Purple martins communicate vocally and visually. Purple martins have eleven identified vocalizations that they use for different occasions like mating, warning, and teaching the young during fledging. Male purple martins use singing and visual displays to attract potential female mates. Juvenile purple martins resort to ‘choo-choo’ calls to attract their parents’ attention if protection is needed. Parents use juvenile 'choo-choo' calls to assemble their broods and return them safely to the nest. Female purple martins use the ‘choo’ call to lead their young to and from groupings areas during the fledging period. Purple martins only resort to ‘zwarck’ calls when they need to send a high intensity alarm, and it is often accompanied by the birds diving straight down towards the invader. Male purple martins use ‘hee-hee’ vocalizations to fight off intruders. ‘Zweet’ calls are used to show intraspecific excitement, as well as send an alarm to warn other purple martins of a potential threat and to encourage them to fly away. Purple martins use ‘cher’ calls to communicate daily and will use ‘chortle’ calls in high excitement situations. Males attract females by singing ‘croak songs’ as well as to warn off unmated males from entering their territory. During courtship males make a clicking sound by snapping their lower and upper mandibles together. The last vocalization male purple martins use are ‘subsongs’ and are heard during feeding and pre-migratory periods. ‘Subsongs’ are used to communicate with other purple martins while socializing together. Purple martin males that are part of a stable colony often perform a 'dawnsong' which include a variety of sounds early in the morning.
Communication Channels: visual ; acoustic
Other Communication Modes: duets ; choruses
Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical
The IUCN Red List has listed purple martins as a species of least concern. The United States Federal list has listed purples martins as being a species of concern. Currently several groups are working on conserving the natural habitat of purple martins. Under the Michigan Special Animal list, purple martins are not in danger. Overall, purple martins have stable population numbers and inhabit a wide geographical range. In Canada, purple martin populations have seen some decline, and are currently considered at risk in British Columbia. Local populations have suffered greatly from weather related mortalities in the northern edges of the breeding range. Purple martins are also declining due to the competition for nesting sites. Purple martins compete with invasive house sparrows and European starlings for nesting sites. Currently in British Columbia they are setting up special nesting boxes in the hope of sustaining the remaining population.
US Migratory Bird Act: protected
US Federal List: no special status
CITES: no special status
State of Michigan List: no special status
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern
There are no known adverse effects of purple martins on humans.
Humans benefit largely from the insectivorous food habits of purple martins. Purple martins consume large quantities of pest species including flies, stink bugs, clover weevil beetles, and mosquitoes.
Positive Impacts: controls pest population
Purple martins play roles as predator, prey, competitor, and host. Purple martins are insectivorous and are known to be effective pest controllers. Purple martins are preyed upon by many species and also serve as a host to several species of parasites. Purple martin populations have been greatly affected by mite parasites, specifically Dermanyssus prognephilus that live inside their nests. These blood-feeding parasites are able to decrease clutch size and an outbreak may lead to colony abandonment. Other parasites include ticks, beetles, louseflies, fleas, and bowflies.
Purple martins have to compete for nesting sites with house sparrows and European starlings. Starlings often corner purple martins in their own nest cavities where fighting results and often ends in death. This competition is particularly unfortunate, as both house sparrows and European starlings are invasive species in the United States and often out-compete native purple martins for nesting habitat.
Commensal/Parasitic Species:
Purple martins are primarily insectivores. They capture food in flight and rarely glean insects from foliage or the ground. Purple martins prefer eating fruit flies (Ceratitis), mosquitoes (Culicidae), wasps (Polistes), beetles (Coleoptera), ants (Formicidae), grasshoppers (Orthoptera), cicadas (Cicadidae) as well as dragonflies (Anisoptera). Purple martins may consume 400 flies or 2000 mosquitoes in a day.
Purple martins rarely eat spiders Araneida and prefer any other insect instead. Generally purple martin diets consists of 23% wasps and bees (Hymenoptera), 16% flies, 15% assorted bugs like stink bugs (Pentatomidae) and black bugs (Thyreocoridae), and 12% were beetles (Onthophagus). Purple martins also eat butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera) but dragonflies seem to be preferred. Young purple martins prefer eating dragonflies over other insects while adults show no specific preference to dragonflies.
Purple martins are greatly dependent on the weather, since it has a profound effect on insect populations. At low temperatures insect food sources tend to decrease, where as at high temperature purple martins have an abundance of food. High velocity winds also decrease food availability. Purple martins tend to eat beetles throughout all the seasons, but flies tend to disappear from their diet in late August. Insect populations tend to be at its highest during August which coincides with greater nutritional need in preparation for fall migration. It is during August that purple martins must hoard up food and nutrients for the long flight back south. These birds consume water in flight by skimming their lower beaks across any water source.
Animal Foods: insects; terrestrial non-insect arthropods
Primary Diet: carnivore (Insectivore )
Progne subis, commonly known as purple martins, inhabits the Nearctic region and can be found across North and South America. They are migratory birds that breed in North and Central America and overwinter in South America. The northern extent of the breeding range includes the Canadian provinces of Alberta, Saskatchewan, and southern Manitoba. Purple martins breed across the eastern half of the United States, and also may be found along the Pacific coastline including the entire Baja Peninsula.
Purple martins overwinter across most of South America including the countries of Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay and Argentina. Their winter range has been recorded to be South American lowlands anywhere east of the Andes Mountains. Concentrated populations have been found to winter in Bolivia and some provinces of Brazil. There have been some records of purple martin populations found in the British Isles, but these birds rarely migrate outside of the Americas.
Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native ); neotropical (Native )
Purple martins prefer open spaces that are situated close to any water source, as they are insectivores and are attracted to the large populations of insects near wetlands, swamps, and wet meadows. Purple martins also seem to avoid high elevations, for instance the Appalachian Mountains, but may be found at elevations from less than 100 m to 4,000 m. Due to colonization and human interactions in their natural habitats, purple martins are now accustomed to human interaction and live in close proximity with humans today. They tend to find shelter in urban settlements, often living in specially made birdhouses called "martin houses". Historically, this species inhabited forest edges, montane forests, and deserts and nested in abandoned woodpecker cavities. Some populations that breed in the western United States continue to live in these natural settings, however most utilize man-made martin houses.
During migration, these birds stopover in a variety of habitats. They usually fly over coastal lines and cross the Gulf of Mexico. They have been recorded in lowlands and the high mountain ranges of Venezuela and Columbia. They are often seen in cities and open areas while migrating south. Wintering habitats include rainforests, agricultural areas, and clearings of South America. They may also reside in urban plazas.
Range elevation: <100 to 4000 m.
Average elevation: 2600 m.
Habitat Regions: temperate ; tropical ; terrestrial
Terrestrial Biomes: desert or dune ; savanna or grassland ; forest ; mountains
Aquatic Biomes: lakes and ponds; rivers and streams; temporary pools
Wetlands: marsh ; swamp ; bog
Other Habitat Features: urban ; suburban ; agricultural ; riparian
The most common predators for purple martins are owls and snakes which prey on both adults and juveniles. Owls attack while the birds are inside the nest. Owls grab the nest and shake it, which disorientates the purple martin. Purple martins then try to slip out of the entrance hole, but owls grabs them with their claw. Humans can help prevent these owl attacks by attaching curved rods over nest entrances so that owls cannot perch atop the martin houses. Owls have also been known to reach their claws into martin houses to grab purple martins.
