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Groebèrids ( Catalan; Valencian )

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Els groebèrids (Groeberiidae) són una família extinta de multituberculats gondwanateris. Van viure a Sud-amèrica de l'Eocè superior a l'Oligocè inferior.

Gèneres i espècies

Bibliografia

  • McKenna, M.C., i Bell, S.K. (1997). Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level., Columbia University Press, New York. 0-231-11013-8.
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Groebèrids: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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Els groebèrids (Groeberiidae) són una família extinta de multituberculats gondwanateris. Van viure a Sud-amèrica de l'Eocè superior a l'Oligocè inferior.

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Groeberiidae ( Maltese )

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Groeberiidae hija familja ta' mammiferi marsupjali, fil-klassi Mammalia, fis-sottoklassi Theria, fl-infraklassi Metatheria, fis-superordni Ameridelphia, fl-ordni Paucituberculata, fis-sottordni Polydolopimorphia, fl-infrordniSimpsonitheria, fis-superfamiljaArgyrolagoidea ma' 2 familji oħra †Gashterniidae u †Groeberiidae, b' 2 sottofamiljiGroeberiinae u †Patagoniinae u bl' ebda ġeneru jew speċi ħajja.

(għal aktar informazzjoni ara l-artikli Paucituberculata)

Lista tal-ġeneri u uħud mill-ispeċijiet tal-familjaGroeberiidae

† jindika estinzjoni

Referenzi

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Groeberiidae: Brief Summary ( Maltese )

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Groeberiidae

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Groeberiidae is a family of strange non-placental mammals from the Eocene and Oligocene epochs of Patagonia, Argentina and Chile, South America. Originally classified as paucituberculate marsupials, they were suggested to be late representatives of the allothere clade Gondwanatheria.[1] However, the relationship of the type genus, Groeberia, to Gondwanatheria has been firmly rejected by other scholars.[2]

History

The type species, Groeberia minoprioi, was first described by Bryan Patterson in 1952. This type specimen, MMP 738, is composed of a mandibular symphisis, incisors and four broken molars. A second species within the genus, Groeberia pattersoni, was described by G. G. Simpson in 1970, and is known from at least two specimens.[3] Both occur in the Divisadero Largo Formation deposits dating to the Eocene.

Flynn & Wyss, 1999 would go on to describe the Oligocene species Klohnia charrieri, and Goin et al., 2010 the taxa Klohnia major, Epiklohnia verticalis and Praedens aberrans, all also dating to this epoch.[3]

Recently, Chimento et al. 2013 re-examined Groeberia and understood its allothere affinities. Other taxa were not included in this examination for so far unspecified reasons, rendering their status as part of the clade unknown.[1]

Classification

Gondwanatheria cladogram per Chimento et al., 2015.

For most of their history, groeberiids were thought to be paucituberculate marsupials. Though currently represented only by shrew opossums, through most of the Cenozoic Paucituberculata also included a variety of rodent-like species, making this assessment somewhat sound.[3] However, this classification was provisory at best, as compared to other paucituberculates groeberiids were highly aberrant.[3][1] A few differing opinions included Simpson & Wyss 1999, which considered these animals to be diprotodontians, and Pascual 1994 and Simpson 1970, which saw them as Metatheria incertae sedis, both of which contested.[1]

More recently, Groeberia has been understood to be a gondwanathere multituberculate, a group in which its "aberrant" attributes turned out to be fairly typical. Within Gondwanatheria, it stands in a fairly basal position, having diverged before the diverse sudamericids but after Ferugliotherium.[1]

Other groeberiids have not been included in this analysis; whereas they're gondwanatheres or paucituberculates is yet to be determined.

