dcsimg

Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

provided by AnAge articles
Maximum longevity: 8 years (wild)
license
cc-by-3.0
copyright
Joao Pedro de Magalhaes
editor
de Magalhaes, J. P.
partner site
AnAge articles

Thryomanes bewickii

provided by DC Birds Brief Summaries

A medium-sized (5 ¼ inches) wren, Bewick’s Wren is most easily identified by its plain brown back, pale breast, long tail (often held up at an angle), long curved bill, and conspicuous white eye-stripes. This species may be distinguished from the similar House Wren (Troglodytes aedon) by that species’ small size and fainter eye-ring and from the Carolina Wren (Thryothorus ludovicianus) by that species’ larger size and warmer-toned plumage. Male and female Bewick’s Wrens are similar to one another in all seasons. Bewick’s Wren primarily occurs in western North America from British Columbia south to central Mexico and east to the central Great Plains. Although this species was formerly widespread in the eastern United States as far north and east as the Mid-Atlantic region, its range in those areas is greatly reduced today compared to a century ago, with isolated pockets persisting in the Ohio River valley and the southern Appalachian Mountains. In this species’ core range, most birds are non-migratory, although some birds at the northern or southern extremities of this range migrate short distances south in winter. Bewick’s Wrens inhabit open areas with thick ground cover, such as bushy fields, thickets, and dry scrubland. Eastern populations are heavily dependent on land cleared for agriculture, and much of this species’ decline in those areas is thought to have been caused by the return of woodland habitats to its favored abandoned agricultural fields. Bewick’s Wrens primarily eat small insects, but may also eat small quantities of seeds and berries during the winter when insects are scarce. In appropriate habitat, Bewick’s Wrens may be seen foraging for food on the ground or in the branches of bushes and shrubs. Birdwatchers may also listen for this species’ song, a series of buzzing notes recalling that of the Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia). Bewick’s Wrens are most active during the day.

Threat Status: Least Concern

license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Smithsonian Institution
author
Reid Rumelt

Comprehensive Description

provided by EOL authors

Bewick’s wren (Thryomanes bewickii), is a common North American perching bird in the order Passeriformes and the family Troglodytidae.This species is native to Canada, Mexico, and the United States and is located mainly from southwest British Columbia through the western and south-central United States, and deep into central Mexico, with rare appearances in the eastern United States (Birdlife International 2016).Due to its large geographic range, it can be found in diverse habitats such as thickets, underbrush, gardens, streamside groves, rivers, chaparral-covered hillsides, desert washes, and suburban areas (Kaufmann 2018).

This small bird has a distinctive bold white line that extends over the eye to the back of the neck and also has white spots on the tail.It features a slender body with a long tail, grey or whitish belly, and brown to greyish brown back.The average length is 13 cm, but males are slightly larger than females, with a wing length of 58.2 mm and 55.6 mm respectively.It has an average weight of 10-11 g, which is similar to other North American wrens (Kennedy and White 2013).

Bewick’s wrens are highly active, often hopping about in the trees within 10 feet of the ground, or beelining to their next destination when they leave their vegetative cover. They forage both by probing tree bark and searching through leaf litter on the ground. Their diet consists mainly of small invertebrates, namely grasshoppers, beetles, wasps, spiders, bugs, moths, and caterpillars, but also includes seeds and fruit. When they catch their prey, they crush it or shake it to death before swallowing it whole. They are usually solitary foragers until mating season, but some pair bonds persist throughout the year, possibly to prevent the partner from mating with another bird. Though many stay in one place all year, some migrate from northern areas and higher elevations in winter. Those that inhabit eastern regions may be more prone to migration than those from the west (All About Birds 2018; Kaufmann 2018; Seattle Audubon 2018).

Mating songs of T. bewickii are done by males only. The melodious territorial song consists of 3-5 phrases with 1-2 trills, performed with a markedly vigorous rhythm. Clutches are started over a long period, beginning in mid-March in Oklahoma and early April in Kansas and Oregon. Females lay 1 egg per day until the clutch is complete, which typically consists of 5-7 eggs, but sometimes as many as 11. The young hatch about 14 days after the laying of the penultimate egg, and the earliest hatching dates are late March/early April in southern populations and late April/early May in northern populations (Kennedy and White 2013). The oldest recorded Bewick’s wren was at least 8 years old when it was recaptured and released in 1986 (All About Birds 2016).

Predators of the Bewick’s wren include the black rat snake, Great Plains rat snake, and eastern milk snake, which prey on the eggs and nestlings, while sharp-shinned hawks, greater roadrunners, and rattlesnakes prey on adults.There is also much competition between other species of wrens and some will remove eggs or kill nestlings.With few predators and an extremely large and stable population this species is considered of least concern by the IUCN (Bird Life International 2016).However, some populations within the United States are at a risk, particularly in the eastern United States, where they have mostly disappeared, possibly due to the expansion of house wrens and other competitors (Kennedy and White 2013; Seattle Audubon 2018).

license
cc-by-3.0
copyright
Rylan Anderson, Brianna Bonam, Benjamin Dirks, Editor: Dr. Gordon Miller
original
visit source
partner site
EOL authors

Thryomanes bewickii

provided by EOL authors

A medium-sized (5 ¼ inches) wren, Bewick’s Wren is most easily identified by its plain brown back, pale breast, long tail (often held up at an angle), long curved bill, and conspicuous white eye-stripes. This species may be distinguished from the similar House Wren (Troglodytes aedon) by that species’ small size and fainter eye-ring and from the Carolina Wren (Thryothorus ludovicianus) by that species’ larger size and warmer-toned plumage. Male and female Bewick’s Wrens are similar to one another in all seasons. Bewick’s Wren primarily occurs in western North America from British Columbia south to central Mexico and east to the central Great Plains. Although this species was formerly widespread in the eastern United States as far north and east as the Mid-Atlantic region, its range in those areas is greatly reduced today compared to a century ago, with isolated pockets persisting in the Ohio River valley and the southern Appalachian Mountains. In this species’ core range, most birds are non-migratory, although some birds at the northern or southern extremities of this range migrate short distances south in winter. Bewick’s Wrens inhabit open areas with thick ground cover, such as bushy fields, thickets, and dry scrubland. Eastern populations are heavily dependent on land cleared for agriculture, and much of this species’ decline in those areas is thought to have been caused by the return of woodland habitats to its favored abandoned agricultural fields. Bewick’s Wrens primarily eat small insects, but may also eat small quantities of seeds and berries during the winter when insects are scarce. In appropriate habitat, Bewick’s Wrens may be seen foraging for food on the ground or in the branches of bushes and shrubs. Birdwatchers may also listen for this species’ song, a series of buzzing notes recalling that of the Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia). Bewick’s Wrens are most active during the day.

References

  • Bewick's Wren (Thryomanes bewickii). The Internet Bird Collection. Lynx Edicions, n.d. Web. 20 July 2012.
  • Kennedy, E. Dale and Douglas W. White. 1997. Bewick's Wren (Thryomanes bewickii), The Birds of North America Online (A. Poole, Ed.). Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology; Retrieved from the Birds of North America Online: http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/315
  • Thryomanes bewickii. Xeno-canto. Xeno-canto Foundation, n.d. Web. 20 July 2012.
  • eBird Range Map - Bewick's Wren. eBird. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, N.d. Web. 20 July 2012.

license
cc-by-nc-sa-4.0
copyright
Smithsonian Institution
bibliographic citation
Rumelt, Reid B. Thryomanes bewickii. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Thryomanes bewickii. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C.
author
Robert Costello (kearins)
original
visit source
partner site
EOL authors

Comprehensive Description

provided by Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology
Thryomanes bewickii (Audubon)

This wren is seldom reported as victimized by the brown-headed cowbird, but 4 of its subspecies—T. b. bewickii, T. b. cryptus, T. b. alius, and T. b. calophonus—are involved in the 8 previously known instances (Friedmann, 1971:243). We may now add 6 more records, as follows. To the single previous case of T. b. calophonus as a victim (Friedmann, 1971:243) may be added 4 more: Lemon (1969:395) found a parasitized nest at Victoria, southern Vancouver Island, on 12 June 1967, and 3 additional cases from the same area since then have been reported to us by J. B. Tatum, suggesting that in southern Vancouver Island this wren may be more frequently parasitized than it is known to be elsewhere. In the nest reported by Lemon, the wrens reared the young parasite but none of their own young.

A third record for the nominate race of the wren, observed in Tennessee (Cornell University nest record cards), is also mentioned in Lemon's paper. Finally, an additional instance of the race T. b. cryptus as a cowbird victim is a parasitized set of eggs, taken at San Angelo, Tom Green County, Texas, 30 April 1954, in the collection of the Delaware Museum of Natural History.

CAROLINA WREN
license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
bibliographic citation
Friedmann, Herbert, Kiff, Lloyd F., and Rothstein, Stephen I. 1977. "A further contribution of knowledge of the host relations of the parasitic cowbirds." Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. 1-75. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.235

Thryomanes bewickii ( Asturian )

provided by wikipedia AST
Map marker icon – Nicolas Mollet – Birds – Nature – white.png Les especies d'aves con nome común en llingua asturiana márquense como NOA. En casu contrariu, conséñase'l nome científicu o de la SEO.

