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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Maximum longevity: 20 years (wild)
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Trophic Strategy

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Black skimmers are piscivores, their diet primarily consists of small fish from 4 to 12 cm in length. Fish that are smaller than 2 cm are fed to young birds. They also eat arthropods, such as crustaceans, and other marine invertebrates.

Fish species eaten include Odonthestes argentinenesis, Brevoortia aurea, Anchoa marinii, Lycengraulis grossidens, Engraulis anchoita, Pomatomus saltatrix, Mugil cephalus, Fundulus heteroclitus, and Anchoa mitchelli.

Black skimmers have a unique foraging behavior in which they fly low over the water while submerging their sharp, elongated lower mandible into the water. Once the prey comes into contact with the lower mandible, the upper mandible closes and the prey is captured. Their method of feeding allows them to be successful nighttime feeders.

Animal Foods: fish; insects; mollusks; aquatic crustaceans; other marine invertebrates

Primary Diet: carnivore (Piscivore )

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Pandhi, M. 2007. "Rynchops niger" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Rynchops_niger.html
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Mithil Pandhi, Kalamazoo College
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Ann Fraser, Kalamazoo College
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Behavior

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Black skimmers communicate with each other by both vocalization and displays. Their bark has been commonly described as a low-frequency bark like that of a dog. They bark as an anti-predator response, to warn their neighbors of potential danger, and also give a low-frequency bark to display aggression when neighbors intrude on their territory. The barks of males are of a lower frequency than those of females. Typical barking calls have a high frequency of approximately 6 kHz and the longest of these barks can last about 0.5 sec. These barks are often accompanied by head tosses and an aggressive upright posture. A head toss occurs when black skimmers quickly raise and lower the head and bill. In an aggressive upright posture, black skimmers extend their legs, body, and neck and hold the carpals away from the body. They may also open their bill without making noise.

Another aggressive posture is the low oblique. This posture may follow the upright aggressive posture but is less intense. It is often accompanied by head tosses and soft barks. In the low oblique posture they tilt the body down and extend the tail and wings upward. To avoid aggression when moving through a colony black skimmers walk with the bill held upright. When selecting a nesting location, males and females communicate by kicking sand to establish a scrape at that particular spot. This method of communication also allows their neighbors to know where the nest will be made. Black skimmers communicate vocally most often when they are in their own territories.

The tactile senses of black skimmers are important in their foraging behavior. When skimming over the water at night, they use their lower mandibles to make contact with fish and other marine prey before catching them. Their vertical pupils may help their vision during nocturnal feeding or protect their retinas.

Communication Channels: visual ; acoustic

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

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Pandhi, M. 2007. "Rynchops niger" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Rynchops_niger.html
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Mithil Pandhi, Kalamazoo College
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Ann Fraser, Kalamazoo College
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Conservation Status

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Black skimmers are abundant and not in any serious danger of decline. Therefore, the IUCN Red List has the species listed under "Least Concern." Black skimmers are also protected by the US Migratory Bird Act.

Black skimmers were once hunted nearly to extinction for food, but are not threatened by hunting anymore. The coastal habitat of R. niger makes these birds vulnerable to human interference through construction, recreational water activities, fishing, crabbing, clamming, and dredging. In addition, like many birds, black skimmers are susceptible to environmental contaminants. The presence of pesticides can lead to shell thinning in eggs while other pollutants can lead to the formation shell-less eggs. Oil pollution and high levels of metal contamination found in R. niger are concerns as well.

US Migratory Bird Act: protected; no special status

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

State of Michigan List: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern

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Pandhi, M. 2007. "Rynchops niger" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Rynchops_niger.html
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Mithil Pandhi, Kalamazoo College
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Ann Fraser, Kalamazoo College
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Benefits

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Black skimmers often establish colonies on sandy beaches that could be tourist destinations. Once a colony is established, it is rare for them to leave. For example, black skimmers established a colony in the parking lot at a Dow Chemical Company facility in Texas, making it inaccessible to employees of the company.

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Pandhi, M. 2007. "Rynchops niger" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Rynchops_niger.html
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Mithil Pandhi, Kalamazoo College
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Ann Fraser, Kalamazoo College
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Benefits

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Black skimmers were commonly hunted for food before the twentieth century, but are no longer hunted. Their eggs are still valuable to collectors and for food.

Rynchops niger also promotes ecotourism. Breeding colonies attract birders.

Positive Impacts: food ; body parts are source of valuable material; ecotourism

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Pandhi, M. 2007. "Rynchops niger" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Rynchops_niger.html
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Mithil Pandhi, Kalamazoo College
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Ann Fraser, Kalamazoo College
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Associations

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Black skimmers are important predators in coastal ecosystems in North and South America. They may play an important role in regulating the populations of small fishes. Rynchops niger is also prey for a variety of larger predators.

It has been argued that R. niger exhibits information parasitism by taking advantage of warning signals from nearby colonies of common terns like Sterna dougallii and Sterna antillarum.

Little is known of parasites that affect R. niger. External parasites are rare, but internal parasites have been identified. The flatworms Parvitaenia ibis (Cestoda) and Stephanoprora denticulata (Trematoda) were present in individuals affected by botulism. Rynchops niger young are often victims of diarrheal epidemics that affect 10 to 15 percent of fledglings. The organism responsible has yet to be isolated and identified.

Commensal/Parasitic Species:

  • Parvitaenia ibis
  • Stephanoprora denticulata
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Pandhi, M. 2007. "Rynchops niger" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Rynchops_niger.html
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Mithil Pandhi, Kalamazoo College
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Ann Fraser, Kalamazoo College
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Distribution

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Rynchops niger, or black skimmers, have a large range. They are found in the Nearctic and Neotropical regions. In North America, they can be found on the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of the United States. Black skimmers are seen as far north as New York and in the south along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico. They occurs along the west coast of North America, from California through Mexico. In South America, they occur virtually throughout the continent. They can be found in each coastal and land-locked country. In the Caribbean, R. niger can be seen as far east as the Virgin Islands and Grenada.

Rynchops niger is a migratory species. Individuals from northern North America winter in the southern United States and South America or the Caribbean. Individuals from southern South America may winter farther north, but only as far as Costa Rica. Typically, northern populations of R. niger migrate south in November.

Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native ); neotropical (Native )

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Pandhi, M. 2007. "Rynchops niger" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Rynchops_niger.html
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Mithil Pandhi, Kalamazoo College
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Ann Fraser, Kalamazoo College
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Habitat

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Rynchops niger is primarily found in bays, estuaries, lagoons, mudflats, beaches, shell banks, spoil islands, and coastal marshes. Individuals nest mostly on sand, salt marsh mats, and dredge spoil. They often choose sites near terns, including Sterna dougallii and Sterna antillarum.

Average elevation: 0 m.

Habitat Regions: temperate ; tropical ; terrestrial ; saltwater or marine ; freshwater

Terrestrial Biomes: desert or dune

Aquatic Biomes: lakes and ponds; rivers and streams; coastal ; brackish water

Wetlands: marsh

Other Habitat Features: riparian ; estuarine

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Pandhi, M. 2007. "Rynchops niger" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Rynchops_niger.html
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Mithil Pandhi, Kalamazoo College
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Ann Fraser, Kalamazoo College
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Life Expectancy

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Black skimmers generally live to between 5 and 15 years of age in the wild, but have a maximum lifespan of 20 years in the wild.

Range lifespan
Status: wild:
20 (high) years.

Typical lifespan
Status: wild:
5 to 15 years.

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Pandhi, M. 2007. "Rynchops niger" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Rynchops_niger.html
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Mithil Pandhi, Kalamazoo College
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Ann Fraser, Kalamazoo College
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Morphology

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Black skimmers have distinctive physical characteristics with respect to color and shape. The upper part of the body is black and the lower body and forehead are white. Black skimmers have short tails with white spots on them. They have a bright red-orange bill with a black tip. The lower mandible is longer than the upper mandible by 2 to 3 cm. The feet are bright red-orange and webbed. Rynchops niger juveniles are a mottled brown color and the sexes are indistinguishable from one another. Their upper and lower mandibles are of equal length after hatching but not after fledging.

Black skimmers exhibit sexual dimorphism in that males tend to be larger than females. Males weigh about 365 g while females weigh 265 g. On average, individuals are about 46 cm long and have a wingspan of 112 cm.

Black skimmers are unique in that they have a large pupil with a vertical slit. The eyes are often difficult to see because they are surrounded by feathers.

Range mass: 265 to 365 g.

Range length: 40 to 50 cm.

Average length: 46 cm.

Average wingspan: 112 cm.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry

Sexual Dimorphism: male larger

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Pandhi, M. 2007. "Rynchops niger" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Rynchops_niger.html
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Mithil Pandhi, Kalamazoo College
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Ann Fraser, Kalamazoo College
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Associations

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Black skimmers exhibit anti-predator behavior both actively and passively. Individuals form colonies, and this group living helps them passively avoid predation through spacing and numbers. They also employ vigilance behavior as an antipredator mechanism. Individuals of pairs look in opposite directions, or multiple individuals in a colony are able to look in every direction for approaching predators. When threatened by a predator, individuals in a colony will fly and give warning calls that are spread by neighboring individuals until the alarm radiates throughout the colony. Although adults do not exhibit cryptic defense, chicks are cryptically colored and able to blend in to their typical surroundings. Rynchops niger juveniles hide in small scrapes near vegetation where they can blend in to their surroundings.

Black skimmers fall prey to many different types of animals. Mammals and predatory birds often eat adults and juveniles alike. Egg predation is also a problem for them, as even ants, like Solenopsis molesta, Lasius neoniger, and Tetramorium caespitum can be a problem to eggs.

Known Predators:

  • red foxes (Vulpes vulpes)
  • raccoons (Procyon lotor)
  • striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis)
  • minks (Neovison vison)
  • long-tailed weasels (Mustela frenata)
  • gray squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis)
  • domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris)
  • domestic cats (Felis silvestris)
  • Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus)
  • black-crowned night herons (Nycticorax nycticorax)
  • marsh hawks (Circus cyaneus)
  • peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus)
  • ruddy turnstones (Arenaria interpres)
  • short-eared owls (Asio flammeus)
  • great horned owls (Bubo virginianus)
  • fish crows (Corvus ossifragus)
  • common grackles (Quiscalus quiscula)
  • boat-tailed grackles (Quiscalus major)
  • red-winged blackbirds (Ageliaus phoeniceus)
  • thief ants (Solenopsis molesta)
  • mound-building ant (Lasius neoniger)
  • pavement ant (Tetramorium caespitum)

Anti-predator Adaptations: cryptic

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Pandhi, M. 2007. "Rynchops niger" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Rynchops_niger.html
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Mithil Pandhi, Kalamazoo College
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Ann Fraser, Kalamazoo College
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Reproduction

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Black skimmers begin a courtship process once they arrive at a breeding colony. They form dense flocks and form pairs within about one week. Though individuals may change location in the group more than once, males and females are usually paired within a few days and establish territories. They are monogamous and males aggressively protect their mates. Black skimmers exhibit courtship feeding usually during the evening hours. In this process, a male will present a fish to the female. Once the female accepts the fish and holds it in her beak, the male mounts her and copulation occurs. The female will hold the fish in her beak during copulation and swallow the fish afterward. This is a distinct difference between black skimmers and terns, where females usually eat the fish before copulation. If a male cannot find his mate a fish, he may still be successful in courting her by presenting a stick or a leaf. Copulation may occur several times a day.

Mating System: monogamous

Black skimmers breed annually during the warmer months of summer, generally between the end of April until the beginning of September. Clutch size ranges between 4 and 5 eggs. Egg laying occurs over a span of about 8 days and it is uncommon for female black skimmers to lay multiple eggs on the same day. Incubation takes between 21 to 26 days while the time to fledging usually takes about 28 days. Because males are larger on average, they can take up to 31 days to fledge.

On average, females reach sexual maturity around 3 years of age. The youngest breeding female discovered was 11 months old. Males tend to reach sexual maturity around 4 years of age.

Breeding interval: Black skimmers breed once yearly during the summer months.

Breeding season: Breeding occurs between the end of April and early September.

Range eggs per season: 4 to 5.

Range time to hatching: 21 to 26 days.

Range fledging age: 28 to 31 days.

Average time to independence: 6 weeks.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 11 (low) months.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 36 months.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 48 months.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; oviparous

Both sexes of R. niger attend to the eggs during the period of incubation. Black skimmers protect and care for their chicks until the time of fledging, which can take place 28 to 31 days from hatching. Males tend to feed young chicks more than females, but both sexes feed their young. Rynchops niger chicks are protected from overexposure to the elements by their parents. Black skimmers are territorial and protective of their young and will attack other skimmers, including other fledglings from coming near their nest.

