Investigations of mitochondrial DNA variation in the genus Spizella suggest that it is not a monophyletic group. Relationships with other genera of sparrows are not well understood.
Chipping sparrows are preyed on by a wide variety of avian and mammalian predators and snakes. Nest predators include black rat snakes (Pantherophis obsoletus), eastern milk snakes (Lampropeltis triangulum), blue racers (Coluber constrictor), common garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis), American crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos), blue jays (Cyanocitta cristata), and domestic cats (Felis catus). Adults are taken in flight or when on the nest, largely by avian predators, but including Cooper's hawks (Accipiter cooperi), prairie falcons (Falco mexicanus), American kestrels (Falco sparverius), loggerhead shrikes (Lanius ludovicianus), red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus), thirteen-lined ground squirrels (Spermophilus tridecemlineatus), and domestic cats (Felis catus). Chipping sparrows use alarm calls and threat displays to deter predators. Their alarm calls may alert other species as well, and all may mob the predator. Adults and nestlings are cryptically colored.
Known Predators:
Anti-predator Adaptations: cryptic
Chipping sparrows are small, delicate, active sparrows with a distinctive bright chestnut crown, bordered by white superciliary areas. They have black eyestripes and lores and a buffy white chin. Their back and wings are streaked black and brown, with faint wing bars. The bill is black above and creamy pink or yellow on the lower mandible. The legs and feet are flesh colored at hatching, becoming deeper salmon as birds age. Males and females are similar in plumage. Males are slightly larger in body measurements but may weigh less than females in the summer. Body length is 127 to 147 mm, mass is 11 to 15.5 g. Although they may be difficult to distinguish from other small sparrows in their juvenile plumage, which is buffy, streaked brown overall with black eyestripes and lores, adult chipping sparrows are distinguished by their bright crown and distinctive facial patterning. There are 5 described subspecies, representing geographic variation in plumage color throughout their range. Some of the subspecies migrate, others do not. However, population mixing in the southern portion of the range has not been thoroughly investigated.
Range mass: 11 to 15.5 g.
Range length: 127 to 147 mm.
Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry
Sexual Dimorphism: sexes alike
The oldest recorded chipping sparrow in the wild was 9 years and 9 months old. Like most animals, most mortality probably occurs in the first few weeks of life. Most predation is on nestlings, and eggs and nests are vulnerable to extreme weather. During migration, chipping sparrows may collide with large buildings or TV towers and year-round exposure to agricultural pesticides may harm populations.
Range lifespan
Status: wild: 9.75 (high) years.
Chipping sparrows are found in a wide variety of open woodland habitats in winter and breeding ranges, unlike most sparrows which are found mainly in grasslands. They are found in open forests or forest edges, particularly in coniferous forests, and in open, riparian forests. They prefer forests with shrubby undergrowth. Because of their preference for open and early successional forests, chipping sparrows are common in suburban areas, urban parks, orchards, and other human-modified landscapes. During migration they move through a wider variety of habitats, including grasslands, desert scrub, and mountainous areas. Competition with a congener, American tree sparrows (Spizella arborea), may limit their winter distribution.
Habitat Regions: temperate ; tropical ; terrestrial
Terrestrial Biomes: forest ; scrub forest
Other Habitat Features: urban ; suburban ; riparian
Chipping sparrows are found throughout most of North America. Some populations are migratory, traveling as far north as central Yukon and east to Newfoundland in Canada to breed. They are found in appropriate habitat throughout the United States and Mexico as well. Populations from the southeastern United States, Texas, southern portions of southwestern United States, throughout Mexico, and as far south as Honduras and Nicaragua may be resident year-round. Populations that migrate to breed in northern North America spend winter in the southern portions of the range, along with year-round residents. Birds may also overwinter in more northern areas if the weather remains mild. They are occasionally seen throughout the Greater Antilles in winter.
Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native ); neotropical (Native )
Chipping sparrows eat mainly grass seeds and the seeds and fruits of annual plants. They supplement their diet with insects during the breeding season, when up to 38% of the diet may be animal prey. Animal prey includes moths and butterflies, beetles, and grasshoppers and crickets. Chipping sparrows seem to prefer crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis) and yellow foxtail (Setaria glauca>) seeds, but will eat a wide variety of small seeds. They typically forage on the ground or low in shrubby vegetation, either picking seeds or insects off the ground or directly from leaves and stems. They regularly ingest grit and feed it to their young to help them process their seed diet. During the breeding season, chipping sparrows forage alone or with their mate. In winter they forage in flocks of 25 to 50 birds that travel together. These foraging flocks may be composed of different species of sparrows and niche partitioning may occur in foraging flocks as a result of differences in bill size or foraging microhabitat.
Animal Foods: insects; terrestrial non-insect arthropods
Plant Foods: seeds, grains, and nuts; fruit
Primary Diet: herbivore (Granivore )
Chipping sparrow distribution may be limited by competition with a close relative, American tree sparrows (Spizella arborea). Nests are sometimes parasitized by brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater), although chipping sparrows seem to recognize these birds and attempt to exclude them from their territories. Nest parasitism may be as high as 92% in some areas. Chipping sparrows may abandon parasitized nests or they may successfully raise cowbird hatchlings. Winter mixed-species flocks often include eastern bluebirds (Sialia sialis), yellow-rumped warblers (Dendroica coronata), pine warblers (Dendroica pinus), northern cardinals (Cardinalis cardinalis), field sparrows (Spizella pusilla), dark-eyed juncos (Junco hyemalis), canyon towhees (Pipilo fuscus), rufous-crowned sparrows (Aimophila ruficeps), white-crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys), vesper sparrows (Pooecetes gramineus), grasshopper sparrows (Ammodramus savannarum), and chesnut-collared longspurs (Calcarius ornatus).