El chivirín de cola escura (Thryomanes bewickii) distribúyese en Norteamérica llegando hasta'l centru de Méxicu, mide 14 cm aprosimao siendo un pocu menor que'l gorrión mexicanu.[2]

Subespecies

Sigue una llista de les subespecies reconocíes comúnmente. Dos tán extintes dende'l s. XX, principalmente por cuenta de destrucción d'hábitat y predación de felinos.[3]

  • T. b. cryptus Oberholser. Centru de Kansas a norte de Tamaulipas, Méxicu. Inclúi a T. b. niceae. Les aves del sudeste tán dacuando separaes T. b. sadai
  • T. b. calophonus Oberholser. Sudoeste de la Columbia Británica, Canadá, a oeste d'Oregon. Inclúi a T. b. ariborius y T. b. hurleyi. L'antiguu nome referir a la población que s'atopa na área de Seattle y Vancouver; eses aves dacuando se les llapada reyezuelo de Seattle
  • T. b. marinensis Grinnell. Mariñes del noroeste de California a Marin County
  • T. b. atrestus Oberholser. Sur de Oregón al oeste de Nevada. Probablemente non válida
  • T. b. correctus Grinnell. Sudoeste costa de California a la frontera mexicana; posiblemente sinónimu de charienturus
  • T. b. magdalenensis Huey. Sudoeste de la península de Baxa California de 26 a 24° N
  • T. b. cerroensis (Anthony). Islla Cedro (Méxicu) y oeste central de Baxa California. Inclúi a T. b. atricauda
  • T. b. leucophrys (Anthony). Reyezuelo de Bewick de San Clemente. Islla San Clemente, California, EUA.
Estinguíu dende los 1940s por cuenta de destrucción de hábitat por chivos y oveyes. Tamién llamáu T. b. anthonyi. Observaciones de leucophrys en 1897[4] referir a cerroensis; a esa dómina, el reyezuelo de San Clemente considerábase una especie qu'incluyía a la población de Cedros
  • T. b. brevicauda Ridgway. Guadalupe Bewick's Wren. Enantes llamada de la Islla de Guadalupe, Méxicu.
Esta subespecie ta estinguida. Dende (probablemente) los 1890s por causa de la destrucción de terrenales arbustivos[5] por invasión del habitat por cabres selvaxes y depredación por cabres selvaxes. La recueya d'especies de parte de científicos pudo haber exacerbado el problema.[6] Fueron recoyíos (3 especímenes) por Anthony y Streator en Mayu de 1892[6] y vistos pero non atrapaos, dándolos por "casi estinguíos" el 22 de marzu de 1897.[4] Nun fueron atopaos por Anthony en delles visites ente 1892 y 1901 polo que se-yos consideró estinguíos pa 1901;[6] una busca intensa en 1906 confirmó la estinción de la subespecie.[7][8]
  • T. b. murinus (Hartlaub). Esti y centru de Méxicu
  • T. b. bairdi (Salvin and Goodman). Sudeste de Méxicu al sur de Puebla

Les últimes trés comúnmente xúnense en T. b. mexicanus.

La validez de les subespecies precisa ser verificada per aciu aves recién prindaos y / o datos moleculares, pos los especímenes son propensos a un rápidu deterioru.[3]

Fontes

Referencies

  1. BirdLife International (2012). «Thryomanes bewickii» (inglés). Llista Roxa d'especies amenazaes de la UICN 2012.1. Consultáu'l 16 de xunetu de 2012.
  2. en:Bewick's Wren
  3. 3,0 3,1
  4. 4,0 4,1
  5. «norte.html Aves escastaes d'América del Norte». Ciudá Universitaria Virtual de San Isidoro ((2013)). Consultáu'l 10 d'abril de 2015.
  6. 6,0 6,1 6,2
  7. The often-reported extinction date of "1903" seems to be the first record of its absence rather than the last record of its presence[ensin referencies]. Actually, there appears to be non post-1897 record. The schedule of Anthony's visits after 1892 is not known; if he visited the island before 1897 he must have overlooked the last remnant of the population and thus his extinction date of 1901 may be called into question. By the balance of evidence, it is likely however that the subspecies became extinct between 1897 and 1901.





Enllaces esternos

Protonotaria-citrea-002 edit.jpg Esta páxina forma parte del wikiproyeutu Aves, un esfuerciu collaborativu col fin d'ameyorar y organizar tolos conteníos rellacionaos con esti tema. Visita la páxina d'alderique del proyeutu pa collaborar y facer entrugues o suxerencies.
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia AST

Thryomanes bewickii: Brief Summary ( Asturian )

provided by wikipedia AST
Map marker icon – Nicolas Mollet – Birds – Nature – white.png Les especies d'aves con nome común en llingua asturiana márquense como NOA. En casu contrariu, conséñase'l nome científicu o de la SEO.

El chivirín de cola escura (Thryomanes bewickii) distribúyese en Norteamérica llegando hasta'l centru de Méxicu, mide 14 cm aprosimao siendo un pocu menor que'l gorrión mexicanu.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia AST

Thryomanes bewickii ( Breton )

provided by wikipedia BR

Thryomanes bewickii[1] a zo ur spesad evned eus ar c'herentiad Troglodytidae.

Anvet e voe Troglodytes bewickii (kentanv) da gentañ-penn (e 1827) gant an evnoniour breton-ha-stadunanat Jean-Jacques Audubon (1785-1851) da zougen bri d'an evnoniour saoz Thomas Bewick (1753-1828).
Ar spesad nemetañ er genad Thryomanes an hini eo.

Doareoù pennañ

 src=
Thryomanes bewickii spilurus,
luc'hskeudennet e Kalifornia (SUA).


Boued

Bevañ a ra diwar zivellkeineged peurliesañ[2].

Annez hag isspesadoù

Ar spesad a gaver an trizek isspesad[3] anezhañ (bev c'hoazh) e Norzhamerika ha Mec'hiko :

  • Thryomanes bewickii bewickii, e kreiz, reter-kreiz Stadoù-Unanet Amerika (SUA),
  • (†) T. b. brevicauda, en Enez Guadalupe (er-maez da walarn Mec'hiko),
  • T. b. calophonus, e mervent Kanada ha gwalarn SUA,
  • T. b. cerroensis, e kornôg-kreiz Kalifornia-Izel (gwalarn Mec'hiko),
  • T. b. charienturus, e kreisteiz Kalifornia (mervent SUA) ha gwalarn Kalifornia-Izel (gwalarn Mec'hiko),
  • T. b. cryptus, e kornôg Kansas, kornôg Oklahoma ha kreiz ha reter Texas (kreisteiz-kreiz SUA) ha biz Mec'hiko,
  • T. b. drymoecus, e kornôg SUA,
  • T. b. eremophilus, e diabarzh mervent SUA da greiz Mec'hiko,
  • (†) T. b. leucophrys, en Enez San Clemente (er-maez da vervent SUA),
  • T. b. magdalenensis, e mervent Kalifornia-Izel (gwalarn Mec'hiko),
  • T. b. marinensis, en arvor gwalarn Kalifornia (kornôg SUA),
  • T. b. mexicanus, e kreiz, kreisteiz Mec'hiko,
  • T. b. pulichi, e e Kansas hag Oklahoma (kreiz SUA),
  • T. b. sadai, eus kreisteiz Texas (kreisteiz SUA) da greiz stad Tamaulipas (biz Mec'hiko),
  • T. b. spilurus, en arvor kreiz Kalifornia (kornôg SUA).

Liammoù diavaez

Notennoù ha daveennoù



Commons
Muioc'h a restroù diwar-benn

a vo kavet e Wikimedia Commons.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia BR

Thryomanes bewickii: Brief Summary ( Breton )

provided by wikipedia BR

Thryomanes bewickii a zo ur spesad evned eus ar c'herentiad Troglodytidae.

Anvet e voe Troglodytes bewickii (kentanv) da gentañ-penn (e 1827) gant an evnoniour breton-ha-stadunanat Jean-Jacques Audubon (1785-1851) da zougen bri d'an evnoniour saoz Thomas Bewick (1753-1828).
Ar spesad nemetañ er genad Thryomanes an hini eo.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia BR

Dryw Bewick ( Welsh )

provided by wikipedia CY

Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Dryw Bewick (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: drywod Bewick) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Thryomanes bewickii; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Bewick's wren. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Drywod (Lladin: Troglodytidae) sydd yn urdd y Passeriformes.[1]

Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn T. bewickii, sef enw'r rhywogaeth.[2] Mae'r rhywogaeth hon i'w chanfod yng Ngogledd America.

Teulu

Mae'r dryw Bewick yn perthyn i deulu'r Drywod (Lladin: Troglodytidae). Dyma rai o aelodau eraill y teulu:

Rhestr Wicidata:

rhywogaeth enw tacson delwedd Dryw Apolinar Cistothorus apolinari Dryw Boucard Campylorhynchus jocosus
Campylorhynchus jocosus - cropped.jpg
Dryw brith Campylorhynchus griseus
Bicolored Wren 750.jpg
Dryw cactws Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus
Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus 20061226.jpg
Dryw cefnresog y Gogledd Campylorhynchus zonatus
Band-backed Wren (Campylorhynchus zonatus).jpg
Dryw gwargoch Campylorhynchus rufinucha Dryw mannog Campylorhynchus gularis
Spotted Wren.jpg
Dryw penwyn Campylorhynchus albobrunneus
White-headed Wren.jpg
Dryw peraidd Cyphorhinus arada
Cyphorhinus arada arada - Musician wren, Pte. Figueiredo, Amazonas, Brazil.jpg
Dryw rhesog y De Campylorhynchus fasciatus
Fasciated Wren - South Ecuador S4E1692 (17142371156).jpg
Dryw tresglaidd Campylorhynchus turdinus
Campylorhynchus turdinus-Thrush-like Wren.JPG
Dryw’r gors Cistothorus palustris
Cistothorus palustris CT.jpg
Dryw’r hesg Cistothorus platensis
Cistothorus platensis, Serra da Canastra, Minas Gerais, Brasil.jpg
Diwedd y rhestr a gynhyrchwyd yn otomatig o Wicidata.

Gweler hefyd

Cyfeiriadau

  1. Gwefan Cymdeithas Edward Llwyd; adalwyd 30 Medi 2016.
  2. Gwefan Avibase; adalwyd 3 Hydref 2016.
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Awduron a golygyddion Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia CY

Dryw Bewick: Brief Summary ( Welsh )

provided by wikipedia CY

Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Dryw Bewick (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: drywod Bewick) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Thryomanes bewickii; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Bewick's wren. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Drywod (Lladin: Troglodytidae) sydd yn urdd y Passeriformes.

Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn T. bewickii, sef enw'r rhywogaeth. Mae'r rhywogaeth hon i'w chanfod yng Ngogledd America.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Awduron a golygyddion Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia CY

Gråbrun gærdesmutte ( Danish )

provided by wikipedia DA
 src=
Gråbrun gærdesmutte fra Audubons Birds of America

Den gråbrune gærdesmutte (latin: Thryomanes bewickii) er en fugleart i gærdesmuttefamilien, der udelukkende lever i Nordamerika. Den bliver omkring 14 cm lang, er gråbrun på oversiden, hvid på undersiden og har en lang hvid stribe hen over øjnene. Dens udbredelsesområde går fra British Colombia, Nebraska, Ontario og det sydlige Pennsylvania i nord til Mexico, Arkansas og de nordlige golfstater i USA. Den er standfugl.