Well before this reassignment, Malcolm McKenna expressed doubts on a marsupial identity for groeberiids, claiming that considering them metatherians was "an act of faith".[4]

However, Zimicz & Goin (2020) claimed that the anatomy of the teeth of Groeberia supports the metatherian affinities of this taxon. The phylogenetic analysis conducted by these authors recovered Groeberia as the sister taxon of Vombatiformes within Diprotodontia, though the authors cautioned that these results are preliminary.[5]

Characteristics

Groeberiids possess robust, deep snouts bearing elongated incisors and molariforme teeth adapted for a palinal (front-to-back) jaw stroke; once considered aberrant by marsupial standards, they are now fairly typical among multituberculate standards, even being closely compared to Vintana.[1][note 1] They were almost certainly herbivores; Groeberia itself, unlike more derived gondwanatheres like sudamericids, lacked the specializations to cope with grass,[1] and was probably a generalist herbivore, but other possible taxa like Epiklohnia do possess hypsodonty and are thought to be grazers.[3]

Ecology

Groeberiids co-existed with a variety of other mammal groups, such as marsupials and other metatherians such as sparassodonts, as well as odd placental groups such as meridiungulates and xenarthrans. The first South American caviomorph rodents are thought to have arrived to the continent roughly at the time these gondwanatheres were alive; competition, if any, between both groups is so far unresolved, though groeberiids are speculated to have been fairly specialised.[1] Assuming the genera besides Groeberia are in fact groeberiids, the group achieved its highest diversity in the mid-Oligocene, well after rodents arrived.[3]

Notes

  1. ^ When Chimento et al. 2013 was written, Vintana still lacked a binomial name, so it is referred to as "the Malagasy skull" in the paper.

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Nicolás R. Chimento; Federico L. Agnolin; Fernando E. Novas (2015). "The bizarre 'metatherians' Groeberia and Patagonia, late surviving members of gondwanatherian mammals". Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology. 27 (5): 603–623. doi:10.1080/08912963.2014.903945. S2CID 216591096.
  2. ^ Hoffmann, Simone; Beck, Robin M. D.; Wible, John R.; Rougier, Guillermo W.; Krause, David W. (2020-12-14). "Phylogenetic placement of Adalatherium hui (Mammalia, Gondwanatheria) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar: implications for allotherian relationships". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 40 (sup1): 213–234. doi:10.1080/02724634.2020.1801706. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 230968231.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Goin, F.J., Abello M.A. & Chornogubsky L. 2010. Middle Tertiary marsupials from Central Patagonia (Early Oligocene of Gran Barranca): Understanding South America’s Grande Coupure. En: Madden R.H., Carlini A.A., Vucetich M.G. & Kay R.F. (Eds.), The Paleontology of Gran Barranca: Evolution and Environmental Change through the Middle Cenozoic of Patagonia. Cambridge University Press.
  4. ^ McKenna, M.C., 1980. Early history and biogeography of South America's extinct land mammals.
  5. ^ Ana Natalia Zimicz; Francisco Javier Goin (2020). "A reassessment of the genus Groeberia Patterson, 1952 (Mammalia, Metatheria): functional and phylogenetic implications". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 18 (12): 975–992. doi:10.1080/14772019.2019.1706195. S2CID 213546042.
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Groeberiidae: Brief Summary

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Groeberiidae is a family of strange non-placental mammals from the Eocene and Oligocene epochs of Patagonia, Argentina and Chile, South America. Originally classified as paucituberculate marsupials, they were suggested to be late representatives of the allothere clade Gondwanatheria. However, the relationship of the type genus, Groeberia, to Gondwanatheria has been firmly rejected by other scholars.

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Groeberiidae ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Los groeberíidos (Groeberiidae) son una familia extinta de mamíferos gondwanaterios.[1]​ Vivieron en Sudamérica del Eoceno Superior al Oligoceno Inferior.

Historia

La especie tipo, Groeberia minoprioi, fue descrita por primera vez en 1952 por Bryan Patterson. Su espécimen tipo, MMP 738, se compone de una sínfisis mandibular, incisivos y cuatro molares rotos. Una segunda especie dentro de este género, Groeberia pattersoni, fue descrita por G. G. Simpson en 1970, y es conocida de al menos dos especímenes.[2]​ Ambas provienen de los depósitos de la Formación Divisadero Largo, los cuales datan del Eoceno.

Flynn y Wyss en 1999 describió a la especie del Oligoceno Klohnia charrieri, y Goin y colaboradores en 2010 añadirían a los taxones Klohnia major, Epiklohnia verticalis y Praedens aberrans, todos los cuales también data de esa época.[2]

Posteriormente, Chimento et al. en 2013 re-examinaron a Groeberia y concluyeron que tiene afinidades evolutivas con los aloterios. Los otros taxones miembros del grupo no fueron incluidos en este examen por razones sin especificar, lo que implica que su estatus como parte de este clado es desconocido.[1]

Clasificación

 src=
Cladograma de Gondwanatheria según Chimento et al., 2015.