Mutualist Species:
Commensal/Parasitic Species:
Chipping sparrows are delightful to watch and are common near human habitation because of human modification of habitats.
There are no adverse effects of chipping sparrows on humans.
Chipping sparrow populations may have increased in North America in response to human changes of habitats, such as logging and secondary regrowth of forests. They do well in suburban areas. In recent years, chipping sparrow populations have declined somewhat with successional changes in forests, intensive agriculture, and competition with house sparrows (Passer domesticus), and increased parasitism by brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater). However, chipping sparrows are found throughout a wide geographic range and population sizes are large.
US Migratory Bird Act: protected
CITES: no special status
State of Michigan List: no special status
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern
Chipping sparrows get their common name from the sharp "chip" call that they make frequently as they forage and interact with others. Variations on this "chip" call are used for contact calls, threats, or begging. They also have a song, a single noted trill made up of rapid repetitions of a "tssip." These songs are produced throughout the day by males during breeding season from an elevated perch. It is thought that the song is used to advertise and defend a breeding territory and to attract mates. They also produce alarm and aggression calls that sound like harsh "zee-zee-zee's." Geographic variation in calls and songs is not reported.
Chipping sparrows also perform visual displays to communicate, especially during the breeding season. They use body posture to indicate aggression or appeasement.
Communication Channels: visual ; acoustic
Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical
Chipping sparrows have long been considered largely monogamous. However, polygyny and extra pair copulations are documented and incidence may be high in some populations. Recent research suggests that males travel widely outside of their territories in search of additional mating opportunities. Mated pairs form soon after males have arrived on the breeding grounds and established a territory. Males attract females with their songs and chase them or perform displays on the ground. Males and females display to each other by collecting nest materials while together. Females beg for food from males as well. Males guard females after copulation to prevent extra pair copulations. Pairs may stay together through a breeding season or new pairs may be formed throughout the season. There are a few reports of helpers at the nest.
Mating System: monogamous ; polygynandrous (promiscuous) ; cooperative breeder
Chipping sparrows breed from mid to late April through July. Pairs begin building nests within a few weeks of arriving on the breeding grounds. Males and females choose a nest site, usually in a conifer tree or shrub from 1 to 3 meters above ground. They are usually built in thick vegetation to provide cover. Females build nests out of grasses, roots, and other fine materials. If the first clutch fails, a second nest will be built and a second clutch attempted. Most chipping sparrows successfully raise 1 brood, although 2 nesting attempts is typical. Females lay from 2 to 7, usually 4, pale blue eggs with brown blotches at the wider end. They lay 1 egg per day and begin incubating just before the last egg is laid. The incubation period is 7 to 15 days, but usually 10 to 12. Fledging occurs at 8 to 12 days and young become fully independent several weeks after fledging. Males and females can breed in their first year after hatching.
Breeding interval: Chipping sparrows usually attempt 2 broods each breeding season, sometimes 3. However, typically only 1 brood is successful each season.
Breeding season: Chipping sparrows breed from mid to late April through July.
Range eggs per season: 2 to 7.
Average eggs per season: 4.
Range time to hatching: 7 to 15 days.
Range fledging age: 8 to 12 days.
Range time to independence: 3 to 5 weeks.
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 1 years.
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 1 years.
Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; oviparous
Males and females defend a breeding territory and protect young against predators. Newly hatched chipping sparrows are naked and helpless, but grow quickly, becoming fully feathered at 6 days after hatching and about 80% of adult weight and able to fly as soon as 8 days after hatching. Females incubate the eggs and brood the young and males feed females on the nest. Males are responsible for most feeding of nestlings for the first few days. Males will often give food items to the female in the nest, who then passes them to the young. If a female attempts a second brood, the male may be left to care for the previous brood. Young are fed seeds and insects and parents carry fecal sacs away from the nest. Once the young have fledged, they remain near the nest with their parents for another few weeks, when they become independent. Juveniles then form flocks with other young birds.
Parental Investment: altricial ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Male, Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Male, Female, Protecting: Male, Female); pre-independence (Provisioning: Male, Female, Protecting: Male, Female)
A small (5 ¼ inches) bunting, the Chipping Sparrow in summer is most easily identified by its mottled brown back, gray face and neck, conspicuous white eye-stripes, and rusty red crown. Winter birds are browner and duller overall, particularly on the head and face. This species may be distinguished from the similarly-patterned American Tree Sparrow (Spizella arborea) by that species’ larger size and grayer head. Male and female Chipping Sparrows are similar to one another in all seasons. The Chipping Sparrow breeds across south-central Canada and the northern half of the United States. In winter, northerly-breeding populations migrate south into the southeastern U.S., southwest, and northern Mexico. Populations breeding in the southern United States are non-migratory, and other non-migratory populations exist in Mexico and Central America. Chipping Sparrows breed in a number of woodland habitat types with dense undergrowth, preferring habitats composed at least partly of evergreen trees. In winter and on migration, this species is found in a wider variety of habitats including open deciduous forest, weedy fields, and in suburban yards. Chipping Sparrows primarily eat seeds, but this species also eats small insects during the summer months. In appropriate habitat, Chipping Sparrows may be seen walking or hopping on the ground while foraging for food. Birdwatchers may also listen for this species’ song, a single-pitch rattle; as well as its call, a high “chip,” which gives this species its name. Chipping Sparrows are primarily active during the day.