Parental Investment: altricial ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Male, Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Male, Female, Protecting: Male, Female)

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Pandhi, M. 2007. "Rynchops niger" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Rynchops_niger.html
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Mithil Pandhi, Kalamazoo College
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Ann Fraser, Kalamazoo College
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Biology

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The structure of the black skimmer's beak is related to its specialised foraging technique, which is unique to skimmers (2) (4). A feeding black skimmer flies low over water with the beak open and the lower mandible partially submerged, 'skimming' the water. If the lower mandible comes into contact with a prey item, such as a small fish or crustacean, the upper mandible snaps down while the head and neck double back under the body, securing the prey, which may be swallowed in flight or taken back to land (2) (5). The long beak and relatively long neck allow the skimmer to maintain its body position just above the water surface while skimming (2), and the beak can be opened unusually wide so that the upper mandible remains clear of the water. The knifelike edges of the beak help the bird to grasp slippery prey, and the neck muscles are very strong, enabling prey to be pulled from the water as the skimmer flies past (4). Although the black skimmer may sometimes wade, it does not swim or dive (2). Since skimming is a tactile rather than a visual hunting technique, skimmers are able to hunt at night, when many fish species come closer to the surface and strong daytime winds often lessen (2) (5) (7). Skimmers are the only birds in which the pupil of the eye constricts to a narrow vertical slit, an adaptation that may achieve a greater reduction in the pupil than with a circular opening, protecting the eyes from the bright glare of sunlight on water and sand during the day (2) (8) (10). A social bird, the black skimmer roosts and breeds in colonies ranging in size from a few to thousands of pairs, and is often found in the company of gulls and terns, from which it may derive some protection from predators (2) (3) (5) (8). Large, successful colonies usually occupy the same nest site from year to year (5). The species is monogamous, and both the male and female help to prepare the nest and raise the chicks. The nest is a simple, shallow scrape in the sand, into which two to four eggs are laid, hatching after an incubation period of around 21 to 26 days (2) (5). Both the eggs and the chicks are well camouflaged against the sand (2) (8). The black skimmer chick is quite well-developed and able to leave the nest after about a week, with fledging occurring after 28 to 30 days (2). The first attempts at skimming are made within about two days of the first flight, but initial success is low, and the young black skimmer may be dependent on the adults for a further few weeks (5). Interestingly, the two mandibles of the beak are of equal length on hatching. The lower mandible grows continuously faster than the upper, so that by the time the chick fledges it is already nearly 1 centimetre longer (2) (5). Its growth is kept in check by wear against the muddy or sandy bottom in shallow water, or by breakage on hitting obstructions, meaning that beak length and shape is quite variable between individuals and over time (2). The black skimmer is thought to breed from around the age of one to three years, and may live for up to 20 years in the wild (2) (5).
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Conservation

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The future of the black skimmer is dependent on the protection of suitable breeding habitat, which is an ongoing problem as human populations expand and are increasingly attracted to beach areas. Larger colonies tend to be more stable, and can be protected by preventing development at breeding sites, restricting access by off-road vehicles, erecting fences and educational signs, and wardening to prevent egg collection and to keep dogs out (5) (8). Annual monitoring of black skimmer populations, which can easily be done from the air to minimise disturbance, has been recommended in order to provide estimates of breeding numbers, and to identify sites needing protection. Monitoring and protection are also needed for fish stocks, to ensure that the quality and quantity are maintained and that any potential effects of pollutants in the food chain identified (5) (8). In South America, it is hoped that the preservation of large stretches of river and adjacent forest to protect local fishing industries will go some way to helping protect the populations of this remarkable bird (2).
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Description

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The largest of the three skimmer species (4), the black skimmer is an unmistakable bird, best known for its remarkable beak (2) (5). As in all skimmers, this unusual structure is long and deep, with flattened, blade-like mandibles, and the lower mandible is longer than the upper (2) (3) (5) (6). The beak of the black skimmer is bright red at the base and black at the tip, and the upper mandible is slightly downcurved (2) (3) (5). Together with the bright red legs, it provides a colourful contrast to the white underparts and sides of the head, and the black upperparts and cap (3) (5) (6). The eye is somewhat invisible within the black feathering on the head (5), and the body appears unusually front-heavy due to the long beak and large head (2). The wings are long, narrow and pointed (5) (7), and the tail, which is white with a dark central streak, is slightly forked (2) (3) (5). The legs are short, with webbed toes (5) (7). The male black skimmer is significantly larger than the female, with a longer beak, but is similar in colouration (2) (4) (5) (8). Non-breeding adults have a white collar on the neck, and somewhat browner upperparts, while immature birds are browner and more mottled than adults, with a duller beak (2) (3) (5). Three subspecies of black skimmer are recognised. Rynchops niger cinerascens and Rynchops niger intercedens are larger than Rynchops niger niger, and vary in the colour and markings on the wing linings and tail (2) (5) (6). The black skimmer has a relaxed and buoyant flight (2) (3) (5), and calls with an unusual, dog-like nasal “yip” (3) (5) (7).
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Habitat

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R. n. niger feeds mainly in coastal waters that are protected from open surf, such as in estuaries, bays, tidal pools, inlets and creeks. Nesting occurs on sandy beaches, sandbars, islands, shell banks, dredge islands and salt marsh, and the species may also occasionally be found on inland lakes (2) (5) (8). The two southern subspecies nest mainly along sandbars and beaches of inland rivers, at times when water levels are lowest, and also use coastal beaches, lagoons, islands and estuaries (2) (3) (5). The black skimmer has been recorded at elevations of up to 3,800 metres on the shore of Lake Titicaca in Bolivia (2).
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Range

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The black skimmer occurs throughout the Americas, from the United States, through Mexico and Central America, and south into much of South America (9). R. n. niger is the most northerly subspecies, found along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States, south through Mexico and into Panama. A western population also breeds from southern California to Mexico (2) (5). R. n. cinerascens is found in northern South America and R. n. intercedens in southern South America (2) (3) (5). The species is migratory, with northern populations moving southwards during the winter, and southern populations sometimes wintering on the coast or moving to Central America or the Caribbean (2) (5) (8).
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Status

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Classified as Least Concern (LC) on the IUCN Red List (1).
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Threats

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During the 19th Century, the black skimmer population was greatly reduced due to intense egg collection and hunting for feathers and food (2) (5) (8). Although the species occurs over a large geographical range and currently has a relatively large global population (9), it still faces a number of threats. In the United States, human disturbance at breeding sites is a major cause of colony failure, with sandy beaches increasingly being used for recreation and commercial development, or suffering disturbance from people, dogs and off-road vehicles (2) (5) (8). Even slight disturbances can affect nesting success (8), reducing hatching and fledging and even causing adults to abandon the colony (5) (11). Despite being protected by law, the eggs are sometimes still taken, and in some areas the deliberate destruction of eggs and chicks and the shooting of adults is a problem (2) (5). Predators associated with humans, particularly dogs, cats and rats, may damage some colonies, and chemical pollution is also of concern, with organochlorines and heavy metals thought to accumulate in the eggs and feathers when the black skimmer feeds on contaminated fish (2). In South America, the rivers along which the black skimmer breeds are often the focus of human settlement, and increasing use of beach habitat by humans, as well as the collection of eggs and the possible depletion of fish stocks, poses a threat to many colonies (2) (3). The black skimmer is quite adaptable in its use of feeding and nesting sites, often using man-made ponds and ditches, and breeding on gravel roofs and on areas of dredge deposition from oil exploration. However, the use of these artificial habitats results to a large extent from the black skimmer being displaced from natural beaches. Although adapted to endure natural disasters and heavy predation by readily changing colony site and re-nesting, the species is dependent on areas of open, calm water with a high concentration of fish, and so is vulnerable to any threats to fish populations, such as from oil spills or chemical pollution (2).
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Rynchops niger

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A medium-sized (16-20 inches) gull-like bird, the Black Skimmer in summer is most easily identified by its black upperparts, white underparts, and bizarre black and orange bill. In winter, the Black Skimmer becomes slightly grayer on the head and body. Male and female Black Skimmers are similar to one another in all seasons. The Black Skimmer breeds along the Atlantic coast of the United States south of Massachusetts, on the Gulf coast from Florida to northeastern Mexico, and along the coast of southern California south to central Mexico. In winter, this species withdraws from the U.S. Atlantic coast north of North Carolina, and may be found from there south on both coasts to Central America. Other subspecies occur along coasts and on large rivers in South America. Black Skimmers in North America breed on sandy beaches and barrier islands in colonies near those of other seabird species, utilizing similar habitat types during the winter. In South America, inland populations also exist which inhabit sandy river banks. Black Skimmers eat a variety of small fish and crustaceans. In appropriate habitat, Black Skimmers may be observed flying low over calm water. They feed by lowering the bottom half of their bill (which is much longer than the top half) into the water as they fly, quickly closing their bill when the submerged half of the bill touches a small fish. Black Skimmers are primarily active during the day.

Threat Status: Least Concern

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Reid Rumelt

Rynchops niger

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A medium-sized (16-20 inches) gull-like bird, the Black Skimmer in summer is most easily identified by its black upperparts, white underparts, and bizarre black and orange bill. In winter, the Black Skimmer becomes slightly grayer on the head and body. Male and female Black Skimmers are similar to one another in all seasons. The Black Skimmer breeds along the Atlantic coast of the United States south of Massachusetts, on the Gulf coast from Florida to northeastern Mexico, and along the coast of southern California south to central Mexico. In winter, this species withdraws from the U.S. Atlantic coast north of North Carolina, and may be found from there south on both coasts to Central America. Other subspecies occur along coasts and on large rivers in South America. Black Skimmers in North America breed on sandy beaches and barrier islands in colonies near those of other seabird species, utilizing similar habitat types during the winter. In South America, inland populations also exist which inhabit sandy river banks. Black Skimmers eat a variety of small fish and crustaceans. In appropriate habitat, Black Skimmers may be observed flying low over calm water. They feed by lowering the bottom half of their bill (which is much longer than the top half) into the water as they fly, quickly closing their bill when the submerged half of the bill touches a small fish. Black Skimmers are primarily active during the day.

References

  • Black Skimmer (Rynchops niger). The Internet Bird Collection. Lynx Edicions, n.d. Web. 20 July 2012.
  • Gochfeld, Michael and Joanna Burger. 1994. Black Skimmer (Rynchops niger), The Birds of North America Online (A. Poole, Ed.). Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology; Retrieved from the Birds of North America Online: http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/108
  • Rynchops niger. Xeno-canto. Xeno-canto Foundation, n.d. Web. 20 July 2012.
  • eBird Range Map - Black Skimmer. eBird. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, N.d. Web. 20 July 2012.

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Rumelt, Reid B. Rynchops niger. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Rynchops niger. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C.
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Robert Costello (kearins)
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Distribution ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Habitat ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Frecuentan aguas tranquilas en ríos, esteros, lagunas, charcas de agua salada, zonas intermareales, salinas y lagunas costeras.

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Cyclicity ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Es una especie migratoria neártica (ver Distribución en Costa Rica).

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Behavior ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Son gregarios. Durante el día descansan sobre bancos de lodo o de arena, generalmente con bandadas de gaviotas y charranes.

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Distribution ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Distribucion en Costa Rica: Los individuos que se reproducen en Norteamérica son migratorios comunes localmente durante el otoño (de mediados de setiembre a fines de octubre) y la primavera (de comienzos de abril a fines de mayo), y residentes de invierno en los alrededores del Golfo de Nicoya. En otras áreas (cuenca del río Tempisque, Bahía Salinas, Lago Caño Negro, Golfo Dulce) es ocasional en cantidades mucho menores. Es una visitante no reproductiva ocasional en el verano. Pequeñas cantidades de individuos que se reproducen en América del Sur inviernan entre mayo y octubre en los alrededores del Golfo de Nicoya y el Golfo Dulce.


Distribucion General: Se reproduce localmente en el suroeste de E.U.A. y el noroeste de México, a lo largo de la costa atlántica en el Golfo, desde el noreste de E.U.A. hasta el sureste de México y a lo largo de las costas y los grandes ríos de la mayor parte de Suramérica. Se ha observado que las aves norteñas inviernan desde el sur de E.U.A. hasta Argentina y Chile por el sur. Las aves sureñas inviernan por el norte hasta Costa Rica en pequeñas bandadas.

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Trophic Strategy ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Pueden forrajear a cualquier hora del día, preferentemente al final de la tarde y la noche cuando los peces suben a la superficie.