Predators like snakes or raccoons are able to climb the bird house poles and make their way to the entrance cavities. They pull out any adult birds and then proceed to eat the eggs. The snakes that tend to prey on purple martins are usually non-poisonous and often climb up the poles and eat both the eggs and young. Rat snakes are the most common snake predators. Hawks and blue herons are the only predators that prey on purple martins in the air. Domestic cats prey on purple martins when they are on the ground in search of nesting material. Squirrels also prey on purple martins by climbing up the nest and entering the cavity. Squirrels kill the young, break up all the eggs and can even occupy the nest to raise their own young.
One anti-predation behavior shown by purple martins is vigilant nest cleaning. Purple martin parents will eat fecal sacs and encourage juvenile birds to defecate by poking at their cloacal region. The feces will be either consumed or removed from the nest by dropping them outside. The elimination of feces and fecal sacs allows for protection, since the scent trails would be removed.
Purple martins respond to predator attacks by sending the 'zweet' call. 'Zweet' calls are used to warn other purple martins of the threat or to encourage them to fly away. Purple martins often dive bomb their attacker. Purple martin colonies have no coordinated response to predators. They do not all attack the predator but do assemble as a crowd to confuse predators and make it difficult to focus on one bird. The only birds that do attack the predator are the owners of a threatened nest. Purple martins will generally stay out of the predator’s way unless the predator comes within a few meters of their nest and young. Then purple martin adults have been known to attack the predator. Purple martins benefit from living in large colonies, because it adds to their protection and stability. Large colonies are able to detect predators faster, thereby decreasing predation.
Known Predators:
Purple martins are the largest North American swallow, measuring 20.3 cm long and weighing 56 g on average. Their wingspan is about 45.7 cm. Males are a bit larger, entirely shiny, and deep purple or almost black in coloration. Purple martin males have less shine on their blackish wings and tails compared to their heads and backs. Females are overall gray or gray-blue with darker wings and crown feathers, and feature a white breast smudged with varying degrees of gray. Western females are overall paler than eastern. Purple martins have a dark, black-brown bill and the average length is 8.2 mm for males and 8.5 mm for females. Their gape tends to be yellow in young birds and a dull orangey-brown color in adults. Their legs and feet have a black brown coloration and their eyes are dark brown.
Juvenile purple martins are overall gray to black with a white belly and gray-streaked breast. In juveniles, there is a much clearer line between their gray throats and white bellies compared to females which will have a primarily gray belly. In flight, a juvenile's tail may have a narrow, slight fork whereas adult tails are distinctly forked and wider.
Populations residing in the southwest United States exhibit lighter coloration than purple martins in other regions. This lighter coloration is hypothesized to be an adaptation to the desert climate and serves to absorb less heat.
Range mass: 10 to 55 g.
Average mass: 48 g.
Range length: 18 to 22 cm.
Average length: 20.3 cm.
Range wingspan: 39 to 43 cm.
Range basal metabolic rate: 2.6 KJ*g^-1*day^-1 to 4.0 KJ*g^-1*day^-1 cm3.O2/g/hr.
Average basal metabolic rate: 3.0 KJ*g^-1*day^-1 cm3.O2/g/hr.
Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry
Sexual Dimorphism: male larger; sexes colored or patterned differently; male more colorful
The longevity of purple martins range from 0 to 13 years and nine months. Purple martin mortality is often the result of severe weather. Three to four days of severe weather can lead to insect numbers drastically declining. If there is a lack of food, purple martins cannot survive and this often results in population decline. Another hindrance to long life expectancy is often body parasites. Purple martins host a protozoan blood parasite Haemoproteus prognei. This parasite can have disastrous effects on the surviving rate of first year birds during the winter and migration period.
Range lifespan
Status: wild: 13.75 (high) years.
Average lifespan
Status: wild: 165 months.
Purple martins are socially monogamous, but form a pair bond that rarely extends to subsequent seasons. In Texas, 5% of purple martins that occupied more than one nest practiced polygamy. Males arrive at the breeding grounds first and will select nest cavities where he will display to potential mates. The male often selects two nest sites for females to choose from. Males are very territorial and will aggressively defend nest sites from other males. Unpaired males will perform an aerial display to any nearby female. This display begins with the male flying out from his nest in a wide arc, then swooping back into the cavity, popping out his head and singing. Research has suggested that despite these efforts, females are more interested in the quality of a nest site than a male's displaying ability. Once a pair has formed, the male defends the nest cavity as well as his mate. Although the pair is aggressive towards foreign intruders, they tolerate each other and will continue to tolerate each other in subsequent years even when they are paired with other mates.
Mating System: monogamous
Generally purple martins spend their winters in South America just past the Andes, and start returning to their northern breeding grounds as early as January 1. They slowly move northwards progressing generally 3 to 5 degrees latitude (330 to to 550 km) every half a month and they reach their northern limits around May 1. Adult males often return first, followed shortly by adult females while sub-adults return a couple weeks after. This general breeding pattern has been found to be true for a generalized population, except the non-colonial Saguaro desert broods. These purple martins arrive early May, which is about two and a half months later than any other colony at the same latitude. Reasons for the difference in arrival patterns have not yet been discovered.
After a pair bond is formed, the martins can start building a nest. Nest building starts about a month before the pair intends to lay the eggs. Common materials used to build nests are green leaves, grass, sticks, paper, mud, and feathers. The use of green leaves as nesting materials is poorly understood, but there are currently many hypotheses. The female performs most of the construction, while the male gathers materials and defends the cavity from other martins. Historically, purple martins used natural cavities to nest in but due to deforestation and the removal of dead trees, these birds mostly nest within man-made "martin houses" that can house an entire colony of martins.
The breeding season for purple martins starts in May and will last until June. A purple martin nest can have anywhere from 3 to 8 white, oval eggs but the average amount of eggs laid is 5. These eggs are usually about 2.4 by 1.7 cm in size and are then incubated for 15 to 18 days. The chicks fledge after 26 to 31 days and travel in a family group. The group returns to sleep at the nest for several days. At 7 to 10 days after fledging the young are able to survive on their own and will disperse. Young purple martins can reproduce in the first subsequent breeding season.
Breeding interval: Purple martins generally breed once yearly.
Breeding season: Purple martin breeding season occurs during the months of May and June.
Range eggs per season: 3 to 8.
Average eggs per season: 4 to 5.
Range time to hatching: 15 to 18 days.
Range fledging age: 26 to 31 days.
Range time to independence: 33 to 41 days.
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): <1 years.
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): <1 years.
Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; oviparous
Average eggs per season: 4.
After the eggs are laid, the female is the primary incubator. Incubation lasts from 15 to 18 days. When the female leaves the nest, the male will proceed in incubating the eggs himself but this happens infrequently. As soon as the chicks hatch, brooding begins and usually lasts until the tenth day. The female alone broods the young. Purple martin chicks are altricial and are completely dependent upon the parents for survival.