A small (5 ¼ inches) bunting, the Chipping Sparrow in summer is most easily identified by its mottled brown back, gray face and neck, conspicuous white eye-stripes, and rusty red crown. Winter birds are browner and duller overall, particularly on the head and face. This species may be distinguished from the similarly-patterned American Tree Sparrow (Spizella arborea) by that species’ larger size and grayer head. Male and female Chipping Sparrows are similar to one another in all seasons. The Chipping Sparrow breeds across south-central Canada and the northern half of the United States. In winter, northerly-breeding populations migrate south into the southeastern U.S., southwest, and northern Mexico. Populations breeding in the southern United States are non-migratory, and other non-migratory populations exist in Mexico and Central America. Chipping Sparrows breed in a number of woodland habitat types with dense undergrowth, preferring habitats composed at least partly of evergreen trees. In winter and on migration, this species is found in a wider variety of habitats including open deciduous forest, weedy fields, and in suburban yards. Chipping Sparrows primarily eat seeds, but this species also eats small insects during the summer months. In appropriate habitat, Chipping Sparrows may be seen walking or hopping on the ground while foraging for food. Birdwatchers may also listen for this species’ song, a single-pitch rattle; as well as its call, a high “chip,” which gives this species its name. Chipping Sparrows are primarily active during the day.
Les especies d'aves con nome común en llingua asturiana márquense como NOA. En casu contrariu, conséñase'l nome científicu o de la SEO.
La Spizella passerina ye una especie d'ave paseriforme de la familia Emberizidae. Ye una especie del Nuevu Mundu, parcialmente migratoria, que se distribúi en América del Norte y Central.
Nos individuos adultos les partes cimeres son de color naranxa óxidu llistáu con negru, sacante la rabadilla, que ye gris y nun tien rayes. Hai dos barras blanques en cada nala. Los individuos con plumaxe reproductivu tienen una gorra naranxa acoloratada, una raya supraocular (supercilio) casi blanca y una llinia transocular (que s'estiende al traviés del güeyu) negra. El picu ye negru. Les partes ventrales son grises, volviéndose blancu escontra'l centru del gargüelu, pechu y banduyu, según les plumes cobertoras inferiores de la cola.
El plumaxe non reproductivu o plumaxe básicu ye menos marcáu. La corona ye parda rayada con negru y con una raya gris a la metá; n'ocasiones la corona puede caltener dellos marxes acolorataos. Les llinies supraocular y transocular, y les barres de les nales tán llavuquiaes y polo tanto son pocu conspicuas. El picu volver de color carne. Nesta temporada puede confundise fácilmente col gorrión indefiníu maciu (S. pallida), que sicasí ye más pálidu y nun tien la rabadilla gris, sinón color ante, amás de presentar un "bigote".
Los individuos xuveniles tán profusamente rayaos nes partes inferiores. Al igual que los adultos en dómina non reproductiva, amuesen una llinia transocular escura. La gorra y la llinia supraocular son variables, pero xeneralmente escures.
El gorrión coronirrufo cejiblanco amuesa variaciones a lo llargo de la so estensa área de distribución en Norteamérica. Tocantes a apariencia física, hai escasa variación, non asina no que se refier a comportamientu. Los ornitólogos suelen estremar la especie en dos grupos: l'occidental y l'oriental. Sicasí, dientro del grupu occidental hai tamién variaciones en plumaxe y comportamientu.
Hai siquier dos subespecies de gorrión coronirrufo cejiblanco nel oeste de Norteamérica. La subespecie Spizella passerina arizonae, llargamente distribuyida, acomuñóse con montes y hábitats grebos del interior. Una población de l'aguada del Pacíficu constitúi la subespecie S. p. stridula. Anque estos dos races son occidentales y son arrexuntaes de cutiu dientro del grupu occidental, non necesariamente formen una sola entidá amás de la subespecie oriental S. p. passerina.
Nel este de Norteamérica, el gorrión coronirrufo cejiblanco añera en montes, granxes y árees urbanes y suburbanes. Nel occidente, prefieren montes de coníferes. Ye una especie parcialmente migratoria, y casi toles poblaciones d'altitúes medies y elevaes migren pel hibiernu escontra'l sur de los Estaos Xuníos y a Méxicu. Mientres la migración y nes árees de invernación, estos gorriones son gregarios, formando grupos numberosos con individuos de la mesma especie o cierta asociación con otres especies, como l'azulexu gorjicanelo (Sialia sialis) y el chipe nororiental (Dendroica pinus).
A lo llargo del añu, el gorrión coronirrufo cejiblanco busca alimentu nel suelu, frecuentemente en grupos pocu compautos. La so dieta consiste principalmente de granes. Tamién busquen alimentu frecuentemente sobre parrotales y camperes direutamente. Especialmente en primavera, estes aves pueden ser vistes nos árboles, inclusive nel dosel, onde s'alimenten de yemes vexetales y d'artrópodos.