Den lever i krat, brændestabler, hække og åbne skov- og buskområder, ofte i nærheden af rindende vand. Dens føde er insekter og edderkopper, som den samler direkte på jorden eller på planter. Dens rede er skålformet og placeret i en fordybning eller en krog. Den lægger 5-7 æg, som er hvide med brune pletter. Den får som regel to kuld om året. Den gråbrune gærdesmutte er som regel monogam i yngleperioden, mens den i vinterperioden typisk lever alene.

Kilder/Eksterne henvisninger

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia-forfattere og redaktører
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia DA

Gråbrun gærdesmutte: Brief Summary ( Danish )

provided by wikipedia DA
 src= Gråbrun gærdesmutte fra Audubons Birds of America

Den gråbrune gærdesmutte (latin: Thryomanes bewickii) er en fugleart i gærdesmuttefamilien, der udelukkende lever i Nordamerika. Den bliver omkring 14 cm lang, er gråbrun på oversiden, hvid på undersiden og har en lang hvid stribe hen over øjnene. Dens udbredelsesområde går fra British Colombia, Nebraska, Ontario og det sydlige Pennsylvania i nord til Mexico, Arkansas og de nordlige golfstater i USA. Den er standfugl.

Den lever i krat, brændestabler, hække og åbne skov- og buskområder, ofte i nærheden af rindende vand. Dens føde er insekter og edderkopper, som den samler direkte på jorden eller på planter. Dens rede er skålformet og placeret i en fordybning eller en krog. Den lægger 5-7 æg, som er hvide med brune pletter. Den får som regel to kuld om året. Den gråbrune gærdesmutte er som regel monogam i yngleperioden, mens den i vinterperioden typisk lever alene.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia-forfattere og redaktører
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia DA

Buschzaunkönig ( German )

provided by wikipedia DE

Der Buschzaunkönig (Thryomanes bewickii) ist eine Vogelart aus der Familie der Zaunkönige (Troglodytidae), die in Kanada, den Vereinigten Staaten und Mexiko verbreitet ist. Der Bestand wird von der IUCN als nicht gefährdet (Least Concern) eingeschätzt.

Merkmale

Der Buschzaunkönig erreicht eine Körperlänge von etwa 12,0 bis 13,5 cm bei einem Gewicht von ca. 7,8 bis 11,8 g. Er hat gräuliche Zügel, einen auffälligen weißen Hinteraugenstreif und grau und graubraun gefleckte Ohrdecken. Der Oberkopf und die Oberseite sind prächtig dunkelbraun, was am Bürzel ins rotbraun übergeht. Die Federn des Hinterrückens haben verborgene weiße Flecken. Die Handschwingen und die Armschwingen sind mittelbraun, mit schwärzlich braunen Streifen an den Außenfahnen. Die zentralen Steuerfedern sind graubraun mit engen, klar definierten schwarzen Binden, die äußeren Steuerfedern schwärzlich mit verlängerten grauweißen Spitzen. Das Kinn und die Kehle sind schmutzig weiß, die Brust gräulich weiß, der Bauch gelbbraunweiß und die Hinterflanken matt braun. Der Schnabel ist schwärzlich braun, mit hellerer Basis am Unterschnabel. Die Beine sind dunkelbraun. Beide Geschlechter ähneln sich. Jungtiere sind generell etwas blasser, die Federn der Unterseite oft dunkel gesäumt.[1]

Verhalten und Ernährung

Der Buschzaunkönig ernährt sich überwiegend von Wirbellosen. Bei der Untersuchung des Mageninhalts im Südwesten der USA bestand dieser aus 31 % Schnabelkerfen, 21 % Käfern, 17 % Bienen und Wespen. 12 % Raupen, Schmetterlingen und Motten. Der Rest waren andere unterschiedliche Gliederfüßer. Auch nimmt er insbesondere im Winter einige vegetarische Nahrung zu sich. Sein Futter sucht er sich in den Straten vom Boden bis zur tieferen Vegetation.[1]

Lautäußerungen

Der Gesang des männlichen Buschzaunkönigs besteht aus zehn bis zwanzig Liedern. Die Anzahl variiert je nach Verbreitungsgebiet. Das Lied besteht aus zwei bis vier Phrasen, Summern oder wiederholten Tönen. Dabei singt er ein Lied mehrere Male bevor er das Lied wechselt. Junge Männchen verlassen den Ort ihrer Geburt und lernen die Lieder erst in dem Gebiet in dem sie brüten. Das Weibchen singt nicht. Die Laute beinhalten plit-Töne als Warnruf und scheltendes Summen.[1]

Fortpflanzung

Daten zu gelegten Eiern des Buschzaunkönigs in den USA existieren vom frühen März in Texas bis in den späten April im Osten. In den südlichen Gebieten kommt es zu mehreren Bruten pro Jahr, im Nordwesten oft nur zu einer Brut. Dabei sind die mexikanischen Unterarten bisher wenig erforscht. Laut Studie sind nur 15 % der Männchen polygam, seltener gilt dies für die Weibchen. Das Nest ist normalerweise ein offener Kelch, seltener gewölbt, und besteht aus Gras, Würzelchen oder Ähnlichem. Dieses wird mit feinerem Material ausgelegt, enthält oft Schlangenhaut und wird normalerweise in Löcher wie Nestboxen, Spechthöhlen oder natürlichen oder künstlichen Ritzen gebaut. Das können Felsspalten, Ablagen an Außengebäuden, Leerräume in stillgelegten Fahrzeugen etc. sein. Er legt drei bis acht Eier, die einen unterschiedlichen Anteil braun mit lila oder violetten Flecken aufweisen. Die Bebrütung erfolgt ausschließlich durch das Weibchen und dauert 14 bis 16 Tage. Die Nestlinge werden üblicherweise von beiden Elternteilen gefüttert. Polygame Männchen mögen dieser Verpflichtung weniger nachkommen. Nach 14 bis 16 Tagen werden die Nestlinge flügge.[1]

Verbreitung und Lebensraum

Der Buschzaunkönig bevorzugt verschiedene Habitate. So mag er buschige Gebiete, Gebüschwald, urbane Gebiete mit guter Vegetation oder brachliegende Anbaugebiete, die sich erholen. Im Westen der USA lebt er in Kreosotbusch, aber auch Kiefern- und Wacholderwälder, Gebiete mit Prosopis oder Pappeln. Auch in Mexiko variiert sein Lebensraum stark und reicht von Kakteengestrüpp bis zu Stadtparks mit großen Bäumen.[1]

Migration

Der Buschzaunkönig ist in dem meisten Gebieten ein Standvogel, mit einigen Zugbewegungen nach der Brut im nördlichen Verbreitungsgebiet. Die östliche Population zieht im Winter in die südlichen Staaten.[1]

Unterarten

Es sind fünfzehn Unterarten bekannt, von den zwei als ausgestorben gelten:[2]

  • Thryomanes bewickii calophonus Oberholser, 1898[3] kommt im Südwesten Kanadas und dem Nordwesten der USA vor. Die Unterart ist auf der Oberseite noch prächtiger braun. Auch sind die Flanken brauner und der Schnabel ist länger.[1]
  • Thryomanes bewickii drymoecus Oberholser, 1898[4] ist im Westen der USA verbreitet. Diese Subspezies ist größer, matter und heller als die Nominatform.[1]
  • Thryomanes bewickii marinensis Grinnell, 1910[5] ist an der Küste im Nordwesten Kaliforniens verbreitet. Diese Subspezies ähnelt T. b. calophonus hat aber einen dünneren Schnabel, kürzere Flügel und einen kürzeren Schwanz.[1]
  • Thryomanes bewickii spilurus (Vigors, 1839)[6] kommt in den Küstengebieten Zentralkaliforniens vor. Diese Unterart ist brauner, weniger rötlich, und hat eine starke braune Tönung an den Flanken.[1]
  • San-Clemente-Buschzaunkönig Thryomanes bewickii leucophrys (Anthony, 1895)[7] kam auf San Clemente Island vor und gilt heute als ausgestorben.
  • Thryomanes bewickii charienturus Oberholser, 1898[8] ist im Süden Kaliforniens und Nordwesten Baja Californias verbreitet. Diese Unterart ist auf der Oberseite dunkler und grauer.[1]
  • Thryomanes bewickii cerroensis (Anthony, 1897)[9] kommt im westlichen zentralen Baja California vor. Diese Subspezies ist heller und grauer als T. b. charienturus mit kürzerem Schnabel.[1]
  • Thryomanes bewickii magdalenensis Huey, 1942[10] ist im Südwesten Baja Californias verbreitet. Diese Subspezies ähnelt T. b. cerroensis hat aber kleine und hellere Grautonanteile.[1]
  • Thryomanes bewickii brevicauda Ridgway, 1876[11] war auf Guadalupe verbreitet und gilt heute als ausgestorben.
  • Thryomanes bewickii eremophilus Oberholser, 1898[12] kommt im Inneren des Südwestens der USA bis Zentralmexiko vor. Diese Unterart ist grauer auf der Oberseite und weiß auf der Unterseite. Der Schnabel ist relativ groß.[1]
  • Thryomanes bewickii cryptus Oberholser, 1898[13] kommt im Westen Kansas, dem Westen Oklahomas über das zentrale und östliche Texas bis in den Nordosten Mexikos vor. Diese Unterart unterscheidet sich von T. b. eremophilus durch die kleinere Größe, und die dunkelbraune Oberseite.[1]
  • Thryomanes bewickii pulichi (Phillips, AR, 1986)[14] ist im Osten von Kansas und in Oklahoma verbreitet. Diese Subspezies ist weniger rötlich braun gefärbt auf der Oberseite.[1]
  • Thryomanes bewickii sadai (Phillips, AR, 1986)[15] kommt im Süden von Texas bis ins zentrale Tamaulipas vor. Diese Unterart ist generell kleiner und matter, mit etwas rötlicher Tönung an den Flanken.[1]
  • Thryomanes bewickii mexicanus (Deppe, 1830)[16] ist im zentralen und südlichen Mexiko verbreitet. Diese Unterart hat einen dunklen Oberkopf, schmuddelig weiß auf der Unterseite und starken Streifen an den Unterschwanzdecken.[1]
  • Thryomanes bewickii bewickii (Audubon, 1827)[17] kommt im zentralen und östlich-zentralen Gebiet der USA vor.

