18 oktober 2014 hämtat från the Wayback Machine., läst 2016-02-10
  3. ^ [a b] Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, D. Roberson, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood (2015) The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 2015 http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download, läst 2016-02-11

Externa länkar

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Mauritiusbulbyl: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

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Mauritiusbulbyl (Hypsipetes olivaceus) är en fågel i familjen bulbyler inom ordningen tättingar. Den förekommer enbart i Maccabe-skogen på sydvästra Mauritius (västra Maskarenerna). IUCN kategoriserar arten som sårbar.

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Hypsipetes olivaceus ( Vietnamese )

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Hypsipetes olivaceus là một loài chim trong họ Pycnonotidae.[1]

Chú thích

  1. ^ Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, B.L. Sullivan, C. L. Wood, and D. Roberson (2012). “The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 6.7.”. Truy cập ngày 19 tháng 12 năm 2012.

Tham khảo


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Hypsipetes olivaceus: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

provided by wikipedia VI

Hypsipetes olivaceus là một loài chim trong họ Pycnonotidae.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
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wikipedia VI