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Diagnostic Description ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El macho mide 48 cm. y pesa 350 grs., y la hembra 260 grs. Si no fuera por su pico especial parecería un charrán grande de espalda negra y alas largas. Durante el invierno los adultos muestran los lores, la frente, la parte posterior del cuello y la región inferior blancos y la gorra negra fusco con un moteado blanco. El manto y la parte superior del ala son negros, con blanco en la punta de las secundarias y de las primarias internas. El forro alar y las timoneras externas son blancas (en los individuos del norte) o gris tiznado oscuro (individuos del sur). El pico es negruzco con la base escarlata y las patas son bermellón. Durante la época de cría tienen la gorra y la parte posterior del cuello de color negro al igual que la espalda y por lo menos la mitad del pico escarlata. Los individuos inmaduros por encima presentan algunas de las plumas de borde claro del estadio juvenil en el otoño, y la mayoría desaparece para fines del invierno. Los ejemplares juveniles muestran las plumas de la región superior con la base fusca y los bordes anchos anteados, lo cual produce una apariencia escamada o moteada.

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Diagnostic Description ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Localidad del tipo: in America = costa de Carolina del Sur.
Depositario del tipo:
Recolector del tipo:
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Bec de tisora americà ( Catalan; Valencian )

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El bec de tisora americà (Rynchops niger) és un ocell de la família dels làrids (Laridae) que habita costes, illes costaneres i rius tropicals a la llarga de la costa del sud dels Estats Units, cap al sud fins a Oaxaca i Tabasco i gran part d'Amèrica del Sud, als rius i costes, fins a l'Equador i el nord de l'Argentina.

Referències

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Bec de tisora americà Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata


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Bec de tisora americà: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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El bec de tisora americà (Rynchops niger) és un ocell de la família dels làrids (Laridae) que habita costes, illes costaneres i rius tropicals a la llarga de la costa del sud dels Estats Units, cap al sud fins a Oaxaca i Tabasco i gran part d'Amèrica del Sud, als rius i costes, fins a l'Equador i el nord de l'Argentina.

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Sgimiwr du ( Welsh )

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Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Sgimiwr du (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: sgimwyr duon) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Rynchops niger; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Black skimmer. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Sgimwyr (Lladin: Rynchopidae) sydd yn urdd y Charadriiformes.[1]

Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn R. niger, sef enw'r rhywogaeth.[2] Mae'r rhywogaeth hon i'w chanfod yn Ne America a Gogledd America.

Teulu

Mae'r sgimiwr du yn perthyn i deulu'r Sgimwyr (Lladin: Rynchopidae). Dyma rai o aelodau eraill y teulu:

Rhestr Wicidata:

rhywogaeth enw tacson delwedd Sgimiwr Affrica Rynchops flavirostris Sgimiwr du Rynchops niger
Black Skimmer Close Flying.jpg
Sgimiwr India Rynchops albicollis
Davidraju IMG 1361.jpg
Diwedd y rhestr a gynhyrchwyd yn otomatig o Wicidata.

Gweler hefyd

Cyfeiriadau

  1. Gwefan Cymdeithas Edward Llwyd; adalwyd 30 Medi 2016.
  2. Gwefan Avibase; adalwyd 3 Hydref 2016.
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Sgimiwr du: Brief Summary ( Welsh )

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Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Sgimiwr du (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: sgimwyr duon) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Rynchops niger; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Black skimmer. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Sgimwyr (Lladin: Rynchopidae) sydd yn urdd y Charadriiformes.

Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn R. niger, sef enw'r rhywogaeth. Mae'r rhywogaeth hon i'w chanfod yn Ne America a Gogledd America.

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Zoboun americký ( Czech )

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Zoboun americký (Rynchops niger), známý též pod názvem zoboun černý, je jedním ze tří druhů zobounů představujících samostatnou čeleď zobounovitých.

Popis

Je největším ze tří druhů zobounů, dorůstá délky 40–50 cm a v rozpětí křídel měří 107–127 cm. Samci dosahují hmotnosti 308-374 g, samice pak 232-295 g.[2]

Zobák je černý s červeným zbarvením u kořene a výrazně delší spodní čelistí. Oči má hnědé, končetiny červené a spodinu těla jasně bílou. Dospělí ptáci ve svatebním šatě mají černé temeno, zátylek a horní část těla. V prostém šatě je svrchu bledší a hnědší a zátylek má bílý. Mladí ptáci se pak od dospělců liší „šupinatým“ vzorem na křídlech a hřbetě.

Chování

Potravu loví obvykle ve velkých hejnech, a to pro všechny druhy zobounů typickým způsobem. Letí nízko nad vodou, rozevře zobák a pod vodní hladinu ponoří pouze jeho spodní čelist. Do té následně chytá malé ryby a korýše. Je monogamní a hnízdí ve volných skupinách.

Hnízdo je jednoduchý dolík v písku, do kterého samice následně klade 2-5 světlých, černě skvrnitých vajec, na jejichž přibližně 24 denní inkubace se podílí oba rodiče. Mláďata mají krátce po vylíhnutí obě dvě čelisti zobáku stejně dlouhé, ale vzhledem k tomu, že spodní roste rychleji než horní, mají zobák brzy k lovu stejně přizpůsobený jako dospělí ptáci.[2][3]

Výskyt

Hnízdí na písčitých březích Severní a Jižní Ameriky. Je tažný, severní populace zimují v Karibiku a na tropických a subtropických pobřežích Tichého oceánu, jižní pak vykonávají pouze tahy na krátkou vzdálenost.

Galerie

Odkazy

Reference

  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-10]
  2. a b Black skimmer (Rynchops niger) [online]. ARKive [cit. 2010-09-26]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
  3. KHOLOVÁ, Helena (autorka českého překladu). Ptáci. Praha: Euromedia Group, k. s., 2008. ISBN 9788024222356. S. 296.

Literatura

  • French, Richard (1991). A Guide to the Birds of Trinidad and Tobago (2nd ed.). Comstock Publishing. ISBN 0-8014-9792-2. (anglicky)
  • Hilty, Steven L (2003). Birds of Venezuela. Londýn: Christopher Helm. ISBN 0-7136-6418-5. (anglicky)
  • Stiles & Skutch. A guide to the birds of Costa Rica. ISBN 0-8014-9600-4 (anglicky)
  • Harrison. Seabirds. ISBN 978-0-7136-3510-2 (anglicky)
  • PANDHI, Mithil. Rynchops niger [online]. Animal Diversity Web [cit. 2010-09-26]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)

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Zoboun americký: Brief Summary ( Czech )

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Zoboun americký (Rynchops niger), známý též pod názvem zoboun černý, je jedním ze tří druhů zobounů představujících samostatnou čeleď zobounovitých.

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Schwarzmantel-Scherenschnabel ( German )

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Der Schwarzmantel-Scherenschnabel (Rynchops niger), auch Amerikanischer Scherenschnabel, jetzt Amerikascherenschnabel[1] genannt, ist ein amerikanischer Vogel aus der Ordnung der Regenpfeiferartigen (Charadriiformes).[2]

Das Artepitheton kommt von lateinisch niger ‚schwarz‘.[3]

Merkmale

Der 45 cm lange Schwarzmantel-Scherenschnabel ist ein großer möwenähnlicher Vogel mit großem Kopf, langen Flügeln, kurzem Schwanz, roten Beinen und sehr langem, schwarzen Schnabel mit roter Basis. Der Unterschnabel ist deutlich länger als der Oberschnabel. Das Gefieder ist oberseits dunkelbraun oder schwarz. Stirn, Unterseite und die Hinterränder der Flügel sind weiß.

Vorkommen und Subspezies

Folgende Unterarten werden unterschieden:[2][4]

  • R. n. niger Linnaeus, 1758 – entlang der Küsten der USA (Süd Kalifornien, Massachusetts bis Texas) und Mexiko bis Panama
  • R. n. cinerascens Spix, 1825 – entlang der Küste von Kolumbien bis zur Amazonasmündung und zum Golf von Guayaquil, entlang des Orinoko und Amazonas bis Bolivien und Nordwestargentinien
  • R. n. intercedens Saunders, H, 1895 – entlang größerer Flüsse in Ostbrasilien, Paraguay, Uruguay und Nordostargentinien

Verhalten

Der Schwarzmantel-Scherenschnabel ernährt sich hauptsächlich von Fisch, den er – dicht über dem Wasser fliegend – mit dem Unterschnabel im Wasser herauszufangen sucht.

Gefährdungssituation

Der Schwarzmantel-Scherenschnabel gilt als nicht gefährdet (Least Concern).[5]

Literatur

  • G. R. Angehr, R. Dean: The Birds of Panama. A Field Guide, Comstock Publishing Associates, 2010, ISBN 978-0-8014-7674-7
  • M. Gochfeld, J. Burger und K. L. Lefevre: Black Skimmer (Rynchops niger), version 1.0. In: S. M. Billerman (Herausgeber): Birds of the World, 2020, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. Black Skimmer

Einzelnachweise

  1. H. Barthel, Ch. Barthel, E. Bezzel, P. Eckhoff, R. van den Elzen, Ch. Hinkelmann & F. D. Steinheimer: Deutsche Namen der Vögel der Erde Vogelwarte Bd. 58, S. 1–214, 2020
  2. a b Amerikanischer Scherenschnabel, in Avibase – Die Weltvogel-Datenbank. Abgerufen am 30. September 2020.
  3. J. A. Jobling: A Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. Oxford University Press. 1991. ISBN 0-19-854634-3.
  4. IOC World Bird List Noddies, gulls, terns, auks
  5. Redlist Abgerufen am 30. September 2020.
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Schwarzmantel-Scherenschnabel: Brief Summary ( German )

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Der Schwarzmantel-Scherenschnabel (Rynchops niger), auch Amerikanischer Scherenschnabel, jetzt Amerikascherenschnabel genannt, ist ein amerikanischer Vogel aus der Ordnung der Regenpfeiferartigen (Charadriiformes).

Das Artepitheton kommt von lateinisch niger ‚schwarz‘.

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பிளாக் ஸ்கிம்மர் ( Tamil )

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பிளாக் ஸ்கிம்மர் (black skimmer) என்னும் பறவை தென்னமெரிக்கா, வட‍அமெரிக்கா கண்டங்களில் காணப்படுகிறது. இதன் அலகு, மிக மெல்லிய நீண்ட அலகு. மேல் அலகு சிறியதாகவும் கீழ் அலகு நீண்டதாகவும் இருக்கும். அலகு சிவப்பும் கறுப்பும் கலந்து அழகாக இருக்கும். நீர்நிலைகளின் மேல் பறக்கும்போது கீழ் அலகைத் தண்ணீருக்குள் விட்டு மீன்களைத் தேடும். மீன் அகப்பட்டவுடன் மேல் அலகால் அழுத்தி, இரையை தூக்கிக்கொண்டு பறந்துவிடும்.[2]

வளர்ச்சி

குறிப்புகள்

  1. "Rynchops niger". பன்னாட்டு இயற்கைப் பாதுகாப்புச் சங்கத்தின் செம்பட்டியல் பதிப்பு 2013.2. பன்னாட்டு இயற்கைப் பாதுகாப்புச் சங்கம் (2012). பார்த்த நாள் 26 November 2013.
  2. தி இந்து தமிழ் மாயாபஜார் இணைப்பு 10. திசம்பர் 2014
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பிளாக் ஸ்கிம்மர்: Brief Summary ( Tamil )

provided by wikipedia emerging languages

பிளாக் ஸ்கிம்மர் (black skimmer) என்னும் பறவை தென்னமெரிக்கா, வட‍அமெரிக்கா கண்டங்களில் காணப்படுகிறது. இதன் அலகு, மிக மெல்லிய நீண்ட அலகு. மேல் அலகு சிறியதாகவும் கீழ் அலகு நீண்டதாகவும் இருக்கும். அலகு சிவப்பும் கறுப்பும் கலந்து அழகாக இருக்கும். நீர்நிலைகளின் மேல் பறக்கும்போது கீழ் அலகைத் தண்ணீருக்குள் விட்டு மீன்களைத் தேடும். மீன் அகப்பட்டவுடன் மேல் அலகால் அழுத்தி, இரையை தூக்கிக்கொண்டு பறந்துவிடும்.

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Black skimmer

provided by wikipedia EN

The black skimmer (Rynchops niger) is a tern-like seabird, one of three similar bird species in the skimmer genus Rynchops in the gull family Laridae. It breeds in North and South America. Northern populations winter in the warmer waters of the Caribbean and the tropical and subtropical Pacific coasts, but the South American races make only shorter movements in response to annual floods which extend their feeding areas in the river shallows.