The young are fed within hours of hatching and will continue to be fed for 5 to 7 days after the young fledge. Both the male and female feed the brood. Feeding occurs by regurgitating food and transferring it into the mouths of the young one by one. As the brood gets older the feeding sessions become more frequent and reaches its peak when the young start gaining the most weight, which occurs around days 17 to 21. The feeding becomes so regular that it may occur every 30 seconds. Parents ensure that the food is the proper size to be swallowed and if the pieces are too large and swallowing does not occur instantly, the food is removed from their mouths. Parents keep the nest clean by eating the fecal sacs and encouraging the young to defecate by poking at their cloacal region. After two weeks of development, the female purple martin will cease to sleep in the same compartment as the nestlings, because less frequent night brooding is necessary.
Parental Investment: altricial ; male parental care ; female parental care ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Male); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Male, Female, Protecting: Male, Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Male, Female, Protecting: Male, Female); pre-independence (Provisioning: Male, Female, Protecting: Male, Female)
A large (7 ¼ -8 ½ inches) swallow, the male Purple Martin is most easily identified by its large size, dark purple-black body, and notched tail. Female Purple Martins are purplish gray above and pale below with streaking on the breast. While the male is unmistakable in North America, the female resembles other pale breasted swallows, although it is generally much larger. On migration and during the winter, both sexes may be confused with other species of martin occurring in the American tropics. The Purple Martin breeds across much of the eastern United States and southern Canada. Other populations breed on the Pacific coast from California to British Columbia, in the interior west, and in western Mexico. This species is a long-distance migrant, wintering primarily in Bolivia and southern Brazil. Purple Martins historically bred along forest edges near water, nesting in old woodpecker holes in dead trees. Today, almost all Purple Martins, particularly those breeding in the east, nest in man-made nest boxes in urban or suburban areas. In winter, this species is found foraging over open savannah and fields, roosting in trees or buildings nearby. Purple Martins exclusively eat flying insects. In the Purple Martin’s breeding range, the easiest way to find this species is to look for the large, white, pole-mounted nest boxes in which Purple Martins prefer to nest. While foraging, this species may be seen swooping over ponds, lakes, and open country while catching insects in flight. Purple Martins are primarily active during the day.
A large (7 ¼ -8 ½ inches) swallow, the male Purple Martin is most easily identified by its large size, dark purple-black body, and notched tail. Female Purple Martins are purplish gray above and pale below with streaking on the breast. While the male is unmistakable in North America, the female resembles other pale breasted swallows, although it is generally much larger. On migration and during the winter, both sexes may be confused with other species of martin occurring in the American tropics. The Purple Martin breeds across much of the eastern United States and southern Canada. Other populations breed on the Pacific coast from California to British Columbia, in the interior west, and in western Mexico. This species is a long-distance migrant, wintering primarily in Bolivia and southern Brazil. Purple Martins historically bred along forest edges near water, nesting in old woodpecker holes in dead trees. Today, almost all Purple Martins, particularly those breeding in the east, nest in man-made nest boxes in urban or suburban areas. In winter, this species is found foraging over open savannah and fields, roosting in trees or buildings nearby. Purple Martins exclusively eat flying insects. In the Purple Martin’s breeding range, the easiest way to find this species is to look for the large, white, pole-mounted nest boxes in which Purple Martins prefer to nest. While foraging, this species may be seen swooping over ponds, lakes, and open country while catching insects in flight. Purple Martins are primarily active during the day.
Distribucion General: Se reproduce desde el sur de Canadá hasta la parte central de México. Invierna en América del Sur, del este de los Andes hacia el sur hasta Bolivia y el sureste de Brasil.
Ocasionalmente, algunos individuos que se han desviado hacia el interior del continente pueden asociarse con bandadas de Progne chalybea, aunque posiblemente se observan solos con mayor frecuencia y generalmente sobre áreas abiertas.
Ocasionalmente, una bandada en migración desciende al atardecer, en especial si hay mal tiempo, para dormir sobre las líneas telefónicas o los árboles.
Les especies d'aves con nome común en llingua asturiana márquense como NOA. En casu contrariu, conséñase'l nome científicu o de la SEO.
'''Progne subis ye una especie d'ave paseriforme de la familia Hirundinidae. Ye la mayor golondrina de Norteamérica.
Algama los 18 a 22 cm de llargor. Esta especie tien un claru dimorfismu sexual : los machos adultos tienen un plumaxe brillosu de color negru azuláu, sacante nes nales y la cola que son d'un negru opacu, ente que les femes y los pitucos son de color marrón escuru na parte cimera y color beige na parte inferior, col gargüelu y el pechu enllordiáu de gris.
Esta páxina forma parte del wikiproyeutu Aves, un esfuerciu collaborativu col fin d'ameyorar y organizar tolos conteníos rellacionaos con esti tema. Visita la páxina d'alderique del proyeutu pa collaborar y facer entrugues o suxerencies. Les especies d'aves con nome común en llingua asturiana márquense como NOA. En casu contrariu, conséñase'l nome científicu o de la SEO. '''Progne subis ye una especie d'ave paseriforme de la familia Hirundinidae. Ye la mayor golondrina de Norteamérica.
L'oreneta porpra del nord[1] (Progne subis) és un ocell de la família dels hirundínids (Hirundinidae) que habita zones obertes, sovint a prop de l'aigua, i ciutats, criant al sud de Canadà, gran part dels Estats Units i del nord de Mèxic. Passa l'hivern al sud de Brasil i zones limítrofes de Paraguai, Perú i nord de l'Argentina.
L'oreneta porpra del nord (Progne subis) és un ocell de la família dels hirundínids (Hirundinidae) que habita zones obertes, sovint a prop de l'aigua, i ciutats, criant al sud de Canadà, gran part dels Estats Units i del nord de Mèxic. Passa l'hivern al sud de Brasil i zones limítrofes de Paraguai, Perú i nord de l'Argentina.
Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Gwennol borffor (sy'n enw benywaidd; enw lluosog: gwenoliaid porffor) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Progne subis; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Purple martin. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Gwenoliaid (Lladin: Hirundinidae) sydd yn urdd y Passeriformes.[1] Dyma aderyn sydd i'w gael yng ngwledydd Prydain, ond nid yng Nghymru.
Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn P. subis, sef enw'r rhywogaeth.[2] Mae'r rhywogaeth hon i'w chanfod yn Ne America a Gogledd America.
Mae'r gwennol borffor yn perthyn i deulu'r Gwenoliaid (Lladin: Hirundinidae). Dyma rai o aelodau eraill y teulu:
Rhestr Wicidata:
rhywogaeth enw tacson delwedd Gwennol bondo Asia Delichon dasypus Gwennol bondo Nepal Delichon nipalensis.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Gwennol borffor (sy'n enw benywaidd; enw lluosog: gwenoliaid porffor) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Progne subis; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Purple martin. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Gwenoliaid (Lladin: Hirundinidae) sydd yn urdd y Passeriformes. Dyma aderyn sydd i'w gael yng ngwledydd Prydain, ond nid yng Nghymru.
Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn P. subis, sef enw'r rhywogaeth. Mae'r rhywogaeth hon i'w chanfod yn Ne America a Gogledd America.
Die Purpurschwalbe (Progne subis) ist eine amerikanische Singvogelart.