Thryomanes bewickii atrestus Oberholser, 1932[18] wird heute als Synonym für T. b. drymoecus, Thryothorus murinus (Hartlaub, 1852)[19] als Synonym für T. b. mexicanus und Thryomanes bewickii altus Aldrich, 1944[20] als Synonym für T. b. bewickii betrachtet.

Etymologie und Forschungsgeschichte

Als Erstbeschreibung des Buschzaunkönigs publizierte John James Audubon eine Tafel mit dem wissenschaftlichen Namen Troglodytes bewickii.[17] Erst 1831 lieferte er einen Text zur Tafel nach. Hier beschrieb er, dass er das Typusexemplar am 19. Oktober 1821 bei St. Francisville erlegt hatte.[21] 1862 führten Philip Lutley Sclater die für die Wissenschaft neue Gattung Thryomanes u. a. für den Buschzaunkönig ein.[22][A 1] Der Artname »bewickii« wurde Thomas Bewick (1753–1828) gewidmet.[21] »Calophonus« leitet sich von »kalos καλός« für »schön, hübsch« und »phōnē, phōneō φωνη, φωνεω« für »Stimme, sprechen« ab.[23] »Drymoecus« ist ein griechisches Wortgebilde aus »drymos δρυμος« für »Dickicht, Busch« und »oikos, oikeō φωνη, φωνεω« für »Bewohner, bewohnen« ab,[24] »spilurus« aus »spilos σπιλος« für »Fleck« und »-ouros, oura -ουρος, ουρα« für »-schwänzig, Schwanz«,[25] »leucophrys« aus »leukos λευκος« für »weiß« und »ophrys, oura οφρυς« für »Augenbraue«,[26] »charienturus« aus »charieis, charientos χαριεις, χαριεντος« für »schön« und »ophrys, oura οφρυς« für »Augenbraue«,[27] »eremophilus« aus »erēmos ερημος« für »Wüste« und »-philos, phileō -φιλος, φιλεω« für »-liebend, Liebe«,[28] »cryptus κρυπτος« für »versteckt, unklar«[29] und »atrestus ατρεστος« für »furchtlos, unerschrocken«,[30] »murinus« von »mus, muris« für »Maus« und bezieht sich auf die Farbe »mausgrau«[31] und »altus« auf »hoch, schrill«.[32] »Mexicanus« bezieht sich auf das Land Mexiko, welches wiederum seinen Ursprung eventuell im Azteken »Mexihtli« hat,[16] »marinensis« auf Marin County,[5] »cerroensis« auf Isla de Cedros[9] und »magdalenensis« auf die Llanos der Bahía Magdalena.[10] »Pulichi« ehrt Warren Mark Pulich (1919–2010),[14] »sadai« Andrés Marcelo Sada Zambrano (1930–2018).[15]

Literatur

  • Donald Eugene Kroodsma, David Brewer: Bewick's Wren (Thryomanes bewickii). In: Josep del Hoyo, Andrew Elliott, Jordi Sargatal, David Andrew Christie, Eduardo de Juana (Hrsg.): Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona 4. März 2020 (englisch, hbw.com).
  • James A. Jobling: Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. Christopher Helm, London 2010, ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  • John Warren Aldrich: Geographic variation of Bewick Wrens in the Eastern United States. In: Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology of the Louisiana State University. Nr. 18, 30. Dezember 1944, S. 305–309 (sites01.lsu.edu [PDF; 220 kB]).
  • Alfred Webster Anthony: A New Species of Thryothorus from the Pacific Coast. In: The Auk. Band 12, Nr. 1, 1895, S. 51–52 (sora.unm.edu [PDF; 80 kB]).
  • Alfred Webster Anthony: New Birds from the Islands and Peninsula of Lower California. In: The Auk. Band 14, Nr. 2, 1897, S. 164–168 (sora.unm.edu [PDF; 199 kB]).
  • John James Audubon: The Birds of America. Robert Havell, London 1827 (digitalcommonwealth.org – 1827–1838).
  • John James Audubon: Ornithological biography, or an account of the habits of the birds of the United States of America; accompanied by descriptions of the objects represented in the work entitled The Birds of America, and interspersed with delineations of American scenery and manners. Adam Black, Edinburgh 1831 (biodiversitylibrary.org – 1831–1839).
  • Wilhelm Deppe: Preis-Verzeichniss der Säugethiere, Vogel, Amphibien, Fische und Krebse, welche von den Herren Deppe und Schiede in Mexico gesammelt worden, und bei dem unterzeichneten Bevollmächtigten in Berlin gegen baare Zahlung in Preuss. Courant zu erhalten sind. Privatdruck Ferdinand Deppe, Berlin 1830.
  • Joseph Grinnell: Two heretofore unnamed wrens of the genus Thyryomanes. In: University of California publications in zoology. Band 5, Nr. 8, 21. Februar 1910, S. 307–309 (biodiversitylibrary.org).
  • Gustav Hartlaub: Description de quelques nouvelles espèces d'Oiseaux. In: Revue et magasin de zoologie pure et appliquée (= 2). Band 4, 1852, S. 3–7 (biodiversitylibrary.org).
  • Laurence Markham Huey: Two new wrens and a new jay from Lower California, Mexico. In: Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History. Band 9, Nr. 35, 1. Oktober 1942, S. 427–434 (biodiversitylibrary.org).
  • Harry Church Oberholser: A revisopn of the wrens of the genus Thryomanes Sclater. In: Proceedings of the United States National Museum. Band 21, Nr. 1153, 19. November 1898, S. 421–450 (biodiversitylibrary.org).
  • Harry Church Oberholser: Descriptions of new birds from Oregon, chiefly from the Warner Valley region. In: Scientific publications of the Cleveland Museum of Natural History. Band 4, Nr. 1, 19. September 1932, S. 1–12 (biodiversitylibrary.org).
  • Allan Robert Phillips: The known birds of North and Middle America. Distributions and Variation, Migrations, Changes, Hybrids, etc. 1 (Hirundinidae to Mimidae; Certhiidae). Roberts Rinehart Publisher, Denver 1986, ISBN 0-9617402-0-5.
  • Robert Ridgway: Ornithology of Guadeloupe Islands. In: Bulletin of the United States Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories. Band 2, Nr. 2, 1876, S. 183–195 (englisch, https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/).
  • Philip Lutley Sclater: Catalogue of a collection of American birds. N. Trubner and Co., London 1862 (biodiversitylibrary.org).
  • Nicholas Aylward Vigors in John Richardson, Nicholas Aylward Vigors, George Tradescant Lay, Edward Turner Bennett, Richard Owen, John Edward Gray, William Buckland, George Brettingham Sowerby: The zoology of Captain Beechey's voyage; compiled from the collections and notes made by Captain Beechey, the officers and naturalist of the expedition, during a voyage to the Pacific and Behring’s Straits performed in His Majesty's ship Blossom, under the command of Captain F. W. Beechey, R.N., F.R.S., &c. &c.in the years 1825, 26, 27 and 28. H.G. Bohn, London 1839 (biodiversitylibrary.org).

Einzelnachweise

  1. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Donald Eugene Kroodsma u. a.
  2. IOC World Bird List Dapple-throats, sugarbirds, fairy-bluebirds, kinglets, hyliotas, wrens, gnatcatchers
  3. Harry Church Oberholser (1898), S. 422 u. 440.
  4. Harry Church Oberholser (1898), S. 437.
  5. a b Joseph Grinnell (1910), S. 307.
  6. Nicholas Aylward Vigors (1839), S. 18, Tafel 4 Abbildung 1.
  7. Alfred Webster Anthony (1895), S. 52.
  8. Harry Church Oberholser (1898), S. 435.
  9. a b Alfred Webster Anthony (1897), S. 166.
  10. a b Laurence Markham Huey (1942), S. 430.
  11. Robert Ridgway (1876), S. 186.
  12. Harry Church Oberholser (1898), S. 427.
  13. Harry Church Oberholser (1898), S. 422 u. 425.
  14. a b Allan Robert Phillips (1986), S. 151.
  15. a b Allan Robert Phillips (1986), S. 153.
  16. a b Wilhelm Deppe (1830), S. 2.
  17. a b John James Audubon (1827), Tafel 18.
  18. Harry Church Oberholser (1932), S. 8.
  19. Gustav Hartlaub (1852), S. 4.
  20. John Warren Aldrich (1944), S. 307.
  21. a b John James Audubon (1827), S. 96–98.
  22. Philip Lutley Sclater (1862), S. 22.
  23. James A. Jobling S. 86
  24. James A. Jobling S. 140
  25. James A. Jobling S. 362
  26. James A. Jobling S. 224
  27. James A. Jobling S. 99
  28. James A. Jobling S. 148
  29. James A. Jobling S. 124
  30. James A. Jobling S. 59
  31. James A. Jobling S. 262
  32. James A. Jobling S. 43
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autoren und Herausgeber von Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia DE

Buschzaunkönig: Brief Summary ( German )

provided by wikipedia DE

Der Buschzaunkönig (Thryomanes bewickii) ist eine Vogelart aus der Familie der Zaunkönige (Troglodytidae), die in Kanada, den Vereinigten Staaten und Mexiko verbreitet ist. Der Bestand wird von der IUCN als nicht gefährdet (Least Concern) eingeschätzt.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autoren und Herausgeber von Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia DE

Bewick's wren

provided by wikipedia EN

Illustration from Audubon's The Birds of America

The Bewick's wren (Thryomanes bewickii) is a wren native to North America. It is the only species placed in the genus Thryomanes. At about 14 cm (5.5 in) long, it is grey-brown above, white below, with a long white eyebrow. While similar in appearance to the Carolina wren, it has a long tail that is tipped in white. The song is loud and melodious, much like the song of other wrens. It lives in thickets, brush piles and hedgerows, open woodlands and scrubby areas, often near streams. It eats insects and spiders, which it gleans from vegetation or finds on the ground.[2]