Taxonomy

The black skimmer was described by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1755 in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae and given the binomial name Rynchops niger.[2] The genus name Rynchops is from the Ancient Greek ῥυγχος/rhunkhos meaning "bill" and κοπτω/koptō meaning "to cut off". The specific niger is the Latin word for "black".[3] The black skimmer is one of three species in the genus Rynchops.[4]

There are three subspecies:[4]

  • R. n. niger (Linnaeus, 1758) – migratory, breeds on the Atlantic coast of North America, and from southern California to Ecuador in the Pacific
  • R. n. cinerascens (von Spix, 1825) – is larger, has dusky underwings, only narrow white fringe to its black tail, and breeds in northern and northeastern South America and the Amazon basin
  • R. n. intercedens (Saunders, 1895) – occurs on the rest of the Atlantic coast of South America south to central Argentina

Description

The black skimmer is the largest of the three skimmer species. It measures 40–50 cm (16–20 in) long with a 107–127 cm (42–50 in) wingspan.[5] This species ranges from 212 to 447 g (7.5 to 15.8 oz), with males averaging about 349 g (12.3 oz), as compared to the smaller females 254 g (9.0 oz).[6] The basal half of the bill is red, the rest mainly black, and the lower mandible is much-elongated. The eye has a dark brown iris and catlike vertical pupil, unique for a bird. The legs are red. The call is a barking kak-kak-kak.[7]

Adults in breeding plumage have a black crown, nape and upper body. The forehead and underparts are white. The upper wings are black with white on the rear edge, and the tail and rump are dark grey with white edges. The underwing colour varies from white to dusky grey depending on region.[7]

Non-breeding adults have paler and browner upperparts, and a white nape collar. Immature birds have brown upperparts with white feather tips and fringes. The underparts and forehead are white, and the underwings as the adult.[7]

Behaviour and ecology

Skimmers loafing gregariously on a sandbar. Skimmers will often lie flat on the ground.
feeding in water, Texas
Feeding, Brazil

They spend much time loafing gregariously on sandbars in the rivers, coasts and lagoons they frequent.

Breeding

The black skimmer breeds in loose groups on sandbanks and sandy beaches in the Americas, the three to seven heavily dark-blotched buff or bluish eggs being incubated by both the male and female. The chicks leave the nest as soon as they hatch and lie inconspicuously in the nest depression or "scrape" where they are shaded from high temperatures by the parents. They may dig their own depressions in the sand at times. Parents feed the young almost exclusively during the day with almost no feeding occurring at night, due to the entire population of adults sometimes departing the colony to forage. Although the mandibles are of equal length at hatching, they rapidly become unequal during fledging.[8]

Feeding

Skimmers have a light graceful flight, with steady beats of their long wings. They usually feed in large flocks, flying low over the water surface with the lower mandible skimming the water for (in order of importance) small fish, insects, crustaceans and molluscs[9] caught by touch by day or especially at night.[8] Fish prey species include Odontesthes argentinenesis, Brevoortia aurea, Anchoa marinii, Lycengraulis grossidens, Engraulis anchoita, Pomatomus saltatrix, Mugil cephalus, Fundulus heteroclitus, Anchoa mitchilli[10] and Odontesthes incisa.[9]

Development

Notes

  1. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Rynchops niger". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22694256A93442996. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22694256A93442996.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. ^ Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae:Laurentii Salvii. p. 138.
  3. ^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 270, 344. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  4. ^ a b Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2019). "Noddies, gulls, terns, auks". World Bird List Version 9.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 24 June 2019.
  5. ^ "Black Skimmer Life History, All About Birds, Cornell Lab Of Ornithology". 2011.
  6. ^ CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses by John B. Dunning Jr. (Editor). CRC Press (1992), ISBN 978-0-8493-4258-5.
  7. ^ a b c Gochfeld, M.; Burger, J.; Lefevre, K. L. (4 March 2020). Billerman, Shawn M (ed.). "Black Skimmer (Rynchops niger)". Birds of the World. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY. doi:10.2173/bow.blkski.01. S2CID 216218414. Retrieved 23 September 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ a b Kaufman, Kenn (13 November 2014). "Black skimmer (Rynchops niger)". Guide to North American Birds. Audubon. Retrieved 23 September 2021.
  9. ^ a b Mariano-Jelicich, R; Favero, M.; Silva, M.P. (February 2003). "Fish Prey of the Black Skimmer Rynchops Niger at Mar Chiquita, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina" (PDF). Marine Ornithology. 31: 199–202. Retrieved 2009-06-29.
  10. ^ Pandhi, Mithil (2007). Dewey, Tanya; Fraser, Ann (eds.). "Rynchops niger (Black skimmer)". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 30 May 2023.

References

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Black skimmer: Brief Summary

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The black skimmer (Rynchops niger) is a tern-like seabird, one of three similar bird species in the skimmer genus Rynchops in the gull family Laridae. It breeds in North and South America. Northern populations winter in the warmer waters of the Caribbean and the tropical and subtropical Pacific coasts, but the South American races make only shorter movements in response to annual floods which extend their feeding areas in the river shallows.

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Nigra tondilbekulo ( Esperanto )

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La Nigra tondilbekulo, Rynchops niger, estas birdo simila al marbirdo ŝterno, unu el la tri tre similaj specioj de la familio de tondilbekuloj.

Disvastiĝo

Ĝi reproduktiĝas kaj en Norda Ameriko kaj en Suda Ameriko. Nordaj loĝantaroj migras vintre al pli varmaj akvoj de la Karibo kaj la tropikaj kaj subtropikaj marbordoj de la Pacifiko, sed la sudamerikaj rasoj moviĝas nur mallongdistancen laŭ la ĉiutagaj inundoj kiuj ampleksigas iliajn manĝoteritoriojn.

Aspekto

La Nigra tondilbekulo estas 40–50 cm longa kun enverguro de 107–127 cm. La maskloj pezas ĉirkaŭ 325 g kaj ĝis 350 g, dum la ino estas sufiĉe pli malgranda kaj ĉirkaŭ 235 g peza. La interna parto de la beko estas ruĝa kaj ankaŭ estas ruĝa la baza parto, tio estas inter duono kaj triono de la supra makzelo kaj kvarono de la suba makzelo. La resto estas nigra. La suba makzelo pli longa kaj fleksebla. La okulo havas malhelbrunan irizon kaj katecan vertikalan pupilon, unika ĉe birdo. La kruroj estas ruĝaj.

Reproduktuloj havas nigrajn kronon, nukon kaj supran korpon. Tre kontraste la frunto, gorĝo kaj subaj partoj estas blankaj. La supraj flugiloj estas nigraj sed kun blanka malantaŭa larĝa bordo. La vosto kaj pugoj estas malhelgrizaj aŭ nigraj kun blankaj bordoj. La subflugiloj varias el blanko al grizo depende el la regiono.

Nereproduktuloj havas pli palajn kaj brunajn suprajn partojn, kaj blankan nukokolumon. Nematuruloj havas brunajn suprajn partojn kun blankaj plumopintoj. La frunto, subflugiloj kaj subaj partoj estas blankaj kiel ĉe plenkreskuloj.

La Nigra tondilbekulo havas tri subspeciojn:

  • La migranta R. n. niger kiu reproduktiĝas en la marbordo de Atlantiko de Usono kaj el suda Kalifornio al Ekvadoro en la Pacifiko.
  • R. n. cinerescens estas pli granda, havas malhelajn subflugilojn kaj nur mallarĝan blankan bordon en sia nigra vosto. Reproduktiĝas en norda kaj nordorienta Suda Ameriko kaj la baseno de la rivero Amazono.
  • R. n. intercedens ĉeestas la reston de la marbordo de Atlantiko de Suda Ameriko suden ĝis centra Argentino.

Kutimoj

Amerikaanse schaarbek Rynchops niger Jos Zwarts.jpg

La Nigra tondilbekulo reproduktiĝas en izolitaj grupoj en sablaj bordoj kaj strandoj de Ameriko. Antaŭ pariĝado okazas grupa persekuta flugado de maskloj al inoj; poste la masklo montras sin ceremonie. Nesto estas nur truo en la sablo, sed kiun la paro konstruas ceremonie dum preskaŭ unu semajno. La ino demetas el tri ĝis sep -sed plej ofte 4 aŭ 5-malhelsablokolorajn aŭ bluecajn ovojn. La idoj elnestiĝas tuj post eloviĝo kaj kaŝas sin nevideble en sablotruoj kie ili estas kovritaj de la gepatroj kontraŭ varmego. Ili eĉ povas fosi siajn proprajn truetojn. Gepatroj manĝigas la idojn preskaŭ nur dumtage kaj neniam dumnokte kiam ĉiuj plenkreskuloj forlasas la kolonion por manĝi ekstere. Kvankam la makzeloj estas samlongaj je eloviĝo, ili rapide malegaliĝas dum kreskado.

La voĉo estas bojanta kak-kak-kak. Ili estas pli bruemaj kiam iĝas mallumo.

La Nigra tondilbekulo havas leĝeran gracian flugadon per regulaj frapadoj de siaj longaj flugiloj. Ili ofte manĝas en grandaj aroj, flugante malalte super la akvosurfaco kun la suba makzelo skrapanta la akvon kaj la supra malferma serĉe de etaj fiŝoj aŭ krustuloj, prenataj per tuŝado dumtage sed ĉefe dumnokte. Ili ripozas longdaŭre socie en sablejoj ĉe riveroj, estuaroj, akvobordoj aŭ lagetoj.

Ili vivas ĝis 20 jarojn.

Referencoj

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Nigra tondilbekulo: Brief Summary ( Esperanto )

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La Nigra tondilbekulo, Rynchops niger, estas birdo simila al marbirdo ŝterno, unu el la tri tre similaj specioj de la familio de tondilbekuloj.

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Rynchops niger ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El rayador americano[1]​ o pico tijera (Rynchops niger) es una especie de ave caradriforme de la familia Rynchopidae ampliamente distribuido por todo el continente americano.

El rayador americano o pico tijera vive en grupos sueltos en bancos de arena y playas de arena, en América; pone de 3 a 7 huevos de color beis muy oscuros con manchas azules, que son incubados tanto por el macho como por la hembra. Los polluelos permancecen en el nido (nidícolas) y se colocan discretamente en la depresión del nido o "raspado", en el que los padres los protegen de las altas temperaturas. A veces pueden cavar sus propias depresiones en la arena.[2]​ Los padres alimentan a los pichones casi exclusivamente durante el día, y casi no les dan ningún alimento durante la noche, debido a que a veces, en ese horario, toda la población de los adultos sale de la colonia para buscar comida. A pesar de que las mandíbulas son de igual longitud en la eclosión, rápidamente se vuelven desiguales en ciernes. Son aves que presentan heteromaxilarfismo; es decir, que a partir de su juventud presentan el pico con el maxilar inferior más grande que el superior.

El rayador tiene de 40-50 cm de largo y una envergadura de alas de 107-127 cm. Los machos pesan alrededor de 325 g, y las hembras pesan unos 235 g. La parte anterior del pico es de color rojo, el resto es principalmente de color negro, y la mandíbula inferior es muy alargada. Los ojos tienen el iris de color marrón oscuro y en vertical, algo único en un pájaro. Las patas son rojas. La llamada es el sonido de un kak-kak-kak.

En cuanto al plumaje los adultos tienen la corona, la nuca y la parte superior del cuerpo de color negro. La frente y las partes inferiores son blancas. La parte superior de las alas es de color negro, con blanco en el borde posterior. La cola y la rabadilla son de color gris oscuro con bordes blancos. El color bajo las alas varía del blanco al gris oscuro, dependiendo de la zona.

 src=
Alimentación en la forma en que le da su nombre

Los adultos no reproductores tienen las partes superiores más pálidas y marrones, y un collar de nuca blanca. Los ejemplares no maduros tienen partes superiores de color marrón con puntas de pluma blancas y con flecos; el vientre y la frente son de color blanco, y la parte inferior de las alas como en el adulto.

Hábitat

Se encuentra en costas y ríos.[3]

Comportamiento

El rayador americano tiene una grácil vuelo ligero, con ritmos constantes de sus largas alas. Se alimenta por lo general en grandes bandadas, volando a baja altura sobre la superficie del agua, con la mandíbula inferior rozando el agua para atrapar por el tacto (en orden de importancia) peces pequeños, insectos, crustáceos y moluscos,.[4]​ Pasan mucho tiempo holgazaneando gregariamente en bancos de arena en los ríos, costas y lagunas que frecuentan.

