The Mopane tree typically attains a height of five to twelve metres, assuming a generally rounded growth form. The trunk is dark grey or brownish, displaying longitudinally fissured bark. Alternate leaves are compound, resulting in the characteristic "butterfly shape". The hairless leaflets are 4.5 to 9.0 centimetres (cm) long and 2.5 to 5.0 cm wide; moreover, these leaflets are asymmetric with pointed tips, and yield a turpentine aroma whten crushed. Petioles are 1.5 to 4.0 cm long. Small whitish flowers are arrayed in short sprays, and a kidney shaped fruit is produced in a papery pod. Leaves are austral winter deciduous.
Colophospermum mopane, commonly called mopane,[2] mopani,[3] balsam tree,[2] butterfly tree,[2] or turpentine tree,[2] is a tree in the legume family (Fabaceae), that grows in hot, dry, low-lying areas, 200 to 1,150 metres (660 to 3,770 ft) in elevation, in the far northern parts of southern Africa. The tree only occurs in Africa and is the only species in genus Colophospermum. Its distinctive butterfly-shaped (bifoliate) leaf and thin seed pod make it easy to identify. In terms of human use it is, together with camel thorn and leadwood, one of the three regionally important firewood trees.
It is native to Southern Africa, including Southern Angola, Zambia, Southern Malawi, Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique and northern South Africa. It grows in alkaline (high lime content) soils which are shallow and not well drained. It also grows in alluvial soils (soil deposited by rivers). Where it occurs, it is often the dominant tree species, frequently forming homogeneous stands. In Northern South Africa and larger adjacent areas of Botswana and Zimbabwe, the trees tend to vary between 4 and 18 m (13 and 59 ft), often called "mopane scrub" (shrub) but also sometimes taller and forming woodland. Further north the trees are taller and form tall woodlands referred to as cathedral mopane. This tree does not grow well outside hot, frost-free areas with summer rainfall.
There are two ecoregions where mopane is the predominant vegetation. The Angolan mopane woodlands are in southwestern Angola and northern Namibia, and the Zambezian and mopane woodlands extend over the lowlands of the Zambezi River and its tributaries in Botswana, Eswatini, Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Malawi, and South Africa.
Mopane wood is one of southern Africa's heaviest, with a density of 1.075 g/cm3 when completely dry, and is difficult to work because of its hardness.[5] However, this also makes it termite resistant. For this reason it has long been used for building houses and fences, as railway sleepers and as pit props. The termite-resistance and rich, reddish colouring also make it popular for flooring. Outside Africa, mopane is gaining popularity as a heavy, decorative wood, its uses including aquarium ornaments, bases for lamps or sculptures, and garden accents.
It is also increasingly being used in the construction of musical instruments, particularly woodwind. Suitable quality African blackwood (Dalbergia melanoxylon), traditionally used for clarinets, is becoming harder to find. Mopane is fairly oily, seasons very well with few splits or shakes, and produces instruments of a warm, rich tone.[6] Clarinets made of mopane are offered by the manufacturers Seggelke Klarinetten, F. Arthur Uebel and Buffet Crampon.
Mopane twigs have been traditionally used as tooth brushes, bark to make twine and for tanning, and leaves for healing wounds. The wood is also used to make charcoal and for braai wood.
The tree is a major food source for the mopane worm, the caterpillar of the moth Gonimbrasia belina. The caterpillars are rich in protein and are eaten by people. The mopane worm is also rich in crude fats and contains vitamins and minerals, such as iron, calcium and phosphorus.[7] The tree also acts as a foodplant for a wild silk moth, Gonometa rufobrunnea. Cocoons of the moth are harvested as wild silk, to make cloth.
Mopane worm creates employment and serve as a source of income for the majority of rural women. Harvesters sell it in villages, towns or to the trader[8]
The mopane tree also serves as a host plant for the mopane psyllid Retroacizzia mopani.[9][10]
Colophospermum is Latinised Greek for "oily seed", in reference to the resinous seed (i.e. spermum) which has a turpentine smell. Colophon was the birthplace of Homer in Ionia, and was famous for its rosin, a substance obtained from turpentine or the gummy exudate of some trees.[11] The species name mopane is taken from the local name for the tree.
Inflorescences produced during mid-summer
The wind-pollinated flower
Dry foliage, seed pods and two seeds (bottom right) - MHNT
The fruit are pods containing one seed each
Mopane worms, locally a staple food, consuming the foliage
_caterpillar_on_mopane_twig_..._(51867253398).jpg)
The likewise edible chipumi caterpillar of the speckled emperor moth, defoliating a sprig
Winter foliage and dry seed pods in Namibia
Media related to Colophospermum mopane at Wikimedia Commons
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Colophospermum mopane, commonly called mopane, mopani, balsam tree, butterfly tree, or turpentine tree, is a tree in the legume family (Fabaceae), that grows in hot, dry, low-lying areas, 200 to 1,150 metres (660 to 3,770 ft) in elevation, in the far northern parts of southern Africa. The tree only occurs in Africa and is the only species in genus Colophospermum. Its distinctive butterfly-shaped (bifoliate) leaf and thin seed pod make it easy to identify. In terms of human use it is, together with camel thorn and leadwood, one of the three regionally important firewood trees.