Mit 20 cm Länge ist die Purpurschwalbe der größte Vertreter der Schwalben in Nordamerika. Während das Männchen ein metallisch glänzendes schwarz-blaues Gefieder besitzt, ist das Weibchen oberseits schwarz-blau und unterseits grau gefärbt. Die oben grau-braunen und unten weißlichen Jungvögel bekommen im ersten Winter purpurfarbene Federn. Der Schwanz der Purpurschwalbe ist gegabelt. Sie fängt Insekten in der Luft und trinkt sogar im Flug, indem sie dicht über der Wasseroberfläche fliegt und mit dem Schnabel Wasser aufnimmt.
Die Purpurschwalbe brütet von Südkanada bis Mexiko und überwintert im Amazonasbecken. Sie lebt in verschiedenen Lebensräumen, sowohl urbanen und landwirtschaftlichen Gebieten als auch lichten Wäldern und Regenwäldern.
Während die Purpurschwalbe im Osten fast ausschließlich in Nistkästen brütet, nützt sie anderswo verlassene Spechthöhlen, Löcher in Kakteen und Bäume und sogar Felsklippen zum Nisten. Die Brutpaare, die lebenslang zusammenbleiben, bauen gemeinsam ein napfförmiges Nest aus Schlamm und Pflanzenmaterial. Das Weibchen brütet alleine bis sieben Eier rund zwei Wochen lang aus. Das Männchen hilft wieder bei der Aufzucht der Jungvögel. Diese werden nach vier Wochen flügge, werden aber noch weitere zwei Wochen von den Eltern mit Futter versorgt.
Die Purpurschwalbe (Progne subis) ist eine amerikanische Singvogelart.
The purple martin (Progne subis) is a passerine bird in the swallow family Hirundinidae. It is the largest swallow in North America. Despite its name, the purple martin is not truly purple. The dark blackish-blue feathers have an iridescent sheen caused by the refraction of incident light[2] giving them a bright blue to navy blue or deep purple appearance. In some light they may even appear green in color.
Being migratory, their breeding range extends from central Alberta down through the eastern United States. Subspecies breed in Baja California, Arizona, and New Mexico. Most make a brief stopover in the Yucatán Peninsula or Cuba during pre-breeding migration to North America and during post-breeding migration before reaching their overwintering site in South America.[3]
They are known for their speed, agility, and their characteristic mix of rapid flapping and gliding flight pattern. When approaching their nesting site, they will dive from the sky at great speeds with their wings tucked, just like the peregrine falcon does when hunting smaller birds.
In 1750 the English naturalist George Edwards included an illustration and a description of the purple martin in the third volume of his A Natural History of Uncommon Birds. He used the English name "The Great American Martin". Edwards based his hand-coloured etching on a preserved specimen that had been brought to London from the Hudson Bay area of Canada by James Isham.[4] When in 1758 the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus updated his Systema Naturae for the tenth edition, he placed the purple martin with swallows and swifts in the genus Hirundo. Linnaeus included a brief description, coined the binomial name Hirundo subis and cited Edwards' work.[5]
The purple martin is now placed in the genus Progne that was introduced in 1826 by the German zoologist Friedrich Boie.[6][7] The genus name Progne is from Greek mythology. Progne or Procne (Πρόκνη), the daughter of King Pandion of Athens and wife of King Tereus of Thrace was transformed into a swallow. The specific epithet subis is Latin for a bird mentioned by the Roman author Nigidius Figulus that could break eagle's eggs. It may have been applied to this species because of its aggression toward birds of prey when it is nesting.[8]
Three subspecies are recognised:[7]
With an average length of 20 cm (7.9 in) and a wingspan up to 38 cm (15 in), the purple martin is the largest amongst the 90 some species in the family Hirundinidae.[9]
Measurement ranges:[10]
Purple martins are sexually dimorphic. Adult males are entirely black with glossy steel blue sheen, the only swallow in North America with such coloration. Adult females are dark on top with some steel blue sheen, and lighter underparts. Adults have a slightly forked tail. Both male and female purple martins exhibit delayed plumage maturation, meaning it takes them two years before they acquire full adult plumage. Subadult females look similar to adult females minus the steel blue sheen and browner on the back. Subadult males look very much like females, but solid black feathers emerge on their chest in a blotchy, random pattern as they molt to their adult plumage.[3]
Purple martins are quite vocal. They are known to chirp, chortle, rattle, and croak.[11] Their various calls are described as "throaty and rich" and can be rendered as tchew-wew, pew pew, choo, cher, zweet and zwrack. The males have a gurgling and guttural courtship song, a dawn song, and even a subsong used at the end of the breeding season.[11][12] Tapes of purple martin song are sold to attract martins to newly established birdhouses.
The species of this genus are very closely related, and some view the purple martin, gray-breasted martin, caribbean martin, and southern martin, as a superspecies.[11]
Purple martins' breeding range is throughout temperate North America.[13] Their breeding habitat is open areas across eastern North America, and also some locations on the west coast from British Columbia to Mexico.[14] Martins make their nests in cavities, either natural or artificial. In many places, humans put up real or artificial hollow gourds, or houses for martins, especially in the east, where purple martins are almost entirely dependent on such structures. As a result, this subspecies typically breeds in colonies located in proximity to people, even within cities and towns. This makes their distribution patchy, as they are usually absent from areas where no nest sites are provided. Western birds often make use of natural cavities such as old woodpecker holes in trees or saguaro cacti.[3][11] The birds migrate to the Amazon basin in winter. Their winter range extends into Ecuador[15] but does not seem to ascend far up the Andean foothills.
There are multiple records of long distance vagrancy for this species. The first record of this species in Europe was in Dún Laoghaire, Leinster, Ireland in 1839 or 1840.[16] The species was recorded at least six other times in the British Isles in the 1800s, and there are more recent records from Scotland in 2004 and the Azores in 2004 and 2011.[16] There is also a record of two birds from Stanley, Falkland Islands (Las Malvinas) in 2004, and multiple records from Alaska, including records from Saint Paul Island in the Bering Sea and Fairbanks.[17][18]
Wintering in Brazil, Bolivia and parts of Peru,[3] purple martins migrate to North America in the spring to breed. Spring migration is somewhat staggered, with arrivals in southern areas such as Florida and Texas in January, but showing up in the northern United States in April and in Canada as late as May.
Arrival date to the breeding grounds tends to correlate directly with age. It is assumed that the older birds arrive on the breeding grounds first to obtain the better nesting sites. Older males typically migrate first and leave the overwintering sites in late December or early January, followed by older females. Younger birds (first yearlings) typically arrive to the breeding grounds up to two months later.[19]
Fall migration is also staggered, as birds head south when the breeding season is over. Some birds leave as early as July and others stay as late as October. Martins generally migrate over land, through Mexico and Central America. When not breeding, martins form large flocks and roost together in great numbers. This behavior begins just prior to the southern migration and continues on the wintering grounds.[3]
These flocks can be so large that when they take-off from these roosts to forage the activity is detected on Doppler radar as rings. Referred to as roost rings, they start small then get larger until the birds have spread out and the ring disappears.[20]
Males arrive in breeding sites before females, and establish their territory. A territory can consist of several potential nest sites. After forming a pair, both the male and female inspect available nest sites. This process is complicated by the fact that artificial nest sites could be houses with many rooms, clustered gourds, or single gourds. The nest is made inside the cavity of such artificial structures and retains a somewhat flat appearance. The nest is a structure of primarily three levels: the first level acts as a foundation and is usually made up of twigs, mud, small pebbles and in at least a few reported cases, small river mollusk shells were used; the second level of the nest is made up of grasses, finer smaller twigs; the third level of construction composing the nest is a small compression usually lined with fresh green leaves where the eggs are laid.