Subespecies

Existen tres subespecies de Rynchops niger:[5]

Referencias

  1. Bernis, F; De Juana, E; Del Hoyo, J; Fernández-Cruz, M; Ferrer, X; Sáez-Royuela, R; Sargatal, J (1996). «Nombres en castellano de las aves del mundo recomendados por la Sociedad Española de Ornitología (Tercera parte: Opisthocomiformes, Gruiformes y Charadriiformes)». Ardeola. Handbook of the Birds of the World (Madrid: SEO/BirdLife) 43 (2): 231-238. ISSN 0570-7358. Consultado el 1 de marzo de 2013.
  2. Rayador en aveschile
  3. Hábitat de Rynchops niger en avesdechile
  4. Mariano-Jelicich, R; Favero, M. and Silva, M.P. (febrero de 2003). «Fish Prey of the Black Skimmer Rynchops Niger a Mar Chiquita, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina». Marine Ornithology 31: 199-202. Consultado el 29 de junio de 2009. La referencia utiliza el parámetro obsoleto |coautores= (ayuda)
  5. Zoonomen. «Birds of the World -- current valid scientific avian names.» (en inglés). Consultado el 24 de abril de 2009.

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Rynchops niger: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El rayador americano​ o pico tijera (Rynchops niger) es una especie de ave caradriforme de la familia Rynchopidae ampliamente distribuido por todo el continente americano.

El rayador americano o pico tijera vive en grupos sueltos en bancos de arena y playas de arena, en América; pone de 3 a 7 huevos de color beis muy oscuros con manchas azules, que son incubados tanto por el macho como por la hembra. Los polluelos permancecen en el nido (nidícolas) y se colocan discretamente en la depresión del nido o "raspado", en el que los padres los protegen de las altas temperaturas. A veces pueden cavar sus propias depresiones en la arena.​ Los padres alimentan a los pichones casi exclusivamente durante el día, y casi no les dan ningún alimento durante la noche, debido a que a veces, en ese horario, toda la población de los adultos sale de la colonia para buscar comida. A pesar de que las mandíbulas son de igual longitud en la eclosión, rápidamente se vuelven desiguales en ciernes. Son aves que presentan heteromaxilarfismo; es decir, que a partir de su juventud presentan el pico con el maxilar inferior más grande que el superior.

El rayador tiene de 40-50 cm de largo y una envergadura de alas de 107-127 cm. Los machos pesan alrededor de 325 g, y las hembras pesan unos 235 g. La parte anterior del pico es de color rojo, el resto es principalmente de color negro, y la mandíbula inferior es muy alargada. Los ojos tienen el iris de color marrón oscuro y en vertical, algo único en un pájaro. Las patas son rojas. La llamada es el sonido de un kak-kak-kak.

En cuanto al plumaje los adultos tienen la corona, la nuca y la parte superior del cuerpo de color negro. La frente y las partes inferiores son blancas. La parte superior de las alas es de color negro, con blanco en el borde posterior. La cola y la rabadilla son de color gris oscuro con bordes blancos. El color bajo las alas varía del blanco al gris oscuro, dependiendo de la zona.

 src= Alimentación en la forma en que le da su nombre

Los adultos no reproductores tienen las partes superiores más pálidas y marrones, y un collar de nuca blanca. Los ejemplares no maduros tienen partes superiores de color marrón con puntas de pluma blancas y con flecos; el vientre y la frente son de color blanco, y la parte inferior de las alas como en el adulto.

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Rynchops niger ( Basque )

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Rynchops niger Rynchops generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Laridae familian sailkatua dago.

Erreferentziak

  1. (Ingelesez)BirdLife International (2012) Species factsheet. www.birdlife.org webgunetitik jaitsia 2012/05/07an
  2. (Ingelesez) IOC Master List

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Rynchops niger: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Rynchops niger Rynchops generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Laridae familian sailkatua dago.

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Amerikansaksinokka ( Finnish )

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Amerikansaksinokka (Rynchops niger) on sekä Pohjois- että Etelä-Amerikassa elävä rantalintu.

Koko ja ulkonäkö

Amerikansaksinokka on saanut nimensä suuresta saksien muotoisesta nokastaan, jonka alapuoli on lähes kaksi kertaa yläpuoliskoa pitempi. Linnun suora nokka myös toimii miltei saksien tapaan.

Linnun selkä, niska ja päälaki ovat mustia. Otsa, kaula ja höyhenpeitteen koko alapuoli ovat puolestaan valkoisia. Linnun jalat ovat väriltään kirkkaanpunaiset.

Levinneisyys

Amerikansaksinokan levinneisyys ulottuu Pohjois- ja Etelä-Amerikassa Atlantin ja Karibianmeren rannikoille New Yorkista Argentiinaan ulottuvalla alueella, sekä Tyynenmeren rannikolla Kaliforniasta aina Etelä-Amerikkaan asti.

Esiintyminen

Lajin tyypillisiä elinpaikkoja ovat, rannikoiden lisäksi, laguunit, jokisuistot, meret, hiekkasärkät ja merenrannikon tulvamaat.

Lisääntyminen

Naaras munii kerrallaan 2–4 munaa, joita se sitten hautoo 21–26 vrk.

Ravinto

Amerikansaksinokat syövät pääasiassa pieniä kaloja, kuten hopeakylkiä ja hammaskarppeja. Toisinaan linnut syövät myös äyriäisiä ja muita pieneliöitä.

Lähteet

  1. BirdLife International: Rynchops niger IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. 2012. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 30.5.2014. (englanniksi)
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Amerikansaksinokka: Brief Summary ( Finnish )

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Amerikansaksinokka (Rynchops niger) on sekä Pohjois- että Etelä-Amerikassa elävä rantalintu.

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Bec-en-ciseaux noir ( French )

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Rynchops niger

Le Bec-en-ciseaux noir (Rynchops niger) est une espèce d'oiseaux de mer de la famille des Laridae qui ressemble à une sterne. Cette espèce fait partie des trois espèces appartenant au genre Rynchops, toutes trois nommées Bec-en-ciseaux.

Morphologie

Mensurations

Le Bec-en-ciseaux noir a une longueur de 40 à 50 cm, avec une envergure de 107 à 127 cm. Les mâles pèsent environ 325 g; les femelles sont plus petites que les mâles et pèsent en moyenne 235 g.

Aspect général

Le bec de grande taille présente une base rouge, le reste étant noir. La mandibule inférieure est beaucoup plus longue que la supérieure. L'œil a un iris brun-noir et une pupille fendue verticalement, chose rare chez les oiseaux. Les pattes sont courtes et rouges.

Plumage nuptial

Les adultes en plumage nuptial ont la calotte, la nuque ainsi que le dessus du corps noir. La gorge, le cou, le ventre, de même que la base du bec de l'oiseau sont blancs. Les plumes de couverture sont noires mais présentent sur leur partie arrière une bordure blanche. La queue et le croupion sont gris sombre, avec une bordure blanche. Le dessous des ailes varie du blanc au gris selon les sous-espèces.

Plumage inter nuptial et juvénile

 src=
Juvénile de Bec-en-ciseaux noir, présentant sur la tête des taches blanches
(cliquer sur l'image pour l'agrandir)

Les adultes non nicheurs ou en plumage inter nuptial ont le dessus du corps plus pâle et d'une teinte plus brune. La nuque est blanche.
Les juvéniles ressemblent à l'adulte non nicheur, mais présentent de petites taches blanches sur la tête et le dessus du corps.
L'oisillon est couvert d'un duvet gris beige tacheté de noir. À l'éclosion, le bec des oisillons présente deux mandibules de longueur similaire; la croissance inégale de leur bec devient sensible aux alentours de la période où ils quittent le nid.

Comportement

Relations intra et interspécifiques

Le cri de cet oiseau ressemble à un kak kak kak nasillard ou un yip aboyant.

Le Bec-en-ciseaux noir présente un comportement à la fois sociable et territorial. Il niche en groupes pouvant compter jusqu'à une quarantaine de couples mais une zone peut compter plusieurs milliers de ces oiseaux, répartis en plusieurs groupes individualisés. Il niche de plus assez souvent en compagnie d'autres espèces d'oiseaux, comme la Sterne de Dougall (Sterna dougallii) ou la petite sterne (Sterna antillarum). Le comportement territorial du Bec-en-ciseaux noir se manifeste par des vocalisations aboyantes ou par des postures menaçantes. Ces oiseaux attaquent tout intrus qui s'approche trop près de leur nid ou de leurs petits, y compris les petits des couples voisins. La distance minimale entre deux nids est d'environ 1 m[1].

Le Bec-en-ciseaux noir subit une pression de prédation de la part de nombreux prédateurs, mammifères ou oiseaux, qui attaquent aussi bien les petits ou les œufs que les adultes. Les prédateurs les plus communs sont le Renard roux, le Raton laveur, la Mouffette rayée, le Vison d'Amérique, la Belette à longue queue, l'écureuil gris, les chats et chiens domestiques, le Rat gris, le héron Bihoreau gris, le Busard Saint-Martin, le faucon pèlerin, le Tournepierre à collier, le Hibou des marais, le Grand-duc d'Amérique, la Corneille de rivage, le Quiscale bronzé, le Quiscale des marais ou encore le Carouge à épaulettes. Dans certaines zones, les œufs subissent de plus la prédation de fourmis comme Solenopsis molesta, Lasius neoniger, ou Tetramorium caespitum[1]. Cet oiseau est lui-même prédateur et exerce une assez forte régulation des populations de petits poissons dans les zones qu'il fréquente.

Locomotion

Ces oiseaux possèdent un vol léger et gracieux, et ce grâce aux battements réguliers de leurs longues ailes.

Alimentation

 src=
Un Bec-en-ciseaux noir en train de se nourrir
Un oiseau volant raz de l'eau d'une rivière, la mandibule inférieure plongée dans l'eau tandis que la supérieure reste en l'air.
Un autre bec-en-ciseaux noir se nourrissant de même, dans le Pantanal, Brésil.

Ils se nourrissent souvent en grands groupes, volant bas au-dessus de la surface de l'eau, avec la mandibule inférieure plongeant dans l'eau, en quête de petits poissons ou crustacés, repérés au toucher et capturés. La pêche peut avoir lieu le jour, toutefois elle est plus souvent effectuée la nuit. Le jour, ils passent beaucoup de temps à errer en groupes sur les rives sablonneuses des rivières, des côtes et des lagons qu'ils fréquentent.

Leurs proies mesurent généralement entre 4 et 12 cm de longueur, cependant ils capturent des proies plus petites pour nourrir leurs oisillons[1].

Reproduction

 src=
Nid, œufs et oisillon de Rynchops niger

Le Bec-en-ciseaux noir niche en petits groupes, sur les côtes et plages sablonneuses, dans les marais côtiers ou sur les gravières des continents américains. Puisque les petits sont homochromiques avec un sol sablonneux, les sites de nidification sont abandonnés s'ils deviennent trop couverts d'herbe[2].

Les parades nuptiales commencent à l'arrivée des adultes nicheurs sur les sites de nidification, c'est-à-dire durant les mois chauds de l'année (ce qui est variable selon les populations envisagées). Ces parades, qui ont généralement lieu le soir, consistent en une offrande de poisson du mâle envers la femelle; dès que celle-ci accepte le poisson, la copulation a lieu. Contrairement aux sternes, qui ingurgitent le poisson d'abord, les femelles, gardent le poisson dans leur bec lors de la copulation et ne l'avalent qu'après. Cette démarche peut se répéter plus d’une fois par jour. Un mâle peut parvenir à séduire une femelle en lui présentant une brindille ou une feuille en guise d'offrande. Le Bec-en-ciseaux noir reste monogame et les mâles défendent leur partenaire avec ardeur[1].

Un simple creux dans le sable compose le nid. La femelle y pond entre 3 et 7 œufs (4 ou 5 le plus souvent) présentant des marques roussâtres ou bleuâtres. La ponte s'étale sur une période d'une semaine et il est exceptionnel que deux œufs soient pondus le même jour. Les deux parents assureront l'incubation, qui dure entre 21 et 26 jours. Les oisillons de type nidifuge peuvent quitter le nid dès leur éclosion et se reposer dans la cuvette formée par le nid, où leurs parents les protègent du soleil et des fortes températures. Ils peuvent aussi éventuellement creuser leur propre creux dans le sable. Les deux parents nourrissent les jeunes. Cependant, le mâle est généralement plus actif que la femelle dans cette activité[1]. Le nourrissage des petits s’accomplit presque exclusivement durant le jour; il est plus rare durant la nuit car la plupart des adultes quittent la colonie en quête de nourriture. Les petits prennent leur essor entre le 28e et le 31e jour après l'éclosion.

La maturité sexuelle survient de façon plus précoce pour les femelles (de 1 à 3 ans) que pour les mâles (4 ans en moyenne)[1]. Le Bec-en-ciseaux noir vit généralement entre 5 et 15 ans, il peut toutefois atteindre 20 ans en liberté[3].