A entamos de la primavera, en marzu, los primeros migrantes tornen de les sos árees de invernación, pero'l gruesu de migrantes torna a tou lo llargo d'abril. Darréu, los machos definen los sos territorios cantando. La reproducción empieza dende abril, pero pa la mayoría dende finales d'esi mes y principios de mayu d'equí p'arriba.
La muda sigue la "Estratexa complexa alternativa", común nes aves norteamericanes. Hai dos mudes añales nos adultos (finales de branu y finales d'iviernu) y trés nel primer añu de vida.
Esta páxina forma parte del wikiproyeutu Aves, un esfuerciu collaborativu col fin d'ameyorar y organizar tolos conteníos rellacionaos con esti tema. Visita la páxina d'alderique del proyeutu pa collaborar y facer entrugues o suxerencies. Les especies d'aves con nome común en llingua asturiana márquense como NOA. En casu contrariu, conséñase'l nome científicu o de la SEO. La Spizella passerina ye una especie d'ave paseriforme de la familia Emberizidae. Ye una especie del Nuevu Mundu, parcialmente migratoria, que se distribúi en América del Norte y Central.
Spizella passerina és una espècie d'ocell passeriforme de la família Emberizidae. És una espècie del Nou Món, parcialment migratòria, que es distribueix a Amèrica del Nord i Central.
Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Bras pigddu (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: breision pigddu) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Spizella passerina; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Chipping sparrow. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Breision (Lladin: Emberizidae) sydd yn urdd y Passeriformes.[1]
Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn S. passerina, sef enw'r rhywogaeth.[2] Mae'r rhywogaeth hon i'w chanfod yng Ngogledd America.
Mae'r bras pigddu yn perthyn i deulu'r Breision (Lladin: Emberizidae). Dyma rai o aelodau eraill y teulu:
Rhestr Wicidata:
rhywogaeth enw tacson delwedd Bras Brewer Spizella breweri Bras coed Spizella arborea
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Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Bras pigddu (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: breision pigddu) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Spizella passerina; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Chipping sparrow. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Breision (Lladin: Emberizidae) sydd yn urdd y Passeriformes.
Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn S. passerina, sef enw'r rhywogaeth. Mae'r rhywogaeth hon i'w chanfod yng Ngogledd America.
Die Schwirrammer (Spizella passerina) ist ein kleiner Sperlingsvogel aus der Familie der Neuweltammern. Die Schwirrammer ist in fast ganz Nordamerika verbreitet.
Altvögel haben eine rostfarbene Haube, einen dunklen Schnabel und einen grauen Unterkörper. Sie haben einen braunen Rücken mit dunklen Streifen, braune Flügel mit weißen Strichen und einen schmalen Schwanz. Ihr Gesicht ist grau mit einer horizontalen schwarzen Linie die über das Auge geht.
Der ursprüngliche Lebensraum der Schwirrammern waren wahrscheinlich Nadelwälder, aber durch Anpassung an die Veränderungen mit der zunehmenden Besiedlung durch Menschen, wurden neue Lebensräume erschlossen. Sie lebt heute in Wäldern, landwirtschaftlich genutzten Flächen, Parkanlagen und in städtischen Vorbezirken in Nordamerika. Die Schwirrammer zieht im Winter nach Mexiko und in die südlichen Bundesstaaten der USA.
Die Schwirrammern suchen am Boden oder in niedrigen Büschen nach Futter. Manchmal fangen sie auch im Flug Insekten. Die Hauptnahrungsquelle sind Insekten und Samen. Außerhalb der Brutzeit leben die Schwirrammern in Schwärmen. Ihr Gesang ist ein einfaches Trillern. Ihre Nester baut die Schwirrammer üblicherweise in Nadel- oder Laubbäumen und gelegentlich auch auf dem Boden.
Es sind fünf Unterarten bekannt:[1]
Johann Matthäus Bechstein beschrieb die Schwirrammer unter dem Namen Fringilla passerina. Als Fundort des Typusexemplar gab er Québec an.[2] Es war Charles Lucien Jules Laurent Bonaparte der erstmals die neue Gattung Spizella für die Klapperammer (Spizella pusilla) (A. Wilson, 1810) einführte.[7] Erst später wurde auch die Schwirrammer dieser Gattung zugeordnet. Dieser Name ist das Diminutiv des griechischen »spiza σπιζα« für »Fink« und leitet sich wiederum von »spizō σπιζω« für »zwitschern« ab.[8] Das Artepitheton »passerina« stammt vom lateinischen »passerinus« für »Sperling ähnlich« ab.[9] »Arizonae« bezieht sich auf Arizona, da Coues zumindest dort das Verbreitungsgebiet dieser Unterart sah.[3] »Mexicana« bezieht sich auf das Land Mexiko. Nelson nannte die Unterart deshalb auch Mexican Chipping Sparrow.[5] »Pinetorum« ist das lateinische Wort für »auf den Kiefern«, was sich von »pinus« für »Kiefer« ableitet.[10] »Atremaea« leitet sich vom griechischen »atremaios ατρεμαιος« für »still, ruhig« ab.[11]
Die Schwirrammer (Spizella passerina) ist ein kleiner Sperlingsvogel aus der Familie der Neuweltammern. Die Schwirrammer ist in fast ganz Nordamerika verbreitet.
The chipping sparrow (Spizella passerina) is a species of New World sparrow, a passerine bird in the family Passerellidae. It is widespread, fairly tame, and common across most of its North American range.