Durante mucho tiempo, se consideró que los groebéridos eran marsupiales paucituberculados. Aunque estos actualmente solo son representados por los ratones runchos, a lo largo del Cenozoico los paucituberculados incluyeron especies similares a roedores, lo que hacía esta clasificación razonable.[2]​ Sin embargo, esta asignación era como mucho provisoria, ya que al ser comparados con otros paucituberculados los groebéridos eran muy diferentes.[2][1]​ Algunos otros investigadores difirieron al respecto, incluyendo a Simpson y Wyss en 1999, los cuales consideraron que estos animales eran marsupiales diprotodontes, y Pascual en 1994 y Simpson en 1970, quienes concluyeron que eran Metatheria incertae sedis (de clasificación incierta), ideas que fueron a su vez cuestionadas.[1]

Posteriormente, Groeberia fue reclasificado como un multituberculado gondwanaterio, un grupo en el cual sus características "aberrantes" resultaron siendo bastante típicas. Dentro de Gondwanatheria, este se situaría en una posición bastante basal, diferenciándose antes que los diversos sudamerícidos pero posteriormente a Ferugliotherium.[1]

Como se mencionó antes, los otros groebéridos no fueron incluidos en ese análisis; si en realidad eran gondwanaterios o paucituberculados es algo que aún está por determinarse.

Mucho antes de esta reclasificación, Malcolm McKenna expresó sus dudas acerca de la identidad marsupial para los groebéridos, afirmando que considerarlos como metaterios era "un acto de fe".[3]

Géneros y especies

Género Groeberia

  • Autor: Patterson, 1952
  • Observaciones:
  • Especies:

Género Klohnia

  • Autor: Flynn & Wyss, 1999
  • Observaciones:
  • Especies:

Género Epiklohnia

  • Autor: Goin et al., 2010
  • Observaciones:
  • Especies:

Género Praedens

  • Autor: Goin et al., 2010
  • Observaciones:
  • Especies:

Véase también

Referencias

  1. a b c d e Nicolás R. Chimento, Federico L. Agnolin and Fernando E. Novas (2015). «The bizarre ‘metatherians’ Groeberia and Patagonia, late surviving members of gondwanatherian mammals». Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology 27 (5): 603-623. doi:10.1080/08912963.2014.903945.
  2. a b c d Goin, F.J., Abello M.A. & Chornogubsky L. 2010. Middle Tertiary marsupials from Central Patagonia (Early Oligocene of Gran Barranca): Understanding South America’s Grande Coupure. En: Madden R.H., Carlini A.A., Vucetich M.G. & Kay R.F. (Eds.), The Paleontology of Gran Barranca: Evolution and Environmental Change through the Middle Cenozoic of Patagonia. Cambridge University Press.
  3. McKenna, M.C., 1980. Early history and biogeography of South America's extinct land mammals.

Bibliografía

  • McKenna, M.C., y Bell, S.K. (1997). Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. Columbia University Press, New York. 0-231-11013-8.
  • Goin, F.J., Abello M.A. & Chornogubsky L. 2010. Middle Tertiary marsupials from Central Patagonia (Early Oligocene of Gran Barranca): Understanding South America’s Grande Coupure. En: Madden R.H., Carlini A.A., Vucetich M.G. & Kay R.F. (Eds.), The Paleontology of Gran Barranca: Evolution and Environmental Change through the Middle Cenozoic of Patagonia. Cambridge University Press.

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Groeberiidae: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Los groeberíidos (Groeberiidae) son una familia extinta de mamíferos gondwanaterios.​ Vivieron en Sudamérica del Eoceno Superior al Oligoceno Inferior.

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Groeberiidae ( Latin )

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Taxinomia
Taxinomia et Latinitas huius stipulae dubiae sunt
Taxinomiam e fontibus fidelibus verifica, in textum seu capsam converte, citationes adde si potes.

Groeberiidae (binomen ab Patterson anno 1952) est extinctum mammalium marsupialium familia.