Répartition et habitat

Habitat

Cet oiseau aquatique fréquente les eaux douces, saumâtres ou salées. Il est possible de le voir dans des baies, des estuaires, des lagons, des vasières, des plages, des marais côtiers ainsi que des bancs de sable ou des bancs coquilliers[1].

Répartition

Le Bec-en-ciseaux noir niche aussi bien dans les zones néarctiques que néo-tropicales, c'est-à-dire en Amérique du Nord et en Amérique du Sud.

D'après Alan P. Peterson, cette espèce est constituée des trois sous-espèces suivantes :

  • R. n. niger Linnaeus 1758, migrateur, qui niche sur les côtes atlantiques de l'Amérique du Nord (de New York, États-Unis, jusqu'au golfe du Mexique) ou sur les côtes de l'océan Pacifique, du sud de la Californie jusqu'au Mexique ; dans l'espace Caraïbe, son aire de répartition s'étend vers l'est jusqu'aux Îles Vierges ou la Grenade ;
  • R. n. cinerescens Spix 1825, plus grand, présente des dessous d'ailes grisâtres et une bordure blanche plus étroite sur sa queue noire ; il niche dans le nord de l'Amérique du Sud, des côtes colombiennes jusqu'à l'Équateur à l'ouest, ainsi que dans le bassin de l'Amazone à l'est ;
  • R. n. intercedens H. Saunders 1895, vit sur le reste du territoire de l'Amérique du Sud, sur les côtes atlantiques et sur les grands fleuves, du Brésil jusqu'au centre de l'Argentine.

Migration

Les populations qui vivent aux régions les plus australes ou septentrionales de l'aire de répartition migrent. Les groupes de Rynchops niger les plus nordiques partent hiverner vers les côtes tropicales ou subtropicales de l'océan Pacifique, vers les eaux plus chaudes de l'espace Caraïbe ou sur les côtes tropicales ou subtropicales de l'océan Pacifique. Les Rynchops niger cinerescens, eux, ne font que des déplacements de courte distance en réponse aux inondations annuelles qui agrandissent leurs aires de nourrissage sur les hauts-fonds des rivières. Certaines des populations parmi les plus australes de Rynchops niger intercedens partent hiverner vers le nord et peuvent aller jusqu'au Costa Rica[4],[1].

Taxinomie

On identifie aussi cette espèce comme: Rynchops nigra Linnaeus, 1758[5] ou Rhynchops niger Stotz et coll. (1996)[6]. Il en existe trois sous-espèces (voir le paragraphe précédent).

Le Bec-en-ciseaux noir et l'Homme

Dangers

En plus de la prédation animale, ci-haut mentionnée, le bec-en-ciseaux noir doit composer avec l’omniprésence humaine. La chasse des oiseaux adultes et de leurs œufs, à des fins alimentaires, a présenté un grand danger pour l'espèce qui, au cours des années 1970, a vécu un déclin préoccupant[7]. Même si les œufs subissent toujours un ramassage, la chasse des oiseaux adultes ne se pratique plus.

La pression humaine se fait cependant encore sentir, en ce qui a trait à la réduction de l'habitat. Cette présence humaine s'étend jusqu'aux sites de nidification coutumiers de cette espèce.

À l'instar des autres oiseaux, le bec-en-ciseaux noir, souffre aussi de la pollution, notamment aux pesticides, aux hydrocarbures, ainsi qu'aux métaux lourds[1].

Statut et préservation

L'Union internationale pour la conservation de la nature (UICN) a classé cette espèce dans la catégorie LC (préoccupation mineure), en raison de son aire de répartition vaste, évaluée à 14 000 000 km2, et de sa population mondiale nombreuse, comprenant entre 120 000 et 210 000 individus[8].

Philatélie

Plusieurs états ont émis des timbres à l'effigie de cet oiseau[9],[10]: Antigua-et-Barbuda en 1996 et 1998, la Gambie en 1999, la Grenade en 1998, la Mauritanie en 1985, le Mexique en 1998, le Mozambique en 2002, Niévès en 1995 et 2002, le Nicaragua en 1999, l'Uruguay en 1997 et la Zambie en 1999.

Voir aussi

Photos et vidéos

Notes et références

  1. a b c d e f g h et i Pandhi M. et Fraser A., « Rynchops niger, black skimmer », sur animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu, Animal Diversity Web, 2007 (consulté le 8 mars 2009)
  2. « Black Skimmer Rynchops niger », sur enature.com, 2007 (consulté le 8 mars 2009)
  3. Clapp R.B., Klimkiewicz N.K. et Futcher A.G. 1983 Longevity records of North American birds, Columbidae through Paridae Journal of Field Ornithology no 54 p. 123–137
  4. Global Register of Migratory Species, « GROMS, Rynchops niger », sur groms.unep.de (consulté le 8 mars 2009)
  5. « Rynchops niger Linnaeus, (1758)auteur=Species 2000 & ITIS », sur catalogueoflife.org, 2008 (consulté le 8 mars 2009)
  6. « BirdLife International Species factsheet : Rynchops niger », sur birdlife.org, 2008 (consulté le 8 mars 2009)
  7. All About Birds, « Black Skimmer », sur birds.cornell.edu, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, 1994 (consulté le 8 mars 2009)
  8. BirdLife International, « Rynchops niger », sur iucnredlist.org, IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 2007 (consulté le 8 mars 2009)
  9. « Black Skimmer », sur bird-stamps.org (consulté le 8 mars 2009)
  10. « Stamps showing Black Skimmer Rynchops niger », sur birdtheme.org, Theme Birds on Stamps (consulté le 8 mars 2009)

Références externes

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Bec-en-ciseaux noir: Brief Summary ( French )

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Rynchops niger

Le Bec-en-ciseaux noir (Rynchops niger) est une espèce d'oiseaux de mer de la famille des Laridae qui ressemble à une sterne. Cette espèce fait partie des trois espèces appartenant au genre Rynchops, toutes trois nommées Bec-en-ciseaux.

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Rynchops niger ( Italian )

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Il becco a cesoie americano (Rynchops niger, Linnaeus 1758) è un uccello della famiglia dei Laridae, dell'ordine dei Charadriiformes.

Sistematica

Rynchops niger ha tre sottospecie:

  • R. niger cinerascens
  • R. niger intercedens
  • R. niger niger

Caratteristiche

Il becco a cesoie americano è lungo 40-50 centimetri, pesa tra i 265 e i 365 grammi e ha un'apertura alare di 112 centimetri. La livrea, uguale nei due sessi, è nera sul dorso, e sul capo e sulla parte superiore delle ali; mentre ventre e fronte sono bianchi. Il robusto becco è più lungo nella metà inferiore di due o tre centimetri; è di color rosso-arancio tranne sulla punta che è nera. Le corte zampe sono rosso brillanti e palmate. La pupilla è schiacciata verticalmente. La livrea è uguale nei due sessi, ma il maschio è più grande della femmina.

Distribuzione e habitat

Vive in tutto il Sud America, nel Centro America e nei Caraibi; nel Nord America lo si incontra fino al Québec e a Terranova sul versante atlantico, e fino alla California su quello pacifico. È accidentale su Grenada, in Giamaica e sulle Bermude.
È un uccello limicolo che abita presso laghi, stagni, paludi aperte, bassifondi marini e lagune costiere. Durante il periodo riproduttivo li si incontra su spiagge sabbiose o ai margini di paludi salate.

Biologia

Amerikaanse schaarbek Rynchops niger Jos Zwarts.jpg

Il becco a cesoie americano è un uccello sociale che può formare colonie numerose. In ciascuna gli individui creano coppie fisse che possono arrivare anche ad alcune centinaia. Sono territoriali e difendono il nido aggressivamente anche dai propri simili, perciò i nidi vengono costruiti a distanza di 1-4 metri l'uno dall'altro. Questo uccello è attivo soprattutto di notte, ma si muove anche durante il giorno, all'alba o al tramonto.
Il verso è una sorta di latrato canino a bassa frequenza che viene usato per scacciare i predatori.

Nutrizione

È un uccello principalmente piscivoro. Caccia volando rasente all'acqua con la parte inferiore del becco sommersa finché non incappa in una preda. Mangia anche crostacei, molluschi e altri invertebrati marini.

Riproduzione

È un uccello coloniale che nidifica insieme ad altre specie come le sterne. Le coppie si formano durante il periodo di riproduzione, sono monogame e il maschio difende ferocemente il suo partner e le uova. Il corteggiamento consiste in un'offerta di pesce del maschio alla femmina e, se questa accetta, avviene la copula; il pesce viene inghiottito solo successivamente ad essa. Il nido è una fossa nella sabbia o sull'erba bassa dove la femmina depone quattro o cinque uova. Il periodo d'incubazione è di 21-26 giorni. Il pulcino impiuma dopo 28 o 31 giorni, a seconda del sesso. Entrambi i genitori si prendono cura dei piccoli fino a quando diventano indipendenti, cioè più o meno alla sesta settimana dalla schiusa.

Galleria d'immagini

Bibliografia

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Rynchops niger: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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Il becco a cesoie americano (Rynchops niger, Linnaeus 1758) è un uccello della famiglia dei Laridae, dell'ordine dei Charadriiformes.

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Juodasis žirkliasnapis ( Lithuanian )

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Binomas Rynchops niger

Juodasis žirkliasnapis (lot. Rynchops niger, angl. Black skimmer) – kirinių (Laridae) šeimos jūrinis paukštis, priklausantis vienai iš trijų labai panašių žirkliasnapių rūšių. Sutinkamas Pietų ir Šiaurės Amerikoje.

Išvaizda

Suaugęs paukštis yra 40–50 cm ilgio, jo sparnų mostas siekia 107–127 cm, svoris – nuo 212 iki 447 g, patinai stambesni. Išskirtinis snapas ryškiaspalvis, prie pagrindo raudonas, toliau - tamsus, juodas. Jo posnapis ilgesnis, pritaikytas košti vandeniui skrydžio metu. Turi neįprastas paukščiams akis, panašias kaip kačių, su vertikaliais vyzdžiais.

Paplitimas

Peri Pietų ir Šiaurės Amerikoje. Šiaurinė populiacija žiemoja šiltesniuose Karibų jūros ir subtropinio Ramiojo vandenyno pakrančių vandenyse, tuo tarpu Pietų Amerikos žirkliasnapiai perskrenda tik nežymius atstumus ryšium su kasmetiniais potvyniais, užliejančiais jų mitybos plotus upių seklumose. Daug laiko praleidžia smėlingose upių ir lagūnų seklumose, pakrantėse, paplūdimiuose. Veisiasi pavienėmis grupėmis. Padeda nuo trijų iki septynių kiaušinių, kuriuos peri abu tėvai.

Mityba

Grobį gaudo daugiausia dideliais būriais, skrisdami žemai prie vandens paviršiaus. Skrydžio metu panardinta apatine snapo dalimi košia vandenį, taip užkabindami ir susemdami smulkių žuvų, vabzdžių, vėžiagyvių, moliuskų. Maitinasi ir dieną, ir naktį.

Taksonomija

Genties vardas Rynchops kildinamas iš senovės graikų rhunkhos – „snapas“ ir koptō - „nukirsti“. Vardo dalis niger yra iš lotynų kalbos – „juodas“.[2]

Yra trys porūšiai:[3]

  • R. n. niger – migruojantis, veisiasi Šiaurės Amerikos Atlanto pakrantėje ir nuo pietų Kalifornijos iki Ekvadoro prie Ramiojo vandenyno.
  • R. n. cinerescens – stambesnis paukštis, veisiasi Pietų Amerikos šiaurinėje ir šiaurės rytinėje dalyje bei Amazonės žemumoje.
  • R. n. intercedens – sutinkamas likusioje Atlanto pakrantės dalyje Pietų Amerikoje į pietus iki Argentinos.

Šaltiniai

  1. „IUCN Red List - Rynchops niger“. IUCN Red list. Nuoroda tikrinta 2016-10-01.
  2. Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm, 270, 344. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  3. Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2017). „Coursers, noddies, gulls, terns, auks & sandgrouse“. World Bird List Version 7.3. International Ornithologists' Union. Nuoroda tikrinta 20 November 2017.

Nuorodos

Vikiteka

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Juodasis žirkliasnapis: Brief Summary ( Lithuanian )

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Juodasis žirkliasnapis (lot. Rynchops niger, angl. Black skimmer) – kirinių (Laridae) šeimos jūrinis paukštis, priklausantis vienai iš trijų labai panašių žirkliasnapių rūšių. Sutinkamas Pietų ir Šiaurės Amerikoje.