Its historic range was from southern British Columbia, Nebraska, southern Ontario, and southwestern Pennsylvania, Maryland, south to Mexico, Arkansas and the northern Gulf States. However, it is now extremely rare east of the Mississippi River.[3]

Taxonomy

In 1827 the American ornithologist John James Audubon included an illustration of Bewick's wren under the binomial name Troglodytes bewickii in his The Birds of America.[4] In the companion Ornithological Biography, published four years later, Audubon explained that he had shot the specimen near St. Francisville, Louisiana in 1821 and had chosen the specific epithet bewickii in honour of his friend the engraver Thomas Bewick.[5] Bewick's wren is now the only species placed in the genus Thryomanes that was introduced by the English zoologist Philip Sclater in 1862.[6][7]

The Socorro wren was formerly also placed in Thryomanes, but is now known to be a close relative of the house wren complex, as indicated by biogeography and mtDNA NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 sequence analysis, whereas Thryomanes seems not too distant from the Carolina wren.[8]

Subspecies

Fifteen subspecies are recognised of which two are now extinct.[7] Subspecies can be distinguished by the small differences in the color of the dorsal feathers but this can be difficult for museum specimens as the colors tend to change after a few years of storage.[9]

  • T. b. calophonus Oberholser, 1898 – southwest Canada and northwest USA
  • T. b. drymoecus Oberholser, 1898 – west Canada. Includes T. b. atrestus.
  • T. b. marinensis Grinnell, 1910 – coastal northwest California
  • T. b. spilurus (Vigors, 1839) – coastal central California
  • T. b. leucophrys (Anthony, 1895) – Extinct, formerly San Clemente Island, California
  • T. b. charienturus Oberholser, 1898 – southern California and northwest Baja California
  • T. b. cerroensis (Anthony, 1897) – west central Baja California
  • T. b. magdalenensis Huey, 1942 – southwest Baja California
  • T. b. brevicauda Ridgway, 1876 – Extinct, formerly Guadalupe Island, Mexico
  • T. b. eremophilus Oberholser, 1898 – interior southwest USA to central Mexico
  • T. b. cryptus Oberholser, 1898 – west Kansas, west Oklahoma and central, east Texas and northeast Mexico
  • T. b. pulichi (Phillips, AR, 1986) – east Kansas and Oklahoma
  • T. b. sadai (Phillips, AR, 1986) – south Texas (southern USA) to central Tamaulipas (northeast Mexico)
  • T. b. mexicanus (Deppe, 1830) – central and south Mexico. Includes T. b. murinus.
  • T. b. bewickii (Audubon, 1827) – Nominate subspecies, central and east central USA. Includes T. b. altus.

Description

The Bewick's wren has an average length of 5.1 inches (13 cm) an average weight of 0.3 to 0.4 ounces (8 -12 g), and a wingspan of 18 cm.[10] Its plumage is brown on top and light grey underneath, with a white stripe above each eye. Its beak is long, slender, and slightly curved.[2] Its most distinctive feature is its long tail with black bars and white corners. It moves its tail around frequently, making this feature even more obvious for observers.[11]

Juveniles look similar to adults, with only a few key differences. Their beaks are usually shorter and stockier. In addition, their underbelly might feature some faint speckling.[2] Males and females are very similar in appearance.[2]

Vocalizations

Bewick's wrens, like many wrens, are very vocal. Both females and males make short calls while foraging and both use a harsh scolding call when agitated.[2] Males also sing in order to attract mates and protect their territory.[2] The song is broken into two or three individual parts; one individual male may exhibit up to twenty-two different variations on the song pattern, and may even throw in a little ventriloquism to vary it even further.[12] A male wren learns its song from neighboring males, so its song will be different from its father's.[2]

Geographic variation

Bewick's Wren
Bewick's Wren in Sacramento, California.

Geographic differences have been observed in the appearance of the Bewick's wren. Eastern populations, prior to their decline, were described as being more colorful, such as having a reddish tint to its brown feathers. Pacific populations are described as being darker in appearance, while populations in the Southwest are described as having a grayer plumage.[11]

Geographic differences have also been noted in the song of Bewick's wrens. Each regional population of Bewick's wrens have distinctive vocalizations, in particular their call notes. Pacific populations sing notably more complicated songs than Southwestern populations. Eastern populations were also noted to be excellent singers.[11]

Distribution and habitat

The Bewick's wren once had a range that extended throughout much of the United States and Mexico and parts of Canada. It used to be fairly common in the Midwest and in the Appalachian Mountains, but it is now extremely rare east of the Mississippi River. It is still found along the Pacific Coast from Baja California to British Columbia, in Mexico, and in a significant portion of the Southwest, including Texas, Arizona, New Mexico, and Oklahoma.[3] Western populations do not tend to migrate. Eastern populations, prior to their decline, used to migrate from its northern range to the Gulf Coast.[2]

The preferred habitat of the Bewick's wren is that of arid open woodlands and brush-filled areas such as hillsides and uplands, but will reside in humid areas locally (Subtropical and Temperate zones).[13] They are more common than house wrens in drier habitats, such as those found in the Southwest.[3] In California, Bewick's wrens inhabit a shrubland area called chaparral.[14]

Behavior

Bewick's Wren feeding young and cleaning the nestbox.

Feeding

Bewick's wrens are insect eaters. They glean insects and insect eggs from vegetation, including the trunks of trees. They typically do not feed on vegetation higher than 3 meters, but they will forage on the ground.[3] Bewick's wrens are capable of hanging upside down in order to acquire food, such as catching an insect on the underside of a branch. When it catches an insect, it kills the insect prior to swallowing it whole. Bewick's wrens will repeatedly wipe their beaks on its perch after a meal.

Bewick's wrens will visit backyard feeders. They will eat suet, peanut hearts, hulled sunflower seeds, and mealworms.[15] Like many insect-eating birds, the Bewick's wren widens its diet to include seeds in the winter.[16]

Breeding

Courtship begins with the male singing from its perch. It will occasionally pause its song in order to chase its competitors. Bewick's wrens form monogamous pairs that will then forage together.[2] The male wren begins building the nest in a cavity or birdhouse, with the female joining in later. The nest is constructed from twigs and other plant materials and is often lined with feathers. The nest is cup-shaped and located in a nook or cavity of some kind. It lays 5–7 eggs, which are white with brown spots. The Bewick's wren produces two broods in a season. Pairs are more or less monogamous when it comes to breeding, but go solitary throughout the winter.[17]

Status and conservation

In 2016, the Bewick's wren was listed as least concern on the IUCN Red List of threatened species due to the size of its range and estimates of its population size.[1] However, ornithologists have noted a severe decline in its eastern range and parts of its western range.[3] In particular, it has virtually disappeared from east of the Mississippi. In 1984, the state of Maryland classified the Bewick's wren as endangered under its Maryland Endangered Species Act of 1971. Despite this classification, no breeding pairs of Bewick's wrens are known to remain in Maryland.[18] In 2014, the North American Bird Conservation Initiative placed the eastern Bewick's wren on its watch list.[19]

Several theories have been proposed to explain its decline in its eastern range, including pesticide use and competition from other bird species.[3] The most likely reason seems to be competition from house wrens. House wrens compete with Bewick's wrens for similar nesting sites. House wrens will destroy both the nests and eggs of Bewick's wrens.[2] The reforestation of once open land has also negatively impacted the eastern Bewick's wrens.[2]

In California, habitat loss due to development has impacted the Bewick's wren. In San Diego, the development of canyons has led to the gradual decline of native bird species, including the Bewick's wren.[14]

In Washington, development has actually benefited the Bewick's wren, leading to an increase in its population. However, this has coincided with the decline of the Pacific wren thanks to increased competition between the two species.[20]

References

  1. ^ a b BirdLife International (2018). "Thryomanes bewickii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22711377A132096463. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22711377A132096463.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Bewick's Wren". www.allaboutbirds.org. Retrieved 2017-05-02.
  3. ^ a b c d e f "Bewick's Wren - Introduction | Birds of North America Online". birdsna.org. Retrieved 2017-05-02.
  4. ^ Audubon, John James (1827). "Bewick's wren". The Birds of America; from original drawing. Vol. 1. London: Published by the author. Plate 18.
  5. ^ Audubon, John James (1831). Ornithological Biography, or an account of the habits of the birds of the United States of America ; accompanied by descriptions of the objects represented in the work entitled The Birds of America, and interspersed with delineations of American scenery and manners. Vol. 1. Edinburgh: Adam Black. pp. 96–97.
  6. ^ Sclater, P.L. (1862). Catalogue of a Collection of American Birds. London: N. Trubner and Co. p. 22.
  7. ^ a b Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (2020). "Dapple-throats, sugarbirds, fairy-bluebirds, kinglets, hyliotas, wrens & gnatcatchers". IOC World Bird List Version 10.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 10 October 2020.
  8. ^ Martínez Gómez; Juan E.; Barber, Bruian R. & Peterson, A. Townsend (2005). "Phylogenetic position and generic placement of the Socorro Wren (Thryomanes sissonii)" (PDF). Auk. 122 (1): 50–56. doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2005)122[0050:PPAGPO]2.0.CO;2. hdl:1808/16612. S2CID 20879561. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-12-17.
  9. ^ Kennedy, E.D.; White, D.W. (2020). Poole, A.F. (ed.). "Bewick's Wren (Thryomanes bewickii), version 1.0". Birds of the World. Ithaca, NY, USA: Cornell Lab of Ornithology. doi:10.2173/bow.bewwre.01. Retrieved 11 October 2020.
  10. ^ Oiseaux.net. "Troglodyte de Bewick - Thryomanes bewickii - Bewick's Wren". www.oiseaux.net. Retrieved 2020-09-28.
  11. ^ a b c Kaufman, Kenn (2006). "Bewick's Wren". Birder's World. 20: 60–61.
  12. ^ Beedy, Edward C.; Pandolfino, Edward R. (2013-06-17). Birds of the Sierra Nevada: Their Natural History, Status, and Distribution. ISBN 9780520274938.
  13. ^ The Committee on Classification and Nomenclature of the American Ornithologists' Union (1983). Check-List of North American Birds (sixth ed.). American Ornithologists' Union. p. 530. ISBN 0-943610-32-X.
  14. ^ a b Diamond, Jared (1988). "Urban extinction of birds". Nature. 333 (6172): 393–394. Bibcode:1988Natur.333..393D. doi:10.1038/333393a0. S2CID 4340734.
  15. ^ "Common Feeder Birds - FeederWatch". feederwatch.org. Retrieved 2017-05-02.
  16. ^ "Winter - Wild Birds Unlimited". Wild Birds Unlimited. Retrieved 2017-05-02.
  17. ^ Kennedy, E.D.; White, D.W. (1997). Poole, A.; Gill, F. (eds.). "Bewick's Wren (Thryomanes bewickii)". The Birds of North America. The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA & The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C. (315). doi:10.2173/bna.315.
  18. ^ "Wrens of Maryland - Maryland's Wild Acres". dnr2.maryland.gov. Retrieved 2017-03-26.
  19. ^ "2014 Report — The State of the Birds Report 2014". www.stateofthebirds.org. Retrieved 2017-03-26.
  20. ^ Farwell, Laura; Marzluff, John (2013). "A new bully on the block: Does urbanization promote Bewick's wren (Thryomanes bewickii) aggressive exclusion of Pacific wrens (Troglodytes pacificus)?". Biological Conservation. 161: 128–141. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2013.03.017.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia EN