Systema taxinomicum Animalis

Notae

  • McKenna, M.C. & Bell, S.K. 1997. Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. Columbia University Press, New York.: i-xii, 1-631.
  • DeBlase, A.F. 1982. Mammalia. In Parker, S.P., Synopsis and Classification of Living Organisms, vol. 2. McGraw-Hill, New York: 1015-1061.
  • Gardner, A.L. 1993. Order Paucituberculata. In Wilson, D.E. & Reeder, D.M. (eds.) Mammal Species of the World, Second Edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington and London.: 25.
  • Gardner, A.L. 2005. Order Paucituberculata. In Wilson, D.E. & Reeder, D.M. (eds.) Mammal Species of the World, Third Edition. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.: 19-20.

Nexus externi

stipula Haec stipula ad biologiam spectat. Amplifica, si potes!
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Groeberiidae: Brief Summary ( Latin )

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Taxinomia Taxinomia et Latinitas huius stipulae dubiae sunt
Taxinomiam e fontibus fidelibus verifica, in textum seu capsam converte, citationes adde si potes.

Groeberiidae (binomen ab Patterson anno 1952) est extinctum mammalium marsupialium familia.

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Groeberiidae ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De Groeberiidae is een familie van uitgestorven zoogdieren die in het Eoceen en Oligoceen in Zuid-Amerika leefden. Na in eerste instantie te zijn ingedeeld als verwanten van de opossummuizen, wordt de familie nu beschouwd als late overlevers van de Gondwanatheria uit de Allotheria.

Classificatie

De typesoort Groeberia minoprioi werd in 1952 beschreven en het holotype omvat een partiële onderkaak, snijtanden en vier gebroken kiezen. De soort werd ingedeeld bij de Paucituberculata, die de hedendaagse opossummuizen omvat. De anatomische kenmerken van Groeberia weken ten opzichte van de andere dieren uit de Paucituberculata echter sterk af en de classificatie was daardoor enigszins twijfelachtig. In 1970 werd met Groeberia pattersoni een tweede soort beschreven. Beide soorten zijn bekend uit de Disadero Largo-formatie uit het SALMA Divisaderan, het laatste deel van het Eoceen in Zuid-Amerika.[1]

In 1999 werd Klohnia charrieri uit het Oligoceen beschreven, in 2010 gevolgd door Klohnia major, Epiklohnia verticalis en Praedens aberrans uit dezelfde periode.[2]

In 2013 leidde nieuwe fylogenetische analyse tot indeling van Groeberia bij de Gondwanatheria. De veronderstelde sterk afwijkende morfologische kenmerken van Groeberia zijn binnen deze groep juist typische kenmerken. Binnen de Gondwanatheria neemt Groeberia een vrij basale positie in als aftakking van de ontwikkelingslijn naar de Sudamericidae. De overige geslachten uit de Groeberiidae werden niet meegenomen in deze analyse.[3]

Kenmerken

Groeberiiden hadden een robuuste, lange snuit met verlengde snijtanden en kiesachtige tanden aangepast voor een voorachterwaartse manier van kauwen, vrij typisch onder allotheriën. Groeberia was een generalistische herbivoor en mist de aanpassingen in het gebit voor het eten van gras. Epiklohnia was daarentegen mogelijk een grazer.

 src=
Cladogram van Groeberia
Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. New data on the Groeberiidae: unique late Eocene–early Oligocene South American marsupials. R Pascual, FJ Goin & AA Carlini. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology (1994).
  2. Middle Tertiary marsupials from Central Patagonia (Early Oligocene of Gran Barranca): understanding South America's Grande Coupure. MA Abello & L Chornogubsky. In: The paleontology of Gran Barranca: evolution and environmental change through the Middle Cenozoic of Patagonia. Cambridge University Press (2010).
  3. The bizarre 'metatherians' Groeberia and Patagonia, late surviving members of gondwanatherian mammals. NR Chimento, FL Agnolin & FE Novas. Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology (2015).
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Groeberiidae: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De Groeberiidae is een familie van uitgestorven zoogdieren die in het Eoceen en Oligoceen in Zuid-Amerika leefden. Na in eerste instantie te zijn ingedeeld als verwanten van de opossummuizen, wordt de familie nu beschouwd als late overlevers van de Gondwanatheria uit de Allotheria.

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