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Amerikaanse schaarbek ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Vogels

De Amerikaanse schaarbek of zwarte schaarbek (Rynchops niger) is een vogel uit de familie meeuwen (Laridae).

Kenmerken

De lichaamslengte bedraagt 41 tot 46 cm en het gewicht 232 tot 374 gram. Deze vogel heeft een opvallend silhouet als het met trage vleugelslagen over de rivieren en meren vliegt. Hij heeft lange, zwarte, kromzwaard-vormige vleugels en een lange, donkeroranje snavel met een zwart uiteinde. De onderste helft van de snavel is veel langer dan de bovenste helft en afgeplat zoals scharen. De Afrikaanse schaarbek heeft een geheel oranje snavel en is iets kleiner. De Indische schaarbek is ook kleiner en heeft een witte hals, terwijl deze schaarbek in de broedtijd een donker bruinzwarte hals, kruin en bovenvleugels heeft. Buiten de broedtijd lijkt de donkere bovenkant meer bruin en ontbreekt het zwart op de hals. Ook onvolwassen vogels zijn bruin en hebben een doffer gekleurde snavel.[2]

Leefwijze

Hun manier van voedsel zoeken is uniek binnen de meeuwenfamilie. In plaats van naar vis te duiken, zoals de sterns doen, scheren zij met wijd open snavel rakelings over het wateroppervlak met de punt van hun ondersnavel als een open schaar door het water snijdend. Als zij op een visje stuiten sluiten ze bliksemsnel de snavel.

Verspreiding en leefgebied

De soort komt voor langs de kusten van Noord- en Zuid-Amerika. Ook in Suriname worden ze regelmatig langs de kust waargenomen, het is echter niet bekend of ze er ook broeden.[3]

De soort telt 3 ondersoorten:

Status

De Amerikaanse schaarbek heeft een groot verspreidingsgebied en daardoor is de kans op de status kwetsbaar (voor uitsterven) gering. De grootte van de wereldpopulatie is niet gekwantificeerd maar men vermoedt dat het aantal achteruit gaat. Echter, het tempo ligt onder de 30% in tien jaar (minder dan 3,5% per jaar). Om deze redenen staat deze schaarbek als niet bedreigd op de Rode Lijst van de IUCN.[1]

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. a b (en) Amerikaanse schaarbek op de IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  2. (en) Zusi, R.L. & Garcia, E.F.J., 2018. Black Skimmer (Rynchops niger). In: del Hoyo, et al. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. (retrieved from https://www.hbw.com/node/54056 on 4 April 2018).
  3. Surinaamse vogels: Schaarbek, Fisman, Sleepmannetje in Suriname. Opgehaald: 16 maart 2009
Wikimedia Commons Zie de categorie Rynchops niger van Wikimedia Commons voor mediabestanden over dit onderwerp.
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Amerikaanse schaarbek: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De Amerikaanse schaarbek of zwarte schaarbek (Rynchops niger) is een vogel uit de familie meeuwen (Laridae).

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Amerikasaksenebb ( Norwegian )

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Amerikasaksenebb (Rynchops niger) er en fugl i gruppen saksenebber.

Kilder

Eksterne lenker

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Amerikasaksenebb: Brief Summary ( Norwegian )

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Amerikasaksenebb (Rynchops niger) er en fugl i gruppen saksenebber.

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Brzytwodziób amerykański ( Polish )

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Brzytwodziób amerykański (Rynchops niger) – gatunek średniego ptaka z rodziny mewowatych (Laridae). Zamieszkuje Amerykę Północną, Amerykę Środkową i Amerykę Południową. Większość populacji brzytwodziobów jest stała.

Systematyka

Etymologia nazwy naukowej (ewentualnie polskiej): Nazwa „brzytwodziób” pochodzi od sposobu cięcia wody dziobem przez ptaka – jak brzytwą.

Charakterystyka

Morfologia

Wygląd zewnętrzny: Wierzch ciała czarny, spód biały. Czoło także białe, skrzydła długie i spiczaste. Nogi czerwone. Dziób długi i czerwony, czarno zakończony.

Rozmiary: Długość ciała: Samica – 35 cm Samiec – 45 cm

Rozpiętość skrzydeł: 107–127 cm

Waga: Samica – 235 g Samiec – 325 g

Głos

Chrapliwe krzyki

Występowanie

Środowisko

Wybrzeża, głąb lądu.

Zasięg występowania

Południowe wybrzeża Ameryki Północnej. W Ameryce Środkowej i Południowej żyje także w głębi lądu.

Pożywienie

Małe ryby, skorupiaki.

SkimmerSkimming.JPG

Brzytwodzioby latają nisko nad wodą, regularnie machając skrzydłami. Kiedy ptak chwyta małe rybki i skorupiaki, ma dziób szeroko otwarty, a jego spodnia część, silnie spłaszczona po bokach oraz mocno przedłużona, „przeczesuje” wierzchnią warstwę wody. Jeżeli ptak poczuje dotknięcie ryby lub skorupiaka, przymyka górną część dzioba i nachyla głowę ku piersi.

Tryb życia i zachowanie

Jest ptakiem towarzyskim. Setki brzytwodziobów gniazdują w dużych koloniach na piaskowych językach wcinających się w wodę lub na bagnistych brzegach. Poza porą lęgową brzytwodzioby w dzień odpoczywają na lądzie, na błotnistych wysepkach lub na wysepkach na wodzie. W Ameryce Południowej także na trawiastych nizinach. Pożywienia szukają głównie o zmroku. Latają pojedynczo, ale czasem, nad bogatymi w ryby wodami więcej ptaków łączy się w grupę i żeruje wspólnie.

Długość życia: Nie jest znana.

Rozród

Okres godowy

Toki: W porze godowej odbywa się wiele potyczek i „walk powietrznych”.

Środowisko: Wybrzeże

Gniazdo: Płytkie zagłębienie w ziemi. Nie jest wyścielone żadnym materiałem, nie zakrywają go także zarośla.

Okres lęgowy

Jaja: 3–4 jaja. Brudnobiałe z brązowymi plamkami.

Wysiadywanie: Oboje rodzice wysiadują jajka. Szczególnie podczas upalnych dni jedno siedzi na gnieździe, a drugie odlatuje do wody, moczy nogi i pierze na piersi, aby obniżyć temperaturę ciała i nie przegrzać wysiadywanych jaj.

Ponieważ gniazdo jest widoczne, jaja mogą być łatwym łupem dla różnych drapieżników. W razie utraty lęgu, rodzice zmieniają miejsce i próbują się dochować nowego potomstwa.

Okres lęgów: maj – październik.

Pisklęta: Pisklęta wykluwają się po 3–4 tygodniach. Dopóki są pokryte puchem przebywają w pobliżu gniazda. Po 5 tygodniach pisklęta potrafią latać i rodzice zaczynają je uczy polować. Ptaki dojrzewają płciowo w 3–4 roku życia.

Status, zagrożenie i ochrona

Choć stawia się licznie wały przeciwpowodziowe, które pozbawiają brzytwodzioba miejsc na gniazda, populacja jego jest liczna. Jednak niszczenie lasów deszczowych wpływa na jakość i ilość wody w rzekach, a przez to i na źródła pokarmu brzytwodzioba.

Możliwości obserwacji

Dzięki spłaszczonej po bokach i dużo dłuższej dolnej połowie dzioba wyróżnia się wśród innych ptaków latających nad wybrzeżami Ameryki Północnej i Środkowej i wzdłuż południowoamerykańskich rzek.

Przypisy

  1. Rynchops niger, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. Rynchops niger. Czerwona księga gatunków zagrożonych (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) (ang.).

Bibliografia

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Brzytwodziób amerykański: Brief Summary ( Polish )

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Brzytwodziób amerykański (Rynchops niger) – gatunek średniego ptaka z rodziny mewowatych (Laridae). Zamieszkuje Amerykę Północną, Amerykę Środkową i Amerykę Południową. Większość populacji brzytwodziobów jest stała.

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Rynchops niger ( Portuguese )

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Rynchops niger, conhecido popularmente como talha-mar ou corta-água, é uma ave da família Laridae[1] (antes Rynchopidae), ordem Charadriiformes.

Caracterização

O talha-mar mede aproximadamente 50 cm de comprimento, com peso variando entre 235 g (fêmea) e 325 g (macho). Apresenta partes superiores preto-fuliginosas e a fronte, margem posterior das asas e partes inferiores brancas. O bico é, em grande parte, preto, com uma pequena parte vermelha, coloração esta presente também nos pés da ave.

Durante sua alimentação, voa rente à água com o bico constantemente aberto para a captura de peixes miúdos e camarões presentes na superfície. Pesca preferencialmente ao crepúsculo e à noite, tanto em águas claras como turvas, profundas ou rasas.

A fêmea coloca de dois a três ovos densamente manchados em uma escavação feita na areia. Possui três subespécies: R. n. niger (nidifica na costa atlântica da América do Norte e do sul da Califórnia até o Equador, no Oceano Pacífico), R. n. cinerescens (maior que a anterior, nidifica no norte e nordeste da América do Sul e na Bacia Amazônica) e R. n. intercedens (ocorre no restante da costa atlântica da América do Sul até a Argentina).

Referências

  1. «Shorebirds & allies». IOC World Bird List (em inglês). Consultado em 16 de Setembro de 2011
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Rynchops niger: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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Rynchops niger, conhecido popularmente como talha-mar ou corta-água, é uma ave da família Laridae (antes Rynchopidae), ordem Charadriiformes.

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Amerikansk saxnäbb ( Swedish )

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Amerikansk saxnäbb[2] (Rynchops niger) är en vadarfågel i familjen måsfåglar.[3] Saxnäbbar är unika i att ha längre näbbunderhalva än överhalva. Detta är en anpassning till dess speciella sätt att födosöka, genom att flyga lågt över vattenytan med näbbunderhalvan i vattnet på jakt efter fisk.

Kännetecken

Saxnäbbarna är sjöfåglar som påminner om tärnor till utseendet, men näbbens undre halva är unikt längre än den övre. Unikt är också pupiller som drar ihop sig till en smal vertikal skåra vid starkt ljus, likt de hos katter.[4]

Amerikansk saxnäbb liknar i övrigt den indiska och afrikanska saxnäbben med svart ovansida, vit undersida och vit panna. Den är dock större än båda och har dessutom svart längst ut på den röda näbben. På ovansidan av de svarta vingarna syns en vit eller grå vingbakkant och stjärten är antingen sotfärgad eller vit med svart mitt, beroende på underart. Utanför häckningstid får den ett vitt halsband.[5] Könen är lika, men hanen avsevärt större än honan.[6]

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Adult i sommardräkt i Florida.
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Flock i vinterdräkt.

Utbredning och underarter

Amerikansk saxnäbb delas in i tre distinkta underarter med följande utbredning:[3]

Fågeln är en tillfällig gäst i Kanada, Bermuda och i Västindien Amerikanska Jungfruöarna, Brittiska Jungfruöarna, Jamaica och Grenada.[1]

Levnadssätt

Amerikansk saxnäbb återfinns på öppna sandiga stränder, på grus- eller skalbankar med sparsam växtlighet eller på drivved i saltvattensträsk. Den är en mycket social art, både under häckningen och andra tider på året.[7]

Föda

Saxnäbben har ett mycket speciellt att födosöka på. Den flyger lågt över vattenytan med den längre nedre näbbhalvan nere i vattnet på jakt efter småfisk. Eftersom den använder känsel kan den söka föda även i skymning, gryning och till och med nattetid. Födan består av småfisk (upp till 12 cm) som sill, äggläggande tandkarpar, multfiskar och kantnålar, men även små kräftdjur.[7]

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Födosökande.

Häckning

Fågeln häckar i kolonier, ofta med andra måsfåglar som sotvingad mås, fisktärna, sandtärna och amerikansk småtärna. Boet är en uppskrapad grop i marken. Den ruvar äggen i 21-25 dagar. 28-30 dagar efter kläckning är ungarna flygkunniga. Ungarna föds med lika långa näbbhalvor, men redan efter fyra veckor är den undre ett par centimeter längre än den övre.[7]

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Adult som matar sin unge.
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Juveniler.