There are two subspecies, the eastern chipping sparrow and the western chipping sparrow. This bird is a partial migrant with northerly populations flying southwards in the fall to overwinter in Mexico and the southern United States, and flying northward again in spring.
It molts twice a year. In its breeding plumage it has orangish-rust upper parts, gray head and underparts and a distinctive reddish cap. In non-breeding plumage, the cap is brown and the facial markings are less distinct. The song is a trill and the bird has a piercing flight call that can be heard while it is migrating at night.
In the winter, chipping sparrows are gregarious and form flocks, sometimes associating with other bird species. They mostly forage on the ground for seeds and other food items, as well as clambering on plants and trees, feeding on buds and small arthropods. In the west of their range they breed mainly in coniferous forests, but in the east, they choose woodland, farmland, parks and gardens. Breeding starts in late April and May and the nest is often built in a tree.
Throughout the year, adults are gray below and an orangish-rust color above. Adults in alternate (breeding) plumage have a reddish cap, a nearly white supercilium, and a black trans-ocular line (running through the eye). Adults in basic (nonbreeding) plumage are less prominently marked, with a brownish cap, a dusky eyebrow, and a dark eye-line.
Juvenile chipping sparrows are prominently streaked below. Like non-breeding adults, they show a dark eye-line, extending both in front of and behind the eye. The brownish cap and dusky eyebrow are variable but generally obscure in juveniles.
Measurements:[2]
The song is a trill that varies considerably among birds within any particular region. Two broad classes of variation in the song of the chipping sparrow are the fast trill and the slow trill. Individual elements in the fast trill are run together about twice as fast as in the slow trill; the fast trill sounds like a buzz or like someone snoring, whereas the slow trill sounds like rapid finger-tapping. Individual elements in the trill are very similar to a high pitch chi chi chi call.
The flight call of the chipping sparrow is heard year-round. Its flight call is piercing and pure-tone, lasting about 50 milliseconds. It starts out around 9 kHz, then falls to 7 kHz, then rises again to 9 kHz. The flight call may be transliterated as seen? Chipping sparrows migrate by night, and their flight calls are a characteristic sound of the night sky in spring and fall in the United States. In the southern Rockies and eastern Great Plains, the chipping sparrow appears to be the most common nocturnal migrant, judged by the number of flight calls detected per hour. On typical nights in August in this region, chipping sparrows may be heard at a rate of 15 flight calls per hour. On better-than-average nights, chipping sparrows occur at a rate of 60 flight calls per hour, and on exceptional nights chipping sparrows' flight calls are heard more than 200 times per hour.[3]
Chipping sparrows vary across their extensive North American range. There is minor geographic variation in appearance, and there is significant geographic variation in behavior. Ornithologists often divide the chipping sparrow into two major groups: the eastern chipping sparrow and the western chipping sparrow. However, there is additional plumage and behavioral variation within the western group.
At least two subspecies of chipping sparrows occur in western North America. The widespread Spizella passerina arizonae is associated with mountains and arid habitats of the western interior. A Pacific slope population constitutes subspecies S. p. stridula. Although these two races are both western, and are often lumped together as the western chipping sparrow, they do not necessarily form a single entity that stands apart from the eastern chipping sparrow (S. p. passerina).
The chipping sparrow is part of the family Passerellidae, and is not closely related to the Old World sparrows of the family Passeridae.[4]
The male chipping sparrows start arriving at the breeding grounds from March (in more southern areas, such as Texas) to mid-May (in southern Alberta and northern Ontario). The female arrives one to two weeks later, and the male starts singing soon after to find and court a mate.[5] After pair formation, nesting begins (within about two weeks of the female's arrival). Overall, the breeding season is from March till about August.[6]
The chipping sparrow breeds in grassy, open woodland clearings[5] and shrubby grass fields.[6] The nest is normally above ground but below 6 metres (20 ft) in height,[5] and about 1 metre (3.3 ft) on average,[7] in a tree (usually a conifer, especially those that are young, short, and thick) or bush. The nest itself is constructed by the female[5] in about four days.[7] It consists of a loose platform of grass and rootlets and open inner cup of plant fiber and animal hair.[6]
The chipping sparrow lays a clutch of two to seven pale blue to white eggs with black, brown, or purple markings. They are about 17 by 12 millimetres (0.67 by 0.47 in), and incubated by the female for 10 to 15 days.[6] The chipping sparrow is often brood parasitized by brown-headed cowbirds, usually resulting in the nest being abandoned.[5]
The chipping sparrow feeds on seeds year-round, although insects form most of the diet in the breeding season. Spiders are sometimes taken. Taraxacum officinale seeds are important during spring, and seeds from Fallopia convolvulus, Melilotus spp., Stellaria media, Chenopodium album, Avena spp., and others.[5]
Throughout the year, chipping sparrows forage on the ground[8] in covered areas,[9] often near the edges of fields.[5]
The chipping sparrow (Spizella passerina) is a species of New World sparrow, a passerine bird in the family Passerellidae. It is widespread, fairly tame, and common across most of its North American range.
There are two subspecies, the eastern chipping sparrow and the western chipping sparrow. This bird is a partial migrant with northerly populations flying southwards in the fall to overwinter in Mexico and the southern United States, and flying northward again in spring.
It molts twice a year. In its breeding plumage it has orangish-rust upper parts, gray head and underparts and a distinctive reddish cap. In non-breeding plumage, the cap is brown and the facial markings are less distinct. The song is a trill and the bird has a piercing flight call that can be heard while it is migrating at night.