Purple martins are generally known to raise only a single brood. The average clutch size is four to six eggs per nest. Females lay one egg a day and incubation begins when the penultimate (second to last) egg is laid. Incubation lasts 15–16 days and the female is the main incubator, with some help from the male. Hatching occurs over the course of two to three days. Fledging, when the young leave the nest, occurs between 26 and 32 days after hatch day. Fledglings will continue to receive care from both parents for up to a month after fledging.
Purple martins are insectivores, primarily feed by hawking, a strategy of catching insects in the air during flight. The birds are agile hunters and eat a variety of winged insects. Rarely, they will come to the ground to eat insects. They usually fly relatively high, so, contrary to popular opinion, mosquitoes do not form a large part of their diet.[3] Research published in 2015, however, does indicate that the purple martin feeds on invasive fire ants (Solenopsis invicta) and that they may make up a significant portion of their diet.[21]
Purple martins (nominate form P. s. subis) are considered synanthropic, meaning they have developed an association with humans over time and benefit from living in close proximity to them.[22] Through years of generational imprinting and nesting the eastern species has made a complete transition from nesting in the wild to relying on human-provided nesting sites. Initially difficult to get a colony started, once established, the colony will persist as long as nesting sites are available. Martins have a very strong "site tenacity" and if they are successful in raising a brood, will often return to the same site to nest year after year.[23]
The human-avian relationship was in place even before the population crash in the 20th century; Cherokee were known to have hollowed out gourds and hung them on wooden snags and posts in the pre-colonial era. They erected them so that the adult birds would build nests and then feed thousands of insects to their young each day that would otherwise be eating their crops. In 1808, Chickasaws and Choctaws were observed hanging gourds for martins on stripped saplings near their cabins, as African Americans were doing likewise on long canes on the banks of the Mississippi.[22]
Continual maintenance and protection is required, as European starlings and house sparrows compete with martins as cavity-nesters, and will fight with martins over nest sites. Thus, unmonitored purple martin houses are often overtaken by more aggressive, non-native species.[3] Purple martin proponents are motivated by the concern that the purple martin would likely vanish from eastern North America were it not for this assistance.[24]
There is a misconception among many people regarding purple martin temperament. Many people believe purple martins will defend their nesting sites against competitor species such as the house sparrow and European starling. However, both species are more aggressive and in most cases will instinctively fight to the death in order to obtain a nesting site. The house sparrow and European starling are known to kill adult martins, take over the nest and remove eggs or remaining young.
Purple martins suffered a severe population crash in the 20th century widely linked to the release and spread of European starlings in North America. European starlings and house sparrows compete with martins for nest cavities. Where purple martins once gathered in the thousands, by the 1980s they had all but disappeared.[25]
Though classified as being of least concern by the IUCN,[26] purple martins are experiencing a unique threat to their long-term survival. Nearly all eastern members of the species exclusively nest in artificial gourds and 'condo' units provided by human 'landlords', and this practice has been experiencing a steady decline. One study found that nearly 90% of landlords were 50 years of age or older, and that younger generations were not exhibiting the same enthusiasm nor possessing the resources to provide martin housing.[22]
Adults around gourds and nest boxes in a garden in Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States
Nest boxes in Griggsville, Illinois
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) The purple martin (Progne subis) is a passerine bird in the swallow family Hirundinidae. It is the largest swallow in North America. Despite its name, the purple martin is not truly purple. The dark blackish-blue feathers have an iridescent sheen caused by the refraction of incident light giving them a bright blue to navy blue or deep purple appearance. In some light they may even appear green in color.
Being migratory, their breeding range extends from central Alberta down through the eastern United States. Subspecies breed in Baja California, Arizona, and New Mexico. Most make a brief stopover in the Yucatán Peninsula or Cuba during pre-breeding migration to North America and during post-breeding migration before reaching their overwintering site in South America.
They are known for their speed, agility, and their characteristic mix of rapid flapping and gliding flight pattern. When approaching their nesting site, they will dive from the sky at great speeds with their wings tucked, just like the peregrine falcon does when hunting smaller birds.
La Purpura hirundo (Progne subis) estas paserina birdo el la familio de hirundedoj (Hirundinidae), kiu enhavas kaj la hirundojn kaj la murhirundojn. Ĝi estas la plej granda el la hirundoj el Nordameriko, ĉar ĝis estas 20 cm longa. Plenkreskuloj havas iom forkoforman voston. Tiuj "aerakrobatoj" havas rapidon kaj lerton dumfluge, kaj kiam ili alproksimiĝas al siajn hejmoj, ili plonĝas rapidege el la ĉielo kun la flugiloj fermitaj.
Tiu ĉi specio estis unuafoje priskribita de Linnaeus en sia Systema naturae en 1758 kiel Hirundo subis.[1]
La plej ĝusta identigo de la Purpura hirundo dependas de ties aĝo. Tiu ĉi specio atingas sian plenan plenkreskulan reproduktan plumaron nur post du jaroj. Tio malfaciligas tiun identigon. Oni povas uzi facilajn akronimojn por identigi la aĝon kaj sekson de la Purpura hirundo. "EJ" signifus "elnestiĝa jaro", "DJ" signifus "dua jaro" kaj "PDJ" signifus "post dua jaro".
Masklaj plenkreskuloj estas tute nigraj kun brila stalblua nuanco, kaj inaj plenkreskuloj estas malhelaj supre kun iom da stalblua nuanco, kaj pli helaj subaj partoj. Tiele, kiel ĉe aliaj hirundoj, la inoj montras iom da diferenco inter supraj kaj subaj partoj (ĉiam subaj pli helaj) kaj ambaŭ seksoj montras nigran zoneton el beko al okulo (inklude ambaŭ); same kaj malkiel ĉe aliaj hirundoj, la masklo montras unutonan plumarkoloron tute purpurnigran kio nomigas la specion kaj diferencigas ĝin el aliaj samfamilianojn.
Inoj aspektas similaj al inoj "PDJ" escepte pro la manko de stalblua nuanco dorse. Maskloj aspektas ege multe kiel inoj de tiu aĝo, sed ili havas tre nigrajn plumojn elirantajn en sia brusto laŭ malregula, hazarda bildo, dum ili plumŝanĝas al plenkreska plumaro.