Status och hot

Arten har ett stort utbredningsområde och en stor population som dock minskar i antal, dock inte tillräckligt kraftigt för att den ska betraktas som hotad. IUCN kategoriserar därför arten som livskraftig (LC).[1]

Noter

  1. ^ [a b c] Birdlife International 2012 Rynchops niger Från: IUCN 2015. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015.4 www.iucnredlist.org. Läst 2016-02-01.
  2. ^ Sveriges ornitologiska förening (2017) Officiella listan över svenska namn på världens fågelarter, läst 2017-08-14
  3. ^ [a b] Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, D. Roberson, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood (2015) The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 2015 http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download, läst 2016-02-11
  4. ^ Richard L. Zuzi & David Bridge (1981) On the Slit Pupil of the Black Skimmer (Rynchops niger), Journal of Field Ornithology, vol.5, nr.4, sid:338-340
  5. ^ Zusi, R.L. & Garcia, E.F.J. (2018). Black Skimmer (Rynchops niger). I: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D.A. & de Juana, E. (red.). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. (hämtad från https://www.hbw.com/node/54056 11 maj 2018).
  6. ^ Scherer, A.L., Scherer, J.F.M., Petry, M.V. & Valiati, V.H. (2013) Sexual dimorphism, habitat use and molt in wintering Black Skimmers (Rynchops niger) in the Lagoa do Peixe, Southern Brazil. Waterbirds 36(4): 438–447.
  7. ^ [a b c] Black Skimmer Faktablad om amerikansk saxnäbb på allaboutbird.org

Externa länkar

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Amerikansk saxnäbb: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

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Amerikansk saxnäbb (Rynchops niger) är en vadarfågel i familjen måsfåglar. Saxnäbbar är unika i att ha längre näbbunderhalva än överhalva. Detta är en anpassning till dess speciella sätt att födosöka, genom att flyga lågt över vattenytan med näbbunderhalvan i vattnet på jakt efter fisk.

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Chim xúc cá đen ( Vietnamese )

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Chim xúc cá đen đang bắt mồi ở Texas

Chim xúc cá đen (danh pháp hai phần: Rynchops niger) là một loài chim thuộc họ Xúc cá. Loài chim này phân bố ở Bắc Mỹ và Nam Mỹ. Quần thể phía bắc trú đông ở các vùng nước ấm hơn của Caribbean và các bờ biển cận nhiệt đới Thái Bình Dương, còn quần thể Nam Mỹ chỉ di chuyển ngắn để tránh lũ hàng năm làm ngập khu vực sinh sản của chúng chỗ cạn của sông. Nó là loài lớn nhất trong ba loài xúc cá, dài 40–50 cm (16–20 in) với sải cánh dài 107–127 cm (42–50 in)n.[2] Loài này cân nặng từ 212 đến 447 g (7,5 đến 15,8 oz), con trống cân nặng từ 349 g (12,3 oz), so với con mái nhỏ hơn với cân nặng từ 254 g (9,0 oz).[3]

Loài xúc cá đen này có chiếc mỏ không cân xứng: hàm dưới dài hơn hàm trên. Điểm thích nghi nổi bật này giúp chúng bắt cá theo một cách thức độc nhất vô nhị, cụ thể chúng sẽ bay nhanh và sát dòng nước,[4] rồi hàm dưới của mỏ lướt trên mặt nước để "xúc" những con cá nhỏ không kịp trốn thoát. Đây là loài chim duy nhất được người ta biết đến có con ngươi dạng khe hở;[5] do mỏ của chúng nằm trong tầm quan sát của mắt nên chim có khả năng định vị chiếc mỏ một cách cẩn thận khi bắt mồi.[6] "Chim xúc cá đen" bay rất nhanh và hợp thành từng đàn lớn dọc các dòng sống và bãi cát ven biển.[7]

Chú thích

  1. ^ BirdLife International (2012). Rynchops niger. Sách Đỏ IUCN các loài bị đe dọa. Phiên bản 2012.1. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế. Truy cập ngày 16 tháng 7 năm 2012.
  2. ^ [1] (2011).
  3. ^ CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses by John B. Dunning Jr. (Editor). CRC Press (1992), ISBN 978-0-8493-4258-5.
  4. ^ Mariano-Jelicich, R; Favero, M. and Silva, M.P. (tháng 2 năm 2003). 2/31 2 199-202.pdf “Fish Prey of the Black Skimmer Rynchops Niger at Mar Chiquita, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina” (PDF). Marine Ornithology 31: 199–202. Truy cập ngày 29 tháng 6 năm 2009. Chú thích sử dụng tham số |coauthors= bị phản đối (trợ giúp)
  5. ^ Zusi, RL & D Bridge (1981). “On the Slit Pupil of the Black Skimmer (Rynchops niger)” (PDF). Journal of Field Ornithology 52 (4): 338–340.
  6. ^ Martin, G.R., Rojas, L.M., and McNeil, R. (2007). “Vision and the foraging technique of Skimmers (Rynchopidae)”. Ibis 149 (4): 750–757. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.2007.00706.x.
  7. ^ Fusco, Paul J. (2006). “Connecticut Wildlife” (PDF) (bằng tiếng Anh). Connecticut Department of Environment Protection Bureau of Natural Resources - Wildlife Division. Truy cập ngày 29 tháng 6 năm 2012. Kiểm tra giá trị ngày tháng trong: |accessdate= (trợ giúp)

Tham khảo

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Chim xúc cá đen: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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 src= Chim xúc cá đen đang bắt mồi ở Texas

Chim xúc cá đen (danh pháp hai phần: Rynchops niger) là một loài chim thuộc họ Xúc cá. Loài chim này phân bố ở Bắc Mỹ và Nam Mỹ. Quần thể phía bắc trú đông ở các vùng nước ấm hơn của Caribbean và các bờ biển cận nhiệt đới Thái Bình Dương, còn quần thể Nam Mỹ chỉ di chuyển ngắn để tránh lũ hàng năm làm ngập khu vực sinh sản của chúng chỗ cạn của sông. Nó là loài lớn nhất trong ba loài xúc cá, dài 40–50 cm (16–20 in) với sải cánh dài 107–127 cm (42–50 in)n. Loài này cân nặng từ 212 đến 447 g (7,5 đến 15,8 oz), con trống cân nặng từ 349 g (12,3 oz), so với con mái nhỏ hơn với cân nặng từ 254 g (9,0 oz).

Loài xúc cá đen này có chiếc mỏ không cân xứng: hàm dưới dài hơn hàm trên. Điểm thích nghi nổi bật này giúp chúng bắt cá theo một cách thức độc nhất vô nhị, cụ thể chúng sẽ bay nhanh và sát dòng nước, rồi hàm dưới của mỏ lướt trên mặt nước để "xúc" những con cá nhỏ không kịp trốn thoát. Đây là loài chim duy nhất được người ta biết đến có con ngươi dạng khe hở; do mỏ của chúng nằm trong tầm quan sát của mắt nên chim có khả năng định vị chiếc mỏ một cách cẩn thận khi bắt mồi. "Chim xúc cá đen" bay rất nhanh và hợp thành từng đàn lớn dọc các dòng sống và bãi cát ven biển.

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Чёрный водорез ( Russian )

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Царство: Животные
Подцарство: Эуметазои
Без ранга: Вторичноротые
Подтип: Позвоночные
Инфратип: Челюстноротые
Надкласс: Четвероногие
Класс: Птицы
Подкласс: Настоящие птицы
Инфракласс: Новонёбные
Подотряд: Lari
Семейство: Чайковые
Вид: Чёрный водорез
Международное научное название

Rynchops niger Linnaeus, 1758

Охранный статус Wikispecies-logo.svg
Систематика
на Викивидах
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Изображения
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ITIS 554447NCBI 227184EOL 1178552

Чёрный водорез[1] (лат. Rynchops niger) — вид птиц из семейства чайковых, один из трёх в роде водорезов[2]. Первоначально описан Карлом Линнеем в десятом издании его «Системы природы»[3]. Виду практически не угрожает риск вымирания[4].

Распространение

 src=
Во Флориде, США

Размножение происходит в Северной и Южной Америке. Северные популяции чёрного водореза зимуют в Карибском регионе и на тропическом либо субтропическом тихоокеанском побережье. Южноамериканские группы совершают только небольшие миграции.

Описание

Это крупнейший вид водорезов. Длина тела 40—50 см, размах крыльев — от 107 до 127 см[5]. Самцы крупнее самок. Основание клюва красное, остальная часть в основном чёрная. Нижняя часть клюва длиннее верхней. Ноги красные. Крик лающий, звучит как как-как-как.

Пищевое поведение

Питаются мелкой рыбой, насекомыми, ракообразными и моллюсками[6].

Размножение

В кладке бывает 3—7 яиц, которые насиживают и самец, и самка. Родители кормят птенцов практически только днём, хотя по ночам иногда почти вся колония водорезов улетает на поиски пищи.

Развитие

  •  src=

    Птенец и яйцо

  •  src=

    Кормление птенца

  •  src=

    Четырёхнедельные птенцы. Окрас отличается от взрослой птицы

  •  src=

    Взрослая особь в зимнем наряде

Классификация

На март 2018 года выделяют 3 подвида, обитающих на территории[2]:

Примечания

  1. Бёме Р. Л., Флинт В. Е. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Птицы. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский / Под общ. ред. акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., «РУССО», 1994. — С. 93. — 2030 экз.ISBN 5-200-00643-0.
  2. 1 2 Coursers, noddies, gulls, terns, auks, sandgrouse : [англ.] / F. Gill & D. Donsker (Eds). // IOC World Bird List (v 8.1). — 2018. — DOI:10.14344/IOC.ML.8.1. (Проверено 23 апреля 2018).
  3. Linnaeus, Carl. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis : [лат.]. — 10th. — Holmiae: Laurentii Salvii, 1758. — Vol. Volume 1. — P. 138.
  4. Rynchops niger (англ.). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  5. All about Birds Black Skimmer (неопр.). The Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Проверено 22 апреля 2018.
  6. Mariano-Jelicich R., Favero M., Silva M. P. Fish Prey of the Black Skimmer Rynchops niger at Mar Chiquita, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina (англ.) // Marine Ornithology. — 2003. — Vol. 31, no. 2. — P. 199—202.
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Чёрный водорез: Brief Summary ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию

Чёрный водорез (лат. Rynchops niger) — вид птиц из семейства чайковых, один из трёх в роде водорезов. Первоначально описан Карлом Линнеем в десятом издании его «Системы природы». Виду практически не угрожает риск вымирания.

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クロハサミアジサシ ( Japanese )

provided by wikipedia 日本語
クロハサミアジサシ クロハサミアジサシ 保全状況評価 LEAST CONCERN
(IUCN Red List Ver.3.1 (2001))
Status iucn3.1 LC.svg 分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata : 鳥綱 Aves : チドリ目 Charadriiformes : ハサミアジサシ科 Rhynchopidae : ハサミアジサシ属 Rynchops : クロハサミアジサシ R. niger 学名 Rynchops niger 和名 クロハサミアジサシ 英名 Black Skimmer
Linnaeus, 1758

クロハサミアジサシ(学名:Rynchops niger)は、チドリ目ハサミアジサシ科に分類される鳥類の一種である。

分布[編集]

アメリカの東部の大西洋側の地域(ニュージャージー州)からメキシコ湾沿岸、中央アメリカ、南アメリカ南部(チリ南部、アルゼンチン中部)に分布する。

生態[編集]

大きな河川の下流から中流の土手や河原に営巣する。中規模のコロニーを形成し、しばしば他のアジサシ類と混合コロニーとなる。1腹3-7個の卵を産み、抱卵期間は21-23日である。抱卵は雌のみが行う。

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コアバンクス、ノースカロライナ州での営巣

]]

摂食[編集]

小魚昆虫甲殻類軟体動物を捕る時は、水面上の低空飛行を行い、水面に下の嘴に引っかけ食べる。

Clements分類体系上の位置[編集]

Clements鳥類分類

Sibley分類体系上の位置[編集]

シブリー・アールキスト鳥類分類
チドリ亜目 Charadrii
チドリ下目 Charadriides
チドリ小目 Charadriida
カモメ上科 Laroidea

ギャラリー[編集]

  • Rynchops niger2.jpg
  • Skimmers 031620090024 copy.jpg

参考文献[編集]

  • マイケル・ウォルターズ著、山岸哲監修、『世界「鳥の卵」図鑑』、新樹社、2006年、117頁
 src= ウィキメディア・コモンズには、クロハサミアジサシに関連するメディアがあります。 執筆の途中です この項目は、鳥類に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めていますポータル鳥類 - PJ鳥類)。
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クロハサミアジサシ: Brief Summary ( Japanese )

provided by wikipedia 日本語

クロハサミアジサシ(学名:Rynchops niger)は、チドリ目ハサミアジサシ科に分類される鳥類の一種である。

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Distribution

provided by World Register of Marine Species
Caribbean; North America; northern Cape Cod to Gulf of Mexico

Reference

North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)

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Kennedy, Mary [email]

Habitat

provided by World Register of Marine Species
coastal regions (and inland)

Reference

van der Land, J. (ed). (2008). UNESCO-IOC Register of Marine Organisms (URMO).

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Jacob van der Land [email]