In the winter, chipping sparrows are gregarious and form flocks, sometimes associating with other bird species. They mostly forage on the ground for seeds and other food items, as well as clambering on plants and trees, feeding on buds and small arthropods. In the west of their range they breed mainly in coniferous forests, but in the east, they choose woodland, farmland, parks and gardens. Breeding starts in late April and May and the nest is often built in a tree.
El chimbito común (Spizella passerina) también denominado gorrión coronirrufo o cejiblanco,[2] pinzón cantor y sabanero pechigrís, chingolo cejiblanco[3] una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Passerellidae. Es una especie del Nuevo Mundo, parcialmente migratoria, que se distribuye en América del Norte y Central.
En los individuos adultos las partes superiores son de color naranja óxido listado con negro, a excepción de la rabadilla, que es gris y no tiene rayas. Hay dos barras blancas en cada ala. Los individuos con plumaje reproductivo tienen una gorra naranja rojiza, una raya supraocular (supercilio) casi blanca y una línea transocular (que se extiende a través del ojo) negra. El pico es negro. Las partes ventrales son grises, volviéndose blanco hacia el centro de la garganta, pecho y vientre, así como los plumas cobertoras inferiores de la cola.
El plumaje no reproductivo o plumaje básico es menos marcado. La corona es parda rayada con negro y con una raya gris a la mitad; en ocasiones la corona puede conservar algunos márgenes rojizos. Las líneas supraocular y transocular, y las barras de las alas están deslavadas y por lo tanto son poco conspicuas. El pico se vuelve de color carne. En esta temporada se puede confundir fácilmente con el gorrión indefinido pálido (S. pallida), que sin embargo es más pálido y no tiene la rabadilla gris, sino color ante, además de presentar un "bigote".
Los individuos juveniles están profusamente rayados en las partes inferiores. Al igual que los adultos en época no reproductiva, muestran una línea transocular oscura. La gorra y la línea supraocular son variables, pero generalmente oscuras.
El gorrión coronirrufo cejiblanco muestra variaciones a lo largo de su extensa área de distribución en Norteamérica. En cuanto a apariencia física, hay escasa variación, no así en lo que se refiere a comportamiento. Los ornitólogos suelen dividir la especie en dos grupos: el occidental y el oriental. Sin embargo, dentro del grupo occidental hay también variaciones en plumaje y comportamiento.
Hay al menos dos subespecies de gorrión coronirrufo cejiblanco en el oeste de Norteamérica. La subespecie Spizella passerina arizonae, ampliamente distribuida, se asocia con montañas y hábitats áridos del interior. Una población de la vertiente del Pacífico constituye la subespecie S. p. stridula. Aunque estas dos razas son occidentales y son agrupadas a menudo dentro del grupo occidental, no necesariamente forman una sola entidad aparte de la subespecie oriental S. p. passerina.
En el este de Norteamérica, el gorrión coronirrufo cejiblanco anida en bosques, granjas y áreas urbanas y suburbanas. En el occidente, prefieren bosques de coníferas. Es una especie parcialmente migratoria, y casi todas las poblaciones de altitudes medias y elevadas migran en invierno hacia el sur de los Estados Unidos y a México. Durante la migración y en las áreas de invernación, estos gorriones son gregarios, formando grupos numerosos con individuos de la misma especie o cierta asociación con otras especies, como el azulejo gorjicanelo (Sialia sialis) y el chipe nororiental (Dendroica pinus).
A lo largo del año, el gorrión coronirrufo cejiblanco busca alimento en el suelo, frecuentemente en grupos poco compactos. Su dieta consiste principalmente de semillas. También buscan alimento frecuentemente sobre arbustos y pastos directamente. Especialmente en primavera, estas aves pueden ser vistas en los árboles, incluso en el dosel, donde se alimentan de yemas vegetales y de artrópodos.
A inicios de la primavera, en marzo, los primeros migrantes regresan de sus áreas de invernación, pero el grueso de migrantes regresa a todo lo largo de abril. Inmediatamente, los machos definen sus territorios cantando. La reproducción comienza desde abril, pero para la mayoría desde finales de ese mes y principios de mayo en adelante.
La muda sigue la "Estrategia compleja alternativa", común en las aves norteamericanas. Hay dos mudas anuales en los adultos (finales de verano y finales de invierno) y tres en el primer año de vida.
El chimbito común (Spizella passerina) también denominado gorrión coronirrufo o cejiblanco, pinzón cantor y sabanero pechigrís, chingolo cejiblanco una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Passerellidae. Es una especie del Nuevo Mundo, parcialmente migratoria, que se distribuye en América del Norte y Central.
Spizella passerina Spizella generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Emberizidae familian sailkatua dago.
Spizella passerina Spizella generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Emberizidae familian sailkatua dago.
Kenttäsirkkuli (Spizella passerina) on Pohjois- ja Keski-Amerikassa tavattava sirkkuleihin kuuluva varpuslintu.