La orienta nomiga subspecio P. s. subis nestumas ekskluzive en homfaritaj birdejoj, el kiuj ili havas ĉirkaŭ unu miliono. Ĝi estas la ununura birdo entute dependa de homoj por nestolokoj. Gravas noti, ke ne kontrolitaj ejoj por Purpura hirundo ofte iĝas reproduktaj kolonioj por Dompaseroj kaj por Sturnoj — invademaj specioj kulpaj de malpliiĝo de la populacioj de Purpura hirundo tra Nordameriko. Ambaŭ el tiuj agresemaj neindiĝenaj specioj estis enmetitaj el Eŭropo kaj ofte ili mortigas purpurajn hirundojn por preni ties nestolokojn. Se oni ne kontrolas aktive kaj forigas tiujn du speciojn el la nestolokoj, la Purpura hirundo perdos siajn ovojn kaj idojn kaj faros, ke la hirundoj abandonas la lokon. Pro tiom negativaj sekvoj sur la Purpura hirundo, multaj terposedantoj kaptas la invademajn speciojn por sekurigi la survivon de siaj kolonioj de hirundoj.
La pli pala subspecio P. s. hesperia de Arizono kaj okcidenta Meksikio uzas nur truojn de pegedoj en Saguaro kaj aliaj grandaj kaktoj, kaj la granda pala formo de la okcidenta marbordo nome P. s. arboricola uzas same truojn de pegedoj kaj aliajn naturajn kavaĵojn kiel nestoskatolojn kaj kukurbojn.
La voĉo estas priskribita kiel: "Gorĝeca kaj riĉa ĉju-ju, ktp., aŭ pju pju. Gugla kaj trilgargara kanto, fine en serio de malaltaj riĉaj guglaĵoj".[2] Purpurhirundoj havas ankaŭ "matenkanton". Oni vendas sonbendojn de tiuj kantoj por allogi hirundojn al nove setlitaj birdejoj.
Ties reprodukta habitato estas malfermaj areoj tra orienta Nordameriko, kaj ankaŭ kelkaj lokoj en la okcidenta marbordo el Brita Kolumbio al Meksiko.[3]. Tiu specio kutime reproduktiĝas en kolonioj lokitaj tre proksime de homaj setlejoj.
La Purpura hirundo migras vintre al la baseno de Amazono. Ties vintra teritorio etendiĝas al Ekvadoro[4] sed ŝajne ne ascendas ĝis la proksimeco de Andoj.
La unua vidaĵo de tiu specio okazis en Eŭropo pro ununura birdo en Lewis, Skotio la 5an kaj 6an de septembro de 2004, kaj la dua estis en la Azoroj la 6an de septembro de 2004.
Purpuraj hirundoj estas aeraj insektomanĝantoj, tio estas ke ili kaptas insektojn el la aero. La birdoj estas lertaj ĉasistoj kaj manĝas varion de flugilaj insektoj. Rare, foje, ili venas surgrunde por manĝi insektojn. Ili kutime flugas relative alte, pro tio, kontraŭ popola opinio, moskitoj ne formas grandan parton de ĝia dieto.
La Purpura hirundo (Progne subis) estas paserina birdo el la familio de hirundedoj (Hirundinidae), kiu enhavas kaj la hirundojn kaj la murhirundojn. Ĝi estas la plej granda el la hirundoj el Nordameriko, ĉar ĝis estas 20 cm longa. Plenkreskuloj havas iom forkoforman voston. Tiuj "aerakrobatoj" havas rapidon kaj lerton dumfluge, kaj kiam ili alproksimiĝas al siajn hejmoj, ili plonĝas rapidege el la ĉielo kun la flugiloj fermitaj.
Tiu ĉi specio estis unuafoje priskribita de Linnaeus en sia Systema naturae en 1758 kiel Hirundo subis.
La golondrina purpúrea (Progne subis) es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Hirundinidae. Es la mayor golondrina de Norteamérica.
Alcanza los 18 a 22 cm de longitud. Esta especie tiene un claro dimorfismo sexual : los machos adultos tienen un plumaje brillante de color negro azulado, excepto en las alas y la cola que son de un negro opaco, mientras que las hembras y los polluelos son de color marrón oscuro en la parte superior y color beige en la parte inferior, con la garganta y el pecho manchado de gris.
La golondrina purpúrea (Progne subis) es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Hirundinidae. Es la mayor golondrina de Norteamérica.
Enara iluna (Progne subis) Progne generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Hirundinidae familian sailkatua dago.
Enara iluna (Progne subis) Progne generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Hirundinidae familian sailkatua dago.
Progne subis
L'Hirondelle noire (Progne subis) est une espèce de passereaux américains appartenant à la famille des Hirundinidae.
L’hirondelle noire mesure de 18 à 22 cm de longueur. Cette espèce présente un net dimorphisme sexuel : les mâles adultes ont un plumage bleu-noir luisant, sauf au niveau des ailes et de la queue qui sont d'un noir plus terne, alors que les femelles et les juvéniles sont brun noirâtre sur le dessus, beige sur le dessous, avec une gorge et une poitrine maculées de gris.
Ces oiseaux insectivores capturent leurs proies en vol.
Les cris de cette hirondelle sont des "piou", "chiou" ou "tchiou" graves. Le chant est constitué de notes gargouillantes, graves et gutturales.
L'hirondelle noire vit dans les habitats de zones boisées clairsemées, présentant des cavités où nicher (arbres creux ou autres). Elle a colonisé les banlieues où elle peut trouver des cavités dans les bâtiments, ou des nichoirs mis à sa disposition par les amateurs d'oiseaux de jardin. On la trouve aussi dans les déserts, où elle occupe des trous creusés dans les saguaros par des pics.
Son aire de répartition va du sud du Canada jusqu'au nord du Mexique, mais elle est absente d'une bonne partie de l'ouest des États-Unis, notamment dans les zones de montagne ou au niveau du plateau du Colorado.
Progne subis
L'Hirondelle noire (Progne subis) est une espèce de passereaux américains appartenant à la famille des Hirundinidae.
Progne subis (Linnaeus, 1758) è una specie di uccelli appartente alla famiglia Hirundinidae.[1]
È la più grande rondine del Nord America. Nonostante il nome rondine purpurea, ha le piume blu-nerastre scure che hanno una lucentezza iridescente causata dalla rifrazione della luce.
Sono rondini migratori e il loro areale riproduttivo si estende dall'Alberta centrale fino agli Stati Uniti orientali.
Progne subis (Linnaeus, 1758) è una specie di uccelli appartente alla famiglia Hirundinidae.
È la più grande rondine del Nord America. Nonostante il nome rondine purpurea, ha le piume blu-nerastre scure che hanno una lucentezza iridescente causata dalla rifrazione della luce.
Sono rondini migratori e il loro areale riproduttivo si estende dall'Alberta centrale fino agli Stati Uniti orientali.
De purperzwaluw[2] (Progne subis) is een relatief grote zwaluw van de Nieuwe Wereld. Hij broedt in Noord-Amerika in bestaande nestgelegenheden, zoals spechtenholen en nestkasten. Broedkolonies kunnen honderden paren tellen. De purperzwaluw overwintert in Zuid-Amerika.