Bewick's wren: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN
Illustration from Audubon's The Birds of America

The Bewick's wren (Thryomanes bewickii) is a wren native to North America. It is the only species placed in the genus Thryomanes. At about 14 cm (5.5 in) long, it is grey-brown above, white below, with a long white eyebrow. While similar in appearance to the Carolina wren, it has a long tail that is tipped in white. The song is loud and melodious, much like the song of other wrens. It lives in thickets, brush piles and hedgerows, open woodlands and scrubby areas, often near streams. It eats insects and spiders, which it gleans from vegetation or finds on the ground.

Its historic range was from southern British Columbia, Nebraska, southern Ontario, and southwestern Pennsylvania, Maryland, south to Mexico, Arkansas and the northern Gulf States. However, it is now extremely rare east of the Mississippi River.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia EN

Triomano ( Esperanto )

provided by wikipedia EO

La Triomano (Thryomanes bewickii) estas malgranda birdo de la familio de Trogloditedoj en Ameriko. Ĝi estas indiĝena de Nordameriko. Tiu estas la nuna ununura specio de sia genro, Thryomanes. La Sokora troglodito, iam lokita en tiu genro, estas aktuale proksima parenco de la grupo de la Domtroglodito, kiel indikas biogeografio kaj analizoj de DNA, dum Thryomanes ŝajne estas pli proksima de la Karolina troglodito.[1]

Aspekto

Ĝi estas ĉirkaŭ 14 cm longa, kaj grizecbruna supre, blanka sube, kun longa kaj larĝa blanka superokula strio; fakte ĉar la traokula strio, kiu estas en aliaj trogloditedoj, en tiu ĉi larĝiĝas post la okulo, la superokula strio aperas kiel rimarkinda marko ene de tuta kapokrono bruna homogena. Kvankam simila al la Karolina troglodito, ĝi havas longan voston kun blankaj pintoj kiu ofte estas levata. La kanto estas laŭta kaj melodia, multe kiel la kanto de aliaj trogloditedoj.

La ino demetas 5–7 blankajn ovojn kun brunaj punktoj.

Disvastiĝo

Tiu nearktisa specio loĝas en makiso, arbustejoj, heĝoj kaj malferma arbaro, ofte ĉe riveroj. Ties teritorio estas el suda Brita Kolumbio, Nebrasko, suda Ontario kaj sudokcidenta Pensilvanio sude al Meksiko, Arkansas kaj la nordo de la Ŝtatoj de la Golfo de Meksiko.

Subspecioj

Sekvas listo de komune agnoskataj subspecioj. Du iĝis formortintaj dum la 20a jarcento, ĉefe pro la habitatodetruo kaj predado fare de katoj.[2]

Formortinta ekde la 1940-aj jaroj pro habitatdetruo fare de sovaĝaj kaproj kaj ŝafoj. Nomita ankaŭ T. b. anthonyi. Observado de leucophrys en 1897[3] aludas al cerroensis; tiam la troglodito de San Clemente estis konsiderata certa specio kiu inkludis la populacion de Cedros.
Tiu subspecio estas formortinta ekde (probable) malfruaj 1890-aj jaroj pro habitatdetruo fare de sovaĝaj kaproj kaj predado fare de sovaĝaj katoj. Trokolektado fare de sciencistoj povus esti akcelinta tiun tendencon[4]. Oni laste kolektis (3 specimenoj) fare de Anthony kaj Streator maje de 1892[4] kaj estis vidataj sed "preskaŭ formortintaj" la 22an de marto de 1897[3]. Anthony jam ne trovis ilin en kelkaj serĉadoj inter 1892 kaj 1901 kaj estis konsiderataj certe formortintaj ĉirkaŭ 1901[4]; posta serĉado en 1906 konfirmis la formorton de la subspecio[5].[6]
  • T. b. murinus (Hartlaub). Orienta kaj centra Meksiko.
  • T. b. bairdi (Salvin and Goodman). SOr Meksiko al S Pŭeblo.
  • T. b. percnus (Oberholser). Ĥalisko al Gerero, Meksiko.

La lastaj tri estas foje unuigitaj kiel T. b. mexicanus. La valido de la subspecioj devus esti certigata tuje uzante freŝkaptitajn birdojn aŭ molekulan datumon, ĉar specimenoj difektiĝos baldaŭ.[2]

Notoj

  1. Martínez Gómez et al. (2005)
  2. 2,0 2,1 Kennedy & White (1997)
  3. 3,0 3,1 Kaeding (1905)
  4. 4,0 4,1 4,2 Anthony (1901)
  5. Thayer & Bangs (1908)
  6. La ofta informo pri formorto en "1903" ŝajne estas la unua informo de malesto pli ol la lasta informo pri ties esto. Fakte ne estis informo post 1897. La rezulto de la vizitoj de Anthony post 1892 ne estas konata; se li vizitis la insulon antaŭ 1897 li eble pretervidis la lastajn restaĵojn de la populacio kaj la formorta dato de 1901 povus esti pristudata. Ĉiukaze la subspecio estus formortinta el 1897 al 1901.

Referencoj

  • Anthony, A.W. (1901): The Guadalupe Wren. Condor 3(3): 73. PDF plena teksto
  • IUCN2007, BirdLife International, 2004, 52008, Thryomanes bewickii, 08 Oktobro 2007.
  • Kaeding, Henry B. (1905): Birds from the West Coast of Lower California and Adjacent Islands (Part II). Condor 7(4): 134-138. PDF plena teksto
  • Kennedy, E.D. & White, D.W. (1997): Bewick's Wren (Thryomanes bewickii). En: Poole, A. & Gill, F. (eds.): The Birds of North America 315. The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA & The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C.
  • Martínez Gómez, Juan E.; Barber, Bruian R. & Peterson, A. Townsend (2005): Phylogenetic position and generic placement of the Socorro Wren (Thryomanes sissonii). Auk 122(1): 50–56. [Angla kun hispana resumo] DOI:10.1642/0004-8038(2005)122[0050:PPAGPO]2.0.CO;2 PDF plena teksto
  • Thayer, John E. & Bangs, Outram (1908): The Present State of the Ornis of Guadaloupe Island. Condor 10(3): 101-106. COI:10.2307/1360977 PDF plena teksto

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Vikipedio aŭtoroj kaj redaktantoj
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia EO

Triomano: Brief Summary ( Esperanto )

provided by wikipedia EO

La Triomano (Thryomanes bewickii) estas malgranda birdo de la familio de Trogloditedoj en Ameriko. Ĝi estas indiĝena de Nordameriko. Tiu estas la nuna ununura specio de sia genro, Thryomanes. La Sokora troglodito, iam lokita en tiu genro, estas aktuale proksima parenco de la grupo de la Domtroglodito, kiel indikas biogeografio kaj analizoj de DNA, dum Thryomanes ŝajne estas pli proksima de la Karolina troglodito.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Vikipedio aŭtoroj kaj redaktantoj
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia EO

Thryomanes bewickii ( Spanish; Castilian )

provided by wikipedia ES

El chivirín de cola oscura (Thryomanes bewickii), también conocido como saltapared cola larga, es un ave paseriforme (aves de percha) de la familia Troglodytidae (matracas y saltaparedes),.[2]​ Se distribuye en Norteamérica llegando hasta el centro de México, mide 14 cm aproximadamente siendo un poco menor que el gorrión mexicano.