Kooltaan kenttäsirkkuli on noin 13–15 cm. Koiraat ovat usein hieman naaraita kookkaampia. Ruumiinrakenteeltaan kenttäsirkkuli on hoikka ja melko pitkäpyrstöinen varpuslintu. Väritykseltään koiras- ja naarasyksilöt ovat samanlaisia. Kenttäsirkkulin päälaki on väritykseltään kirkkaan ruosteenruskea. Lajin selkä on väritykseltään ruskean ja mustan raidallinen. Päässä on musta silmäkulmajuova ja muuten pää on väriltään harmaa. Rinta ja vatsa ovat väriltään vaalean harmaat. Talvisin kenttäsirkkulit ovat väritykseltään ruskehtavia ja selässä on tummia viiruja. Nuoret linnut ovat höyhenpuvultaan kauttaaltaan ruskea ja viiruinen.[3][4][5]
Kenttäsirkkuli pesii alueella, joka ulottuu Kanadan läpi Yukonin ja Newfoundlandin territorioista etelään Yhdysvaltojen keski- ja itäosiin sekä Meksikoon ja Keski-Amerikassa aina Nicaraguaan saakka. Lintu talvehtii Yhdysvaltain eteläosissa ja Keski-Amerikassa, leutoina talvina myös pohjoisempana.[6][4]
Kenttäsirkkulin elinympäristöä ovat kuivat avoimet metsät ja metsän reunat, joissa on myös ruohikkoisia aukioita. Erityisesti lintu elää havupuumetsissä. Lajia tavataan myös maatalousmaiden lähettyvillä, mutta siellä pesintää hankaloittaa lehmäturpiaali (Molothurus ater), joka on pesäloinen. Laji on sopeutunut myös kaupunkiympäristöihin ja kaupungeissa sitä tavataan puistoissa sekä puutarhoissa. Muuttoaikoina kenttäsirkkulia voi nähdä monenlaisissa ympäristöissä.[5][3][4]
Kenttäsirkkuleiden ravinto koostuu pääasiassa erilaisten heinäkasvien siemenistä. Varsinkin kesäaikaan laji ruokailee myös hyönteisillä kuten perhosilla, kovakuoriaisilla ja heinäsirkoilla. Ravintonsa laji etsii pensaikosta tai maasta. Laji syö myös soraa, mikä tekee siemenravinnon helpommin sulavaksi. Aikuiset antavat soraa myös poikasilleen. Pesimäaikaan laji etsii ravintonsa yksin tai pareittain ja talvisin lintu kokoontuu jopa 50 yksilön parviksi.[4]
Kenttäsirkkulit saapuvat pesimäpaikoilleen huhti-toukokuussa. Pesimäkausi kestää toukokuun puolestavälistä heinäkuun loppuun. Naaraat ja koiraat valitsevat yhdessä pesäpaikan. Pesä sijaitsee yleensä havupuussa tai pensaikossa. Naaras rakentaa pesän heinistä ja juurista. Yleensä pesimäkaudessa on samalla parilla yleensä vain yksi onnistunut pesintä, vaikka myös toista pesintää yritetään usein saman pesimäkauden aikana. Naaraskenttäsirkkuli munii kahdesta seitsemään vaaleansinistä ruskeapilkullista munaa. Naaras hautoo munat ja koiras huolehtii hautovan naaraan ja kuoriutuneiden poikasten ruokinnasta.[4]
Kenttäsirkkuli (Spizella passerina) on Pohjois- ja Keski-Amerikassa tavattava sirkkuleihin kuuluva varpuslintu.
Spizella passerina
Le Bruant familier (Spizella passerina) est une espèce de passereau appartenant à la famille des Passerellidae.
En plumage nuptial, l'adulte présente une calotte rousse, des joues grises et des sourcils blancs soulignés par une ligne noire traversant chaque œil. En plumage internuptial, cette ligne est foncée, les joues beiges ou brunes et la calotte rousse rayée de noir. Cette calotte est brune rayée de noir chez le jeune qui présente des parties inférieures beiges tandis que celles de l'adulte sont grises. En toutes saisons, les ailes et le dos sont brunâtres.
Le Bruant familier est largement répandu à travers toute l'Amérique du Nord. Il est très rare entre octobre et avril dans le nord des Bahamas (erratique dans le sud) et à Cuba.
Cet oiseau fréquente les fourrés, les prés, les champs et divers milieux ouverts.
Spizella passerina
ChantLe Bruant familier (Spizella passerina) est une espèce de passereau appartenant à la famille des Passerellidae.
Il passero cinguettante (Spizella passerina Bechstein, 1798) è una specie di uccello appartenente alla famiglia dei Passerellidae.[2]
È originario di Bahamas, Belize, Canada, Costa Rica, Cuba, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Messico, Nicaragua, Saint-Pierre e Miquelon, Turks e Caicos e Stati Uniti d'America.
Il passero cinguettante (Spizella passerina Bechstein, 1798) è una specie di uccello appartenente alla famiglia dei Passerellidae.
De musgors (Spizella passerina) is een zangvogel uit de familie Emberizidae (gorzen).
Deze soort telt 5 ondersoorten:
De musgors (Spizella passerina) is een zangvogel uit de familie Emberizidae (gorzen).
Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Spizela białobrewa[3] (Spizella passerina) – gatunek ptaka z rodziny pasówek (Passerellidae). Mierzy około 14 cm, na głowie ma rdzawą czapeczkę, białą brew i czarny pasek przechodzący przez oko. Zamieszkuje lasy iglaste, zarośla i miasta w Ameryce Północnej.
Długość ciała wynosi 12–14 cm; masa 10,3–15,5 g. Gnieździ się w otwartych zadrzewieniach, w sadach, parkach i na polach golfowych. Żywi się głównie ziarnami, ale w okresie lęgowym zjada również bezkręgowce[4].