De purperzwaluw is de grootste Noord-Amerikaanse zwaluw. Een volwassen vogel heeft een lengte van 17 tot 20 centimeter,[3] met een gemiddelde lengte van 19 centimeter.[4] De vleugelspanwijdte bedraagt 38 tot 41 centimeter.[5] Het gewicht varieert van 50 tot 65 gram,[6] met een gemiddelde van 56 gram.[5] De purperzwaluw heeft een slank lichaam, lange vleugels en een brede, korte snavel. Net als de andere vogels van het geslacht Progne heeft hij een brede vleugelbasis, een licht gevorkte staart en een duidelijk naar beneden gerichte bovensnavel.[7]
De purperzwaluw en zijn verwanten zijn de enige zwaluwen in Noord-Amerika die een duidelijke seksuele dimorfie vertonen.[7] Het iriserende verenkleed van een volwassen mannetje is geheel zwart. Met uitzondering van de vleugels en staart glanst het in verschillende tinten blauw, groen of purperrood.[6] Onder de opgevouwen vleugels zijn kleine plukjes witte donsveren zichtbaar.[4]
Een volwassen vrouwtje is op de bovenzijde valer gekleurd, met onregelmatige vlekken blauwzwart. Ze heeft een grijze kraag op de achternek. De keel, borst en flanken zijn bleekbruin en de buikzijde is lichter gekleurd. De dekveren op de onderstaart zijn grijs en in het midden donkerder gekleurd.[4]
Het verenkleed van de vliegvlugge juveniel lijkt op dat van een volwassen vrouwtje, maar heeft minder paars op de kop en lichtere dekveren op de onderstaart.[5] Een jong mannetje heeft een blauwzwarte tekening op de kop en de onderzijde. De veren op de onderzijde hebben een donkere schacht. Sommige onvolwassen mannetjes hebben een minder duidelijke kraag op de achternek. In vergelijking tot het mannetje is het onvolwassen vrouwtje wat lichter aan de onderzijde en bruiner aan de bovenzijde. De donkere veerschachten aan de onderzijde ontbreken.[4] Mannetjes krijgen in het eerste broedjaar donkerpaarse veren op het hoofd, keel of buik.[5] In hun tweede jaar krijgen beide geslachten hun volwassen verenkleed.[3]
De purperzwaluw heeft geen lichte borst, zoals de meeste andere zwaluwsoorten.[6] Van de Progne-soorten komt behalve de purperzwaluw vrijwel alleen de bruinborstpurperzwaluw (P. tapera) in Noord-Amerika voor. Deze lijkt echter sterk op de oeverzwaluw (Riparia riparia). De grijsborstpurperzwaluw (P. chalybea), de Cubaanse purperzwaluw (P. cryptoleuca) en de Patagonische purperzwaluw (P. elegans) zijn slechts incidenteel in Noord-Amerika waargenomen. In Zuid-Amerika overlapt het leefgebied van de purperzwaluw ook dat van enkele andere sterk gelijkende Progne-soorten.[8]
Het mannetje van de purperzwaluw is nauwelijks te onderscheiden van de Cubaanse purperzwaluw.[8] Het vrouwtje is de enige Noord-Amerikaanse zwaluw met een sterk contrasterende grijze kraag in de nek en een licht voorhoofd. Een ander belangrijk kenmerk zijn de gevlekte dekveren op haar onderstaart.[4]
De purperzwaluw is met name bekend om zijn bereidheid in nestkasten te broeden. Wanneer meerdere nestkasten dicht opeen staan, kunnen zich grote kolonies vormen. In het westen van de Verenigde Staten en in Mexico broedt de purperzwaluw echter meestal solitair. Ook het gedrag van de vogel komt meer overeen met solitair broedende zwaluwen.[9]
De purperzwaluw is een vrij luidruchtige vogel. Bij alarmering of opwinding laat hij een zwak of zwiet horen. De zang van het mannetje klinkt als een luide reeks schatergeluiden en borrelende keelklanken. In het voorjaar laat hij 's ochtends vroeg zijn zang horen bij een potentiële nestplaats.[4]
Het vliegbeeld lijkt op dat van de spreeuw en bestaat uit vloeibare vleugelslagen afgewisseld met korte glijvluchten.[4][5] De purperzwaluw is een behendige en snelle vlieger. Wanneer hij een nest nadert, duikt hij met gesloten vleugels door de ingang. Tijdens het achtervolgen van vliegende insecten verandert de purperzwaluw regelmatig abrupt zijn richting.[3]
De purperzwaluw voedt zich voornamelijk tijdens de vlucht met gevleugelde insecten als libellen, (nacht)vlinders, vliegen en dazen. Ze voeden zich vooral met grote insecten. In tegenstelling tot vroeger vaak werd gedacht worden muggen slechts weinig gegeten.[3] Onderzoeken in 2015 wezen echter uit dat invasieve rode vuurmieren (Solenopsis invicta) een belangrijk onderdeel van het dieet kan uitmaken.[10]
De purperzwaluw voedt zich met insecten die het gemakkelijkst te verkrijgen zijn. Hierdoor varieert zijn voedsel per seizoen en dagdeel. Op koude bewolkte dagen foerageert de purperzwaluw laag boven de grond en vangt hij ook insecten van het ijs of het wateroppervlak. Bij warm weer vliegen insecten hoger en jaagt de purperzwaluw op dertig tot veertig meter hoogte. Op warme zomerochtenden zijn purperzwaluwen op ruim 300 meter hoogte waargenomen, terwijl ze jagen op nachtvlinders.[3]
De soort telt 3 ondersoorten:
De purperzwaluw (Progne subis) is een relatief grote zwaluw van de Nieuwe Wereld. Hij broedt in Noord-Amerika in bestaande nestgelegenheden, zoals spechtenholen en nestkasten. Broedkolonies kunnen honderden paren tellen. De purperzwaluw overwintert in Zuid-Amerika.
Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Jaskółczak modry (Progne subis) – gatunek ptaka z rodziny jaskółkowatych (Hirundinidae). Wyróżniono trzy podgatunki P. subis[4][2][5]:
Jaskółczak modry (Progne subis) – gatunek ptaka z rodziny jaskółkowatych (Hirundinidae). Wyróżniono trzy podgatunki P. subis:
jaskółczak modry (Progne subis subis) – południowa Kanada, wschodnie USA i wschodni Meksyk. jaskółczak kaktusowy (Progne subis hesperia) – południowo-zachodnie USA i południowo-zachodni Meksyk. Progne subis arboricola – zachodnie USA i północny Meksyk. Wygląd i zachowanie Długość ciała 18-22 cm. Skrzydła proporcjonalnie krótsze oraz szersze niż u innych ptaków z tej rodziny. Głowa i tułów samca niebieskoczarne, skrzydła i ogon czarne. Samica oraz młode od spodu szare, z jaśniejszym brzuchem. Samica ma czoło i obrożę szarą, ciemię i grzbiet niebieskoczarne, skrzydła i ogon czarne. U obu płci ogon jest długi, rozwidlony i szeroki. Największa jaskółka Ameryki Północnej. Krąży w powietrzu przeplatając lot ślizgowy szybkimi uderzeniami skrzydeł. Jego głównym pożywieniem są komary. Zasięg, środowisko Tereny otwarte i półotwarte, często widywana w pobliżu wody, od środkowej do południowej części Ameryki Północnej, z wyjątkiem zachodnich gór. Zimuje w Ameryce Południowej.Blå storsvala[2] (Progne subis) är en nordamerikansk tätting i familjen svalor.[3]
Storsvalor (Progne ) är som namnet avslöjar större än de flesta andra svalor. Denna art mäter 20 centimeter i kroppslängd, är både långvingad och storhövdad samt har en grunt kluven stjärt. Hanar är helt stålblåglansigt svarta, medan honor är mörka ovan med en viss stålblå glans och ljusare under.[4]
Hona i Chicago.