En México se le ha observado en 26 estados (las excepciones son Colima, Campeche, Chiapas, Tabasco, Quintana Roo y Yucatán). En México, la NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010 no considera a esta ave terrestre en sus listas de especies en riesgo; la UICN 2019-1 la considera como de Preocupación menor. [2]

Subespecies

Sigue una lista de las subespecies reconocidas comúnmente. Dos están extintas desde el s. XX, principalmente debido a destrucción de hábitat y predación de felinos.[3]

  • T. b. cryptus Oberholser. Centro de Kansas a norte de Tamaulipas, México. Incluye a T. b. niceae. Las aves del sudeste están a veces separadas T. b. sadai
  • T. b. calophonus Oberholser. Sudoeste de la Columbia Británica, Canadá, a oeste de Oregón. Incluye a T. b. ariborius y T. b. hurleyi. El antiguo nombre se refiere a la población que se encuentra en el área de Seattle y Vancouver; esas aves a veces se las llama reyezuelo de Seattle
  • T. b. marinensis Grinnell. Costas del noroeste de California a Marin County
  • T. b. atrestus Oberholser. Sur de Oregón al oeste de Nevada. Probablemente no válida
  • T. b. correctus Grinnell. Sudoeste costas de California a la frontera mexicana; posiblemente sinónimo de charienturus
  • T. b. magdalenensis Huey. Sudoeste de la península de Baja California de 26 a 24° N
  • T. b. cerroensis (Anthony). Isla Cedros (México) y oeste central de Baja California. Incluye a T. b. atricauda
  • T. b. leucophrys (Anthony). Reyezuelo de Bewick de San Clemente. Isla San Clemente, California, EUA.
Extinto desde los 1940s debido a destrucción de hábitat por chivos y ovejas. También llamado T. b. anthonyi. Observaciones de leucophrys en 1897[4]​ se refiere a cerroensis; a esa época, el reyezuelo de San Clemente se consideraba una especie que incluía a la población de Cedros
  • T. b. brevicauda Ridgway. Guadalupe Bewick's Wren. Antes llamada de la Isla de Guadalupe, México.
Esta subespecie está extinta. Desde (probablemente) los 1890s a causa de la destrucción de terrenos arbustivos[5]​ por invasión del hábitat por cabras salvajes y depredación por cabras salvajes. La recolección de especies de parte de científicos pudo haber exacerbado el problema.[6]​ Fueron recolectados (3 especímenes) por Anthony y Streator en mayo de 1892[6]​ y vistos pero no atrapados, dándolos por "casi extintos" el 22 de marzo de 1897.[4]​ No fueron encontrados por Anthony en varias visitas entre 1892 y 1901 por lo que se les consideró extintos para 1901;[6]​ una búsqueda intensa en 1906 confirmó la extinción de la subespecie.[7][8]
  • T. b. murinus (Hartlaub). Este y centro de México
  • T. b. bairdi (Salvin and Goodman). Sudeste de México al sur de Puebla

Las últimas tres comúnmente se unen en T. b. mexicanus.

La validez de las subespecies necesita ser verificada mediante aves recién capturados y / o datos moleculares, pues los especímenes son propensos a un rápido deterioro.[3]

Fuentes

Referencias

  1. BirdLife International (2012). «Thryomanes bewickii». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2012.1 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 16 de julio de 2012.
  2. a b «Enciclovida (consultado el 7 de enero del 2020).».
  3. a b Kennedy, E.D.; White, D.W. (1997). «Bewick's Wren (Thryomanes bewickii)». En Poole, A.; Gill, F., eds. The Birds of North America (The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA & The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C.) (315).
  4. a b Kaeding, Henry B. (1905). «Birds from the West Coast of Lower California and Adjacent Islands (Part II)». Condor 7 (4): 134-138. doi:10.2307/1361667.
  5. «Aves extinguidas de América del Norte». Ciudad Universitaria Virtual de San Isidoro. (2013). Consultado el 10 de abril de 2015.
  6. a b c Anthony, A.W. (1901). «The Guadalupe Wren». Condor 3 (3): 73. doi:10.2307/1361475.
  7. Thayer, John E. & Bangs, Outram (1908). «The Present State of the Ornis of Guadaloupe Island». Condor 10 (3): 101-106. doi:10.2307/1360977.
  8. The often-reported extinction date of "1903" seems to be the first record of its absence rather than the last record of its presence[cita requerida]. Actually, there appears to be no post-1897 record. The schedule of Anthony's visits after 1892 is not known; if he visited the island before 1897 he must have overlooked the last remnant of the population and thus his extinction date of 1901 may be called into question. By the balance of evidence, it is likely however that the subspecies became extinct between 1897 and 1901.

 title=
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autores y editores de Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia ES

Thryomanes bewickii: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

provided by wikipedia ES

El chivirín de cola oscura (Thryomanes bewickii), también conocido como saltapared cola larga, es un ave paseriforme (aves de percha) de la familia Troglodytidae (matracas y saltaparedes),.​ Se distribuye en Norteamérica llegando hasta el centro de México, mide 14 cm aproximadamente siendo un poco menor que el gorrión mexicano.

En México se le ha observado en 26 estados (las excepciones son Colima, Campeche, Chiapas, Tabasco, Quintana Roo y Yucatán). En México, la NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010 no considera a esta ave terrestre en sus listas de especies en riesgo; la UICN 2019-1 la considera como de Preocupación menor. ​

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autores y editores de Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia ES

Thryomanes bewickii ( Basque )

provided by wikipedia EU

Thryomanes bewickii Thryomanes generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Troglodytidae familian sailkatua dago.

Erreferentziak

  1. (Ingelesez)BirdLife International (2012) Species factsheet. www.birdlife.org webgunetitik jaitsia 2012/05/07an
  2. (Ingelesez) IOC Master List

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipediako egileak eta editoreak
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia EU

Thryomanes bewickii: Brief Summary ( Basque )

provided by wikipedia EU

Thryomanes bewickii Thryomanes generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Troglodytidae familian sailkatua dago.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipediako egileak eta editoreak
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia EU

Tarhapeukaloinen ( Finnish )

provided by wikipedia FI

Tarhapeukaloinen (Thryomanes bewickii) on Pohjois-Amerikassa tavattava peukaloisiin kuuluva varpuslintu. Se on noin 14 senttimetriä pitkä, hoikka ja pitkäpyrstöinen lintu. Väritykseltään tarhapeukolainen on harmahtavan ruskea. Tarhapeukolaiset liikkuvat yleensä yksin, mutta joskus niitä tavataan pareittain. Naaras munii 5–6 munaa pesimäkoloon.

Koko ja ulkonäkö

Tarhapeukaloinen on noin 14 cm pitkä laji, ja rakenteeltaan se on hoikka ja pitkäpyrstöinen. Selkä ja päälaki ovat harmahtavan ruskeat. Tyynenmeren rannikolla elävät linnut ovat harmaampia kuin itäisempiin populaatioihin kuuluva tarhapeukaloiset, jotka ovat punaruskeampia. Päässä on kaksi valkoista silmäkulmajuovaa. Vatsa on harmahtavan valkoinen ja pyrstö valkoviiruinen. Ulkonäöltään tarhapeukaloinen muistuttaa matkijapeukaloista (Thryothorus ludovicianus), joka eroaa suuremman kokonsa ja tukevamman rakenteensa perusteella.[3][4]

Levinneisyys ja elinympäristö

Tarhapeukaloista tavataan Kanadasta Ontariosta, Yhdysvaltain länsi- ja eteläosista sekä Meksikosta. [5][6] Lajin elinympäristöä ovat pensaikot usein jokien ja maatalousalueiden lähettyvillä. Laji on harvinaistunut erityisesti elinalueensa itäosissa ja Mississipin osavaltiossa se luokitellaan uhanalaiseksi. Kannan harvinaistumisen arvellaan johtuvan pihapeukaloiskannan (Troglodytes aedon) kasvusta. Pihapeukaloinen voittaa tarhapeukaloisen kilpailussa pesimäpaikoista.[3]

Elintavat

Tarhapeukaloiset elävät pensaikoissa ja puissa. Laji liikkuu hyppimällä ja on hyvin harvoin pitkiä aikoja paikoillaan.[4] Yleensä tarhapeukaloiset liikkuvat yksinään, mutta joskus niitä tavataan pareittain.[3]

Tarhapeukaloiset ovat kolopesijöitä ja rakentavat pesänsä kallion koloon, vanhaan tikan koloon tai pesimälaatikoihin. Naaras rakentaa koloon kuppimaisen pesän sammalista, lehdistä, karvoista ja höyhenistä ja munii viidestä kuuteen munaa. Naaras hautoo niitä yksin noin kaksi viikkoa. Koiras huolehtii hautovan naaraan ruokkimisessa ja auttaa kuoriutuneiden poikasten hoidossa.[3]

Tarhapeukaloiset käyttävät ravintonaan pääasiassa hyönteisiä ja hämähäkkieläimiä.[3] Ravinto etsitään pensaikosta lehdiltä tai toisinaan maasta.[4]

Lähteet

  1. BirdLife International: Thryomanes bewickii IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. 2012. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 2.2.2014. (englanniksi)
  2. Thryomanes bewickii ITIS. Viitattu 5.12.2009.
  3. a b c d e Bewick's Wren BirdWeb. Viitattu 5.12.2009. (englanniksi)
  4. a b c Pete Dunne: Pete Dunne's essential field guide companion, s. 480. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2006. ISBN 978-0618236480. Kirja Googlen teoshaussa (viitattu 05.12.2009). (englanniksi)
  5. P. A. Taverner: Birds Of Eastern Canada, s. 220. READ BOOKS, 2007. ISBN 978-1406722659. Kirja Googlen teoshaussa (viitattu 05.12.2009). (englanniksi)
  6. Bewick's Wren Cornell Lab of Ornithoplogy. Viitattu 5.12.2009. (englanniksi)
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedian tekijät ja toimittajat
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia FI

Tarhapeukaloinen: Brief Summary ( Finnish )

provided by wikipedia FI

Tarhapeukaloinen (Thryomanes bewickii) on Pohjois-Amerikassa tavattava peukaloisiin kuuluva varpuslintu. Se on noin 14 senttimetriä pitkä, hoikka ja pitkäpyrstöinen lintu. Väritykseltään tarhapeukolainen on harmahtavan ruskea. Tarhapeukolaiset liikkuvat yleensä yksin, mutta joskus niitä tavataan pareittain. Naaras munii 5–6 munaa pesimäkoloon.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedian tekijät ja toimittajat
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia FI

Troglodyte de Bewick ( French )

provided by wikipedia FR

Thryomanes bewickii

Le Troglodyte de Bewick (Thryomanes bewickii (Audubon, 1827)) est une espèce d'oiseaux nord-américaine appartenant à la famille des Troglodytidae.

Description morphologique

 src=
Sur cette gravure représentant un Troglodyte de Bewick, on voit nettement les zones blanches des plumes les plus externes de la queue (Chester A. Reed, The Bird Book, 1915)

Cet oiseau de 13 à 14 cm de longueur[1] présente sur le dessus du corps un plumage brun chaud, légèrement rayé de sombre sur les ailes et la queue, et blanc ou gris-blanc dessous. Il possède une longue barre blanche bien visible qui part de la partie supérieure du bec, passe au-dessus de l'œil, puis se prolonge vers la nuque. Lorsque la queue est déployée, on s'aperçoit que les rectrices présentent une face inférieure blanche, rayée de noir, et que les plus externes présentent, sur leur face supérieure, une extrémité blanche. Le bec, assez long, est courbe et très fin. L'iris de l'œil est noir ; les pattes sont beige-rosé.