Wyróżniono kilka podgatunków S. passerina[5][4]:
Spizela białobrewa (Spizella passerina) – gatunek ptaka z rodziny pasówek (Passerellidae). Mierzy około 14 cm, na głowie ma rdzawą czapeczkę, białą brew i czarny pasek przechodzący przez oko. Zamieszkuje lasy iglaste, zarośla i miasta w Ameryce Północnej.
Długość ciała wynosi 12–14 cm; masa 10,3–15,5 g. Gnieździ się w otwartych zadrzewieniach, w sadach, parkach i na polach golfowych. Żywi się głównie ziarnami, ale w okresie lęgowym zjada również bezkręgowce.
Tjippsparv[2] (Spizella passerina) är en vida spridd och mycket vanligt förekommande nord- och centralamerikansk fågel i familjen amerikanska sparvar inom ordningen tättingar.[3]
Tjippsparven är en liten (12-15 cm), slank och rätt långstjärtad amerikansk sparv med rätt liten näbb. I häckningsdräkt är den prydligt och distinkt tecknad med rent gråvit undersida, roströd hjässa samt tydligt svart ögonstreck och vitt ögonbrynsstreck. Vintertid är den mer dämpad i färgerna och därmed mer lik sina nära släktingar lerfärgad sparv och brewersparv, men kan särskiljas genom mörk tygel, gråaktig övergump och tydligast ögonstreck av de tre.[4]
Tjippsparven sjunger en monoton, torr och mekanisk drill av tjippande toner (därav namnet). Den liknar sången hos mörkögd junko, men är längre och mer skallrande. Bland lätena hörs vassa "tsip", i flykten ett ljust och tunt "tsiis".[5]
Tjippsparv delas in i fem underarter med följande utbredning:[3]
Tjippsparven påträffas även regelbundet på Kuba och i Bahamas.[1] Den har även vid ett tillfälle, i oktober 1981, observerats på ryska Wrangelön.[6]
Tjippsparven är en mycket vanlig och vida spridd fågel som ofta ses i människans närhet. Den hittas varhelst det finns inslag av träd och gräsmarker, som i öppna skogsmarker och i skogsbryn, men även i parker, trädgårdar och utmed vägrenar. I bergstrakter kan den påträffas ända upp till trädgränsen. I västra USA rör den sig snart efter häckning till andra områden på jakt efter föda och för att rugga. Den kan då ses i mer öppna gräsmarker och till och med i alpin terräng. Detta har lett till missuppfattningen att den häckar i dessa miljöer.[4]
Tjippsparven födosöker på marken, ofta i små lösa grupper, och tar skydd i buskage. Sången levereras från toppen av ett litet träd, gärna städsegrönt. Den livnär sig huvudsakligen av frön från en lång rad gräs- och örtsorter, men även små frukter som körsbär. Under häckningstid tar den också insekter.[4]
Tjippsparven bygger ett löst bo, så fragilt att solljus kan skina igenom det. Det placeras vanligen lågt i en buske eller ett träd, men bon har även hittats i hängande korgar fyllda med mossa och på en gammal gräsklippare inne i en verktygsbod. Den lägger en till tre kullar med två till sju ljusblå till vita, lätt mörkfläckade ägg. Äggen ruvas i tio till 15 dagar, varefter ungarna är flygga efter ytterligare nio till tolv dagar.[4]
Tjippsparven är en mycket vanlig förekommande art med en uppskattad världspopulation på hela 230 miljoner häckande individer.[7] Den ökar dessutom i antal, varför internationella naturvårdsunionen IUCN kategoriserar den som livskraftig (LC).[1]
Wikimedia Commons har media som rör tjippsparv.
Wikispecies har information om Spizella passerina.
Tjippsparv (Spizella passerina) är en vida spridd och mycket vanligt förekommande nord- och centralamerikansk fågel i familjen amerikanska sparvar inom ordningen tättingar.
Spizella passerina là một loài chim trong họ Emberizidae.[1]
Spizella passerina là một loài chim trong họ Emberizidae.
Птица ищет корм на земле или в низкорослом кустарнике. Иногда они ловят насекомых в полёте. Основной источник питания — это насекомые и семена. Вне периода гнездования птицы живут в стаях. Их пение — это простые трели. Свои гнёзда птицы строят, как правило, в кроне хвойных или лиственных деревьев, иногда также на земле.
Птица ищет корм на земле или в низкорослом кустарнике. Иногда они ловят насекомых в полёте. Основной источник питания — это насекомые и семена. Вне периода гнездования птицы живут в стаях. Их пение — это простые трели. Свои гнёзда птицы строят, как правило, в кроне хвойных или лиственных деревьев, иногда также на земле.
分類 界 : 動物界 Animalia 門 : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata 綱 : 鳥綱 Aves 目 : スズメ目 Passeriformes 科 : ホオジロ科 Emberizidae 属 : ヒメドリ属 Spizella 種 : チャガシラヒメドリ S. passerina 学名 Spizella passerina 和名 チャガシラヒメドリ
チャガシラヒメドリ（学名Spizella passerina）は、スズメ目ホオジロ科に分類される鳥類の一種。
この項目は、鳥類に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めています（ポータル鳥類 - PJ鳥類）。
チャガシラヒメドリ（学名Spizella passerina）は、スズメ目ホオジロ科に分類される鳥類の一種。