Hane.
Fågelns vetenskapliga artnamn subis är latin och syftar på en typ av fågel som krossar örnars ägg. Blå storsvala kan ha tilldelats detta namn på grund av dess aggressivitet mot rovfåglar under häckningstid.[5]
Blå storsvala delas in i tre underarter:[3]
Fågeln är en mycket sällsynt gäst i Europa, med endast fyra fynd: Yttre Hebriderna i Skottland 2004, Azorerna 2004 och 2011 samt i Nederländerna 2013.[6]
Blå storsvala förekommer i olika former av öppna områden och ses födosöka över städer, parker, fält, strömmande vatten, dynfält och fuktängar. I östra USA häckade de tidigare i gamla hackspettshål i träd utmed skogskanter och floder, numera nästan uteslutande i av människan uppsatta särskilda typer av holkar. Det gör att den ofta ses i närheten av människan, till och med inne i städer, och förekommer mycket fläckvist, frånvarande från områden där det saknas boplatser. I sydväst häckar den fortfarande i naturliga håligheter som gamla hackspettshål i träd eller saguarokaktusar. Honan lägger tre till sex helvita ägg i en till två kullar som ruvas i 15 till 18 dagar.[4]
Liksom andra svalor lever blå storsvala av insekter som den fångar i luften, ofta högre upp än andra arter, ibland 150 meter eller högre ovan mark.[4] De födosöker dagtid, sällan i grupp men ofta i par.[4] Den intar alla möjliga olika sorters flygande insekter, men en betydande del av dieten består av invasiva eldmyror av arten Solenopsis invicta.[7]
Arten har ett stort utbredningsområde och en stor population med stabil utveckling.[1] Utifrån dessa kriterier kategoriserar IUCN arten som livskraftig (LC).[1] Den har dock tidigare minskat i antal, ungefär 1% årligen mellan 1966 och 2015, bland annat till följd av bokonkurrens med i Nordamerika införda starar och gråsparvar.[8] Världspopulationen uppskattas till elva miljoner häckande individer.[9]
Wikimedia Commons har media som rör blå storsvala.
Wikispecies har information om Progne subis.
Blå storsvala (Progne subis) är en nordamerikansk tätting i familjen svalor.
Mor kırlangıç (Progne subis), kırlangıçgiller (Hirundinidae) familyasından bir kırlangıç türüdür.
Kuzey Amerika'daki en yaygın kırlangıç türüdür. Uzunluğu 20 cm dir. Erkek koyu mor, dişi soluk kahverengidir.
Ötücü kuşlar ile ilgili bu madde bir taslaktır. Madde içeriğini geliştirerek Vikipedi'ye katkıda bulunabilirsiniz. Mor kırlangıç (Progne subis), kırlangıçgiller (Hirundinidae) familyasından bir kırlangıç türüdür.
Kuzey Amerika'daki en yaygın kırlangıç türüdür. Uzunluğu 20 cm dir. Erkek koyu mor, dişi soluk kahverengidir.
Це незавершена стаття з орнітології.Progne subis là một loài chim trong họ Hirundinidae.[1]
Progne subis là một loài chim trong họ Hirundinidae.
Пурпу́рная лесна́я ла́сточка[1] (лат. Progne subis) — американский вид певчих птиц семейства Ласточковые.
Пурпурная лесная ласточка длиной 20 см. Это самый крупный представитель ласточек в Северной Америке. Самец имеет глянцевое чёрно-синее оперение, оперение самки сверху чёрно-синее, низ серого цвета. Оперение птенцов сверху серо-бурого, а снизу беловатого цвета меняется зимой на пурпурный. Хвост вилочковый.
Гнездится от юга Канады до Мексики, зимует в бассейне Амазонки. Обитает как в городских и сельскохозяйственных районах, так и в светлых и дождливых лесах.
На территории России пурпурная лесная ласточка была зарегистрирована на Чукотке.
Пурпурная лесная ласточка гнездится на Востоке почти исключительно в скворечниках, в других районах использует для гнездовий брошенные дупла скворцов, дупла в кактусах и деревьях, и даже утёсы. Самец и самка вместе строят чашеобразное гнездо из жидкой грязи и растительного материала. Самка высиживает одна в течение двух недель до 7 яиц. Самец снова помогает при выкармливании птенцов. Птенцы через 4 недели становятся самостоятельными и ещё 2 недели родители заботятся о их пропитании.
Питается летающими насекомыми и даже пьёт на лету, пролетая низко над поверхностью воды с открытым клювом. По ряду свидетельств может ловить насекомых и на земле.
Пурпу́рная лесна́я ла́сточка (лат. Progne subis) — американский вид певчих птиц семейства Ласточковые.
分類 界 : 動物界 Animalia 門 : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata 綱 : 鳥綱 Aves 目 : スズメ目 Passeriformes 科 : ツバメ科 Hirundinidae 属 : ムラサキツバメ属 Progne 種 : ムラサキツバメ P. subis 学名 Progne subis (Linnaeus, 1766) 和名 ムラサキツバメ 英名 Purple Martin ムラサキツバメ（学名：Progne subis）は、アメリカ大陸に広く生息する鳥類で、北アメリカでは最大のツバメである。体長は18〜21センチメートルで、オスは背面だけでなく喉、胸部、腹部もツヤのある濃紫色ないし黒色をしているのが特徴。メスの腹部は白っぽい灰色。尾の先は左右がやや突出するが、ツバメと違って完全な燕尾服状に分かれてはいない種類である。一般にはパープル・マーティン（Purple Martin）と呼ばれる。
北アメリカ（新北区）で繁殖し夏を過ごす、北アメリカの夏鳥である。ロッキー山脈の東側では、カナダ南部からメキシコ湾岸地方まで広く生息するが、西側では分布が限局される。市街地や、田園地帯などの開けた場所に個体数が多い普通種である。主に人里周辺で繁殖する。木のウロなどに営巣するが、巣箱によく入る。秋には南アメリカに渡り、南半球である現地で夏（雨季）を過ごす。
ムラサキツバメ（学名：Progne subis）は、アメリカ大陸に広く生息する鳥類で、北アメリカでは最大のツバメである。体長は18〜21センチメートルで、オスは背面だけでなく喉、胸部、腹部もツヤのある濃紫色ないし黒色をしているのが特徴。メスの腹部は白っぽい灰色。尾の先は左右がやや突出するが、ツバメと違って完全な燕尾服状に分かれてはいない種類である。一般にはパープル・マーティン（Purple Martin）と呼ばれる。
北アメリカ（新北区）で繁殖し夏を過ごす、北アメリカの夏鳥である。ロッキー山脈の東側では、カナダ南部からメキシコ湾岸地方まで広く生息するが、西側では分布が限局される。市街地や、田園地帯などの開けた場所に個体数が多い普通種である。主に人里周辺で繁殖する。木のウロなどに営巣するが、巣箱によく入る。秋には南アメリカに渡り、南半球である現地で夏（雨季）を過ごす。
_(17815539521)_(cropped).jpg)