Comportement

Alimentation

Cet oiseau insectivore se nourrit généralement au sol ou dans la végétation près du sol. Il est capable, grâce à son long bec fin, d'aller chercher insectes et araignées dans de fines crevasses des écorces ou du terrain.

Relations sociales

Lorsque cet oiseau chante, il se perche le plus souvent à une hauteur supérieure à celle où il cherche habituellement sa nourriture[1].

Répartition et habitat

 src=
Carte de répartition
  • Aire de nidification
  • Présent à l'année
  • Aire d'hivernage

Le Troglodyte de Bewick vit dans des zones boisées à sous-bois bien développé, ou à leur lisière. On peut ainsi le rencontrer dans les lisières des forêts décidues, ou dans les forêts de conifères, dans le chaparral ou dans les bosquets des zones arides à association végétale Pinus-Juniperus[1].

Son aire de répartition couvre une petite partie de l'État de la Colombie-Britannique au Canada, toute la côte ouest et presque tout le sud des États-Unis, les Appalaches, et s'étend vers le sud jusqu'au sud du Mexique.

Systématique

Le nom de cet oiseau commémore le naturaliste Thomas Bewick (1753-1828).

Voir aussi

Références externes

Notes et références

  1. a b et c MacMahon J.A. (1997) Deserts p 599, National Audubon Society Nature Guides, Knopf A.A. Inc, (ISBN 0-394-73139-5)
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Auteurs et éditeurs de Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia FR

Troglodyte de Bewick: Brief Summary ( French )

provided by wikipedia FR

Thryomanes bewickii

Le Troglodyte de Bewick (Thryomanes bewickii (Audubon, 1827)) est une espèce d'oiseaux nord-américaine appartenant à la famille des Troglodytidae.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Auteurs et éditeurs de Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia FR

Bewicks winterkoning ( Dutch; Flemish )

provided by wikipedia NL

Vogels

De Bewicks winterkoning (Thryomanes bewickii) is een zangvogel uit de familie winterkoningen (Troglodytidae).

Verspreiding en leefgebied

Deze soort komt wijdverspreid voor in Noord-Amerika, ook in Mexico en telt 18 ondersoorten:

  • Thryomanes bewickii calophonus: zuidwestelijk Canada en de noordwestelijke Verenigde Staten.
  • Thryomanes bewickii drymoecus: de westelijke Verenigde Staten.
  • Thryomanes bewickii atrestus: het zuidelijke deel van Centraal-Oregon, noordoostelijk Californië en het westelijke deel van Centraal-Nevada.
  • Thryomanes bewickii marinensis: de noordwestelijke kust van Californië.
  • Thryomanes bewickii spilurus: de kust van centraal Californië.
  • Thryomanes bewickii leucophrys: het eiland San Clemente.
  • Thryomanes bewickii charienturus: zuidelijk Californië en noordwestelijk Baja California (noordwestelijk Mexico).
  • Thryomanes bewickii cerroensis: het westelijke deel van Centraal-Baja California.
  • Thryomanes bewickii magdalenensis: zuidwestelijk Baja California.
  • Thryomanes bewickii brevicauda: Guadeloupe (nabij noordwestelijk Mexico).
  • Thryomanes bewickii eremophilus: van de zuidwestelijke Verenigde Staten tot centraal Mexico.
  • Thryomanes bewickii cryptus: westelijk Kansas, westelijk Oklahoma, centraal en oostelijk Texas en noordoostelijk Mexico.
  • Thryomanes bewickii pulichi: oostelijk Kansas en Oklahoma.
  • Thryomanes bewickii sadai: van zuidelijk Texas tot centraal Tamaulipas (noordoostelijk Mexico).
  • Thryomanes bewickii murinus: centraal Mexico.
  • Thryomanes bewickii mexicanus: zuidelijk Mexico.
  • Thryomanes bewickii bewickii: van Nebraska en oostelijk Kansas tot Mississippi.
  • Thryomanes bewickii altus: de oostelijke-centrale Verenigde Staten.

Externe link

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia-auteurs en -editors
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia NL

Bewicks winterkoning: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

provided by wikipedia NL

De Bewicks winterkoning (Thryomanes bewickii) is een zangvogel uit de familie winterkoningen (Troglodytidae).

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia-auteurs en -editors
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia NL

Snårgärdsmyg ( Swedish )

provided by wikipedia SV

Snårgärdsmyg[2] (Thryomanes bewickii) är en fågel i familjen gärdsmygar inom ordningen tättingar.[3]

Utbredning och systematik

Snårgärdsmygen placeras som enda art i släktet Thryomanes. Den delas in i hela 15 underarter följande utbredning:[3]

  • Thryomanes bewickii bewickii – östra Nordamerika, från nordöstra Kansas och södra Iowa österut till södra Ontario och centrala Pennsylvania, söderut till norra Arkansas, norra Alabama och centrala South Carolina; dock utdöd från stora delar av sitt utbredningsområde öster om Mississippifloden
  • mexicanus-gruppen
    • Thryomanes bewickii eremophilus – östra Kalifornien till Utah, Wyoming, västra Texas och västra centrala Mexiko
    • Thryomanes bewickii cryptus – östra Colorado söderut genom västra Oklahoma och västra Texas till nordöstra Mexiko (norra Nuevo León)
    • Thryomanes bewickii pulichi – centrala USA, i Kansas, Oklahoma och antagligen norra centrala Texas, österut möjligen till Missouri; mestadels stannfågel men några övervintrar i södra centrala Texas och möjligen norra Mexiko
    • Thryomanes bewickii sadai – sydligaste Texas och nordöstra Mexiko (söderut till centrala Tamaulipas)
    • Thryomanes bewickii mexicanus – centrala Mexiko (Jalisco till västra Veracruz, söderut till södra centrala Oaxaca)
  • spilurus-gruppen

Status

IUCN kategoriserar arten som livskraftig.[1]

Namn

Fågelns vetenskapliga artnamn hedrar Thomas Bewick (1753-1828), en engelsk trägravör.[4]

Bildgalleri

Noter

  1. ^ [a b] Birdlife International 2012 Thryomanes bewickii Från: IUCN 2015. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015.4 www.iucnredlist.org. Läst 2016-02-01.
  2. ^ Sveriges ornitologiska förening (2016) Officiella listan över svenska namn på världens fågelarter Arkiverad 18 oktober 2014 hämtat från the Wayback Machine., läst 2016-02-10
  3. ^ [a b] Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, D. Roberson, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood (2017) The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 2017 http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download, läst 2017-08-11
  4. ^ Jobling, J. A. (2016). Key to Scientific Names in Ornithology. Ur del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D.A. & de Juana, E. (eds.) (2016). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. Hämtad från www.hbw.com.

Externa länkar

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia författare och redaktörer
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia SV

Snårgärdsmyg: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

provided by wikipedia SV

Snårgärdsmyg (Thryomanes bewickii) är en fågel i familjen gärdsmygar inom ordningen tättingar.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia författare och redaktörer
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia SV

Підбуреник ( Ukrainian )

provided by wikipedia UK

Опис

Пташка сягає приблизно 14 см (5,5 дюйма) завдовжки. Спина сіро-коричневого забарвлення, черево біле, голова з довгою білою бровою. Він живе в заростях, чагарниках і живоплотах, рідколіссях, часто поблизу річок. Він харчується комахами і павуками, яких він збирає з рослинності або знаходить на землі.

Поширення

Його ареал простягається від південної Британської Колумбії, штату Небраска, в південній частині провінції Онтаріо, у південно-західній Пенсильванії, Меріленді, на південь до Мексики, Арканзасу і північного узбережжя Мексиканської затоки.

Розмноження

Гніздо будується у формі кубка і розташоване в затишному куточку або порожнині. Птах відкладає 5-7 яєць, білого кольору з коричневими плямами. Буває два виводки за сезон. Пари більш-менш моногамні.

Примітки

  1. BirdLife International (2012). Thryomanes bewickii: інформація на сайті МСОП (версія 2013.2) (англ.) 26 November 2013
  2. Фесенко Г. В. Вітчизняна номенклатура птахів світу. — Кривий Ріг : ДІОНАТ, 2018. — 580 с. — ISBN 978-617-7553-34-1.

Посилання

Птах Це незавершена стаття з орнітології.
Ви можете допомогти проекту, виправивши або дописавши її.
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Автори та редактори Вікіпедії
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia UK

Tiêu liêu Bewick ( Vietnamese )

provided by wikipedia VI

Tiêu liêu Bewick (danh pháp hai phần: Thryomanes bewickii) là một loài chim thuộc Họ Tiêu liêu. Tiêu liêu Bewick là loài bản địa Bắc Mỹ. Nó dài 14 mm. Phía trên có màu nâu xám, phía dưới màu trắng với lông mày trắng dài. Dù giống với tiêu liêu Carolina, nó có đuôi dài có chóp màu trắng. Tiếng hót to và nhiều thanh điệu như các loài hồng tước khác. Nó sống trong bụi, đống bàn chải và hàng rào cây, rừng mở và các khu vực bụi rậm, thường gần suối. Nó ăn côn trùng và nhện từ bụi cây hoặc tìm thấy trên mặt đất.

Chú thích

Tham khảo

 src=
Phân loài T. b. bairdi; minh họa bởi Keulemans, 1881


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết Bộ Sẻ này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia VI

Tiêu liêu Bewick: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

provided by wikipedia VI

Tiêu liêu Bewick (danh pháp hai phần: Thryomanes bewickii) là một loài chim thuộc Họ Tiêu liêu. Tiêu liêu Bewick là loài bản địa Bắc Mỹ. Nó dài 14 mm. Phía trên có màu nâu xám, phía dưới màu trắng với lông mày trắng dài. Dù giống với tiêu liêu Carolina, nó có đuôi dài có chóp màu trắng. Tiếng hót to và nhiều thanh điệu như các loài hồng tước khác. Nó sống trong bụi, đống bàn chải và hàng rào cây, rừng mở và các khu vực bụi rậm, thường gần suối. Nó ăn côn trùng và nhện từ bụi cây hoặc tìm thấy trên mặt đất.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